Taiwan, China

"Taiwan, China", "Taiwan, Province of China", or "Taiwan Province, China" are a set of politically controversial terms that characterize Taiwan and its associated territories as a province or territory of "China". The term "Taiwan, China" (中国台湾) is used by Chinese media whenever Taiwan is referenced, although the People's Republic of China (PRC) – which is widely recognized by the international community as the legitimate representative of "China" – does not exercise jurisdiction over areas controlled by the Republic of China (ROC).

This article is about the term "Taiwan, China". For the state commonly known as "Taiwan", see Taiwan. For the Taiwan Province governed by the Republic of China, see Taiwan Province. For the Taiwan Province claimed but not governed by the People's Republic of China, see Taiwan Province, People's Republic of China. For other uses, see Taiwan (disambiguation).
See also: Cross-Strait relations

Taiwan, China
Territory controlled by the People's Republic of China (purple) and the Republic of China (orange). The size of minor islands have been exaggerated in this map for ease of identification.
Chinese name
Traditional Chinese中國臺灣
Simplified Chinese中国台湾
PostalChungkuo Taiwan
Taiwan, Province of China
Traditional Chinese中國臺灣省
Simplified Chinese中国台湾省
Tibetan name
Tibetanཐའེ་ཝན, ཀྲུང་གོ་
Zhuang name
ZhuangDaizvanh Cunggoz
Mongolian name
Mongolian CyrillicТайвань Хятад
Mongolian scriptᠲᠠᠶᠢᠪᠠᠨᠢ ᠬᠢᠲᠠᠳ
Uyghur name
Uyghurجۇڭگو,تەيۋەن‎
Manchu name
Manchu scriptᠠᡳᠸᠠᠨ ᠵᡠᠨᡤᠣ
RomanizationTaiwan Jungg'o

The terms are contentious and potentially ambiguous because they relate to the controversial issues of the political status of Taiwan and Cross-Strait relations between "Taiwan" and "China". Since 1949, two "Chinas" actually exist, namely the Republic of China (ROC, now usually known as "Taiwan") and the People's Republic of China (PRC, commonly known as "China").

The use of this term is officially sanctioned by the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). The ROC government disputes the PRC's position and considers its term incorrect and offensive, along with many of the Taiwanese people and supporters of Taiwan Independence. They maintain that it denies the ROC's sovereignty and existence and reduces Taiwan's status to a province ("Taiwan, PRC").[1]

Background and ambiguity over "China"
Further information: Chinese Civil War

The dispute and ambiguity over the meaning of "China" and which "China" stemmed from the division of Republic of China into two Chinas at the "end" of the Chinese Civil War in 1955.[note 1] (Fighting between the two merely eased off after 1949 and no signing of a peace treaty or armistice ever occurred; the PRC still threatens attack on ROC/Taiwan when it deems necessary.) The term "China" historically meant the various regimes and imperial dynasties which controlled territories in mainland Asia prior to 1911, when the imperial system was overthrown and the Republic of China (ROC) was established as the first republic in Asia. In 1927, the Chinese Civil War started between the Kuomintang (KMT, founding party of the ROC) and the Communist Party of China, a rebel force at the time. The Chinese Communists eventually won control of most of ROC's original territory (mainland China) in 1949, when they proclaimed the "People's Republic of China" (PRC) on that territory.

Since then, two Chinas have existed, although the PRC was not internationally recognized at the time. The Republic of China government received Taiwan in 1945 from Japan, then fled in 1949 to Taiwan with the aim to retake mainland China. Both the ROC and the PRC still officially (constitutionally) claim mainland China and the Taiwan Area as part of their respective territories. In reality, the PRC rules only Mainland China and has no control of but claims Taiwan as part of its territory under its "One China Principle". The ROC, which only rules the Taiwan Area (composed of Taiwan and its nearby minor islands), became known as "Taiwan" after its largest island, (an instance of pars pro toto). It stopped active claim of mainland China as part of its territory after constitutional reform in 1991.[2]

However, since the 2008 election of Ma Ying-jeou, he again asserted that mainland China is part of Republic of China territory according to its constitution, and, in 2013, he stated that relations between PRC and ROC are not between countries but "regions of the same country".[3][4]

In 1971, the People's Republic of China won the United Nations seat as "China" and use of the name and expelled the ROC from the UN. Since then the term "Taiwan, China" is a designation officially used in international organizations including the United Nations and its associated organs. (The term "Chinese Taipei" was similarly created for the same purpose. ) However, the political status of Taiwan is a complex and controversial issue and currently unresolved , in large part due to the United States and the Allies of World War II handling of the surrender of Taiwan from Japan in 1945 (which was to be a temporary administration by the ROC troops ), and the Treaty of Peace with Japan ("Treaty of San Francisco") in 1951, for which neither the ROC nor the PRC was invited, and left Taiwan's sovereignty legally undefined in international law and in dispute .

Ambiguity of "Taiwan Province"
Main article: Taiwan Province

The term "Taiwan, (Province of) China" is also potentially ambiguous because both the ROC and the PRC each has administratively a "Taiwan Province", Taiwan Province, Republic of China and "Taiwan Province, People's Republic of China", and neither of these provinces covers the Matsu Islands, Wuchiu, Kinmen, all of which have been retained by the Republic of China. Geographically speaking, they both refer to the same place. The existence of the extra term "Taiwan Province, PRC" is merely because of PRC's insistence that Taiwan is part of China. Without more specific indication, it is unclear to which "Taiwan Province" is being referred. However, since China (PRC) does not control Taiwan and its "Taiwan Province" exists only on paper, as a practical matter, "Taiwan Province" refers only to the Taiwan Province under Republic of China's administration.

Although the word "China" could also possibly be interpreted to mean "Republic of China", this interpretation is no longer common since "China" is typically understood as referring to the PRC after the ROC lost its UN seat as "China" in 1971, and is considered a term distinct from "Taiwan", the name with which the ROC has become identified. Also, only the ROC's Taiwan Province exists in reality and is under the ROC's actual territorial control, whereas the PRC's "Taiwan Province" exists only on paper, under the PRC's administrative structure but without an actual provincial government. Instead, the PRC has a Taiwan Affairs Office of the State Council to deal with issues and policy guidelines relating to Taiwan.

The ROC also does not refer to its Taiwan Province as "Taiwan, China" in English but rather as "Taiwan Province, Republic of China" (中華民國臺灣省; Zhōnghuá Mínguó Táiwānshěng), and typically such reference only occurs in the Chinese language in the ROC's official documents and as the marquee in the administrative offices of Taiwan Province government. However, references to the province is now rare since the Taiwan Provincial Government has largely been dissolved and its functions transferred to the central government or county governments since 1997. Therefore, recent uses of the term "Taiwan, Province of China" appears mainly in PRC-controlled media like CCTV (Chinese Central Television) and in the ISO 3166-1 codes to convey the sense that Taiwan is part of its "China".[5]

Objections

ROC (Taiwan) government

The ROC is prohibited from using its official name internationally under pressure from the PRC and uses "Chinese Taipei" in other organizations. The ROC sees its use as a denial of the ROC's status as a separate sovereign state, diminishing it under "China", which implicitly is the PRC. Various instances of the use of the term by international organizations or news media have been met with protest from the Taiwanese government officials and citizens.

In an incident on 10 May 2011, the World Health Organization referred to Taiwan as "Taiwan, China" in its documents. (The ROC participates in the WHO under the name "Chinese Taipei", due to political pressure from the PRC.) ROC president Ma Ying-jeou protested the WHO's action and accused the PRC of "pressuring the UN body into calling" the ROC "Chinese territory", and stated that Beijing's moves were "very negative" for bilateral ties.[6] Ma, who took office in 2008, has taken many measures to improve Cross-Strait relations.

Taiwan Independence Supporters
Further information: Taiwan independence

The confusion and fight over use of the "China" name and the lack of name recognition of "Republic of China" itself and recognition as a country are part of the reason for the supporters of Taiwan independence to push for an identity apart from "China" and for renaming the ROC and gaining international recognition as "Republic of Taiwan". Some supporters also reject the legitimacy of Republic of China's takeover of Taiwan from Japan at the end of World War II since 1945 (due to the lack of transfer of sovereignty in the Treaty of Peace with Japan). They also view that Taiwan is no longer part of China since "China" is recognized by the UN as being the People's Republic of China (PRC) rather than the ROC/Taiwan, so placing "Taiwan" and "China" together in one term is not only incorrect and an oxymoron but also offensively denies the ROC's national sovereignty and existence and places it under China.

Usage

The United Nations and the ISO

The Chinese and Taiwanese entries in the International Organization for Standardization's ISO 3166-1 country codes and ISO 3166-2:TW subdivision codes are as follows because its information source, the publication UN Terminology Bulletin-Country Names, lists Taiwan as "Taiwan, Province of China" due to the PRC's political influence in the United Nations[7] as a member of the UN Security Council. Since the ISO 3166-1 code is commonly used as the data source for a complete list of country and territory names for computer programs and websites, "Taiwan, Province of China" is sometimes seen on dropdown menus instead of "Taiwan" for this reason.[8][9]

Short name upper case in ISO 3166Short name lower case in ISO 3166Full name in ISO 3166Listed as independent in ISO 3166Local short nameLanguage(s)Links to ISO 3166-2
CHINAChinathe People's Republic of ChinaYes[10]ZhongguoChineseISO 3166-2:CN
TAIWAN, PROVINCE OF CHINATaiwan (Province of China)No[11]TaiwanChineseISO 3166-2:TW

Taiwanese reactions

In 2007, the Republic of China filed a lawsuit before a Swiss civil court against the ISO, arguing that the ISO's use of the United Nations name rather than "Republic of China (Taiwan)" violated Taiwan's name rights.[12] On 9 September 2010, a panel of the Federal Supreme Court of Switzerland decided, by three votes to two, to dismiss the suit as presenting a political question not subject to Swiss civil jurisdiction.[13][14][15] As of 2009, the Chinese and Taiwanese entries in CNS 12842 based on ISO 3166 with some differences are as follows with 11 columns meaning:

  1. English short name upper case
  2. Chinese name
  3. English full name
  4. Alpha-2 code
  5. Alpha-3 code
  6. Numeric code
  7. Remark
  8. Independent
  9. Administrative language alpha-2
  10. Administrative language alpha-3
  11. Local short name
1234567891011
CHINA中華人民共和國the People's Republic of ChinaCNCHN156#zhzhoZhongguo[16]
TAIWAN, ROC中華民國the Republic of ChinaTWTWN158包括澎湖群島、金門、馬祖。[17]#zhzhoTAIWAN, ROC[18]

The Taipei-based government of the Republic of China encodes the subdivisions of Taiwan with some systems different from ISO 3166-2:TW:

  • A national identification card has a unique number prefixed by an alphabet for a city or county.
  • The three-digit postal codes in Taiwan usually encode townships and the equivalents.
  • The national Code of Household Registration and Conscription Information System (HRCIS Code) covers more than Taiwanese subdivisions.[19]

People's Republic of China

The term is often used in Chinese media whenever the word "Taiwan" is mentioned, as in news reports and in TV shows. Particularly, when Taiwanese entertainers are on talk shows or being interviewed, the Chinese subtitles on the TV screen would always say "Taiwan, China" (中国台湾 / 中國台灣) despite the fact the person never mentioned the word "China" (中国 / 中國), thereby putting words in the person's mouth.[20] (It is standard practice for Chinese television to display subtitles in all programs.) Also, there has been controversy about Chinese talent shows forcing Taiwanese contestants to introduce themselves as from "Taiwan, China" or "Taipei, China" (中国台北 / 中國台北), with the latter being the PRC's unilateral preferred translation for the term "Chinese Taipei". For example, Taiwanese singer Uni Yeh introduced herself as being from "Pingtung District, Taipei, China" (中国台北屏东区 /中國台北屏東區) on her first appearance on The Voice of China in 2013, despite Pingtung and Taipei being completely distinct areas on opposite sides of Taiwan, causing an uproar among Taiwanese netizens. Her response was that she was instructed to say so by the directors and was nervous.[21]

In a rare reversal of this tendency, in July 2017 the PRC's state news agency Xinhua issued a style guide stating that for geographical references, the region should be named "Taiwan Area" or "Taiwan" and that it was 'generally now not called' "Taiwan Province". Its reason for doing so was ostensibly to "[take] into account the psychological feelings of Taiwanese."[22] However, the same style guide stated that for any political references, all three of "Taiwan", "Taipei", and "Chinese Taipei" were prohibited in favor of the PRC's preferred "Taiwan, China" or "Taipei, China". (The PRC only permits the term "Chinese Taipei" in the context of international organizations, such as the IOC and the WTO.) In addition, it stated that for the use case of publishing statistics that include the mainland but exclude Taiwan, any disclaimer should be explicitly labeled "Taiwan Province not included" with the word "province".

Cambodia

In 2018 in Cambodia, a gang of Chinese men yelled to a British man tattooed "Taiwan" on his forehead in Mandarin "Taiwan, China", but he was physically assaulted when yelling back "Taiwan, Taiwan".[23]

United States

If a place of birth on a United States passport application is written as "Taiwan, China" that cannot be shown in passports as per the One-China policy, the United States Department of State requires its officials to contact the applicant to ascertain whether "Taiwan" or "China" is the preferred place of birth to be printed.[24]

Vietnam

In Vietnam, most government documents and many state media[25][26] usually use the forms Đài Loan (Trung Quốc) ["Taiwan (China)"] or Đài Loan, Trung Quốc ("Taiwan, China") to refer to Taiwan or Republic of China in many contexts, including in music and entertainment coverage.[27][28][29] In other media, they often use the term vùng lãnh thổ ("territory")[30] or đảo ("island")[31][32] to refer to Taiwan when wanting to avoid repeating the term "Taiwan" many times in their article. The term Tỉnh Đài Loan ("Taiwan Province")[33] sometimes appear in media to refer to all of "Taiwan Area" (not only referring to the Taiwan Province of ROC). In general, Vietnamese state media never refer to Taiwan as a "nation" or a "state".

International airlines

In April 2018, the China Civil Aviation Authority wrote a letter to 36 airlines throughout the world, including U.S. airlines Delta, United, and American, Canadian airline Air Canada, Japanese JAL and ANA, Air New Zealand, and Qantas of Australia, demanding that they change travel destination cities in Taiwan in their websites to list them under "Taiwan, Province of China", or directly list them as, for example, "Taipei, China" and "Kaohsiung, China" instead of the existing "Taipei, Taiwan" and "Kaohsiung, Taiwan".[34] Air Canada and other non-US airlines quickly complied. However, the U.S. airlines requested a time extension to consider the issue, and replied to the Authority that they will confer with the U.S. government regarding the course of action. The White House responded by labeling the move as "Orwellian nonsense".[35] The China Civil Aviation Authority therefore extended the deadline for U.S. airlines to 25 July 2018 for compliance.[36] All of the resisting U.S. airlines partially gave in to Beijing's demand by the deadline, and dropped all references to Taiwan as a country, listing the city names only (for example, "Taipei" or "Kaohsiung" without any mention of which country the city is in).[37]

See also

Notes
  1. There is some debate whether the war has ended since the two Chinas are still fighting for international recognition and assurance of sovereignty. See Chinese Civil War for details.

References
  1. "Taiwan protests "province of China" WHO label".
  2. "A Pivotal President-- Lee Teng-hui's 12 Years". Taiwan Panorama (Sino). June 5, 2000.
  3. "Taiwan and China in 'special relations': Ma". China Post. September 4, 2008.
  4. "Taiwan President: Mainland China is Still Our Territory". ChinaSmack. October 29, 2013.
  5. 请央视自律 关于正确使用涉台宣传用语的意见.
  6. "Taiwan president protests China pressuring UN body into calling island a Chinese territory". The Associated Press. Reading Eagle. May 10, 2011. Retrieved December 4, 2013.
  7. "ISO 3166 – FAQs – Specific". ISO. Archived from the original on June 16, 2012.
  8. Lin, Keng-yu; Tsai, Rex (November 2, 2011). "Taiwan listed as "Taiwan, Province of China"". Launchpad. Canonical Ltd. Retrieved September 17, 2016.
  9. "Taiwan is not a province of China".
  10. "ISO 3166 information for CN". International Organization for Standardization. Retrieved December 8, 2020.
  11. "ISO 3166 information for TW". International Organization for Standardization. Retrieved December 8, 2020. Independent: No; Administrative language(s) alpha-2: zh; Administrative language(s) alpha-3: zho; Local short name: Taiwan
  12. "Taiwan sues ISO over incorrect reference". Taipei Representative Office in the UK. Archived from the original on July 18, 2011.
  13. Felber, René (September 10, 2010). "Umweg über Zivilrichter unzulässig: Taiwans Kampf um seinen Namen". Neue Zürcher Zeitung (in German). p. 14.
  14. "Urteil vom 9. September 2010 (5A_329/2009)" [Decision of 9 September 2010 (5A_329/2009)] (PDF) (in German). Federal Supreme Court of Switzerland. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 27, 2011.
  15. "Arrêt du 9 septembre 2010 (5A_329/2009)" [Decision of 9 September 2010 (5A_329/2009)] (PDF) (in French). Federal Supreme Court of Switzerland. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 2, 2010.
  16. "CNS 12842 X5014 Codes for the representation of names of countries". Bureau of Standards, Metrology and Inspection. July 7, 2009. Retrieved December 8, 2020.
  17. This Chinese phrase means "including Penghu Islands, Kinmen, and Matsu."
  18. "CNS 12842 X5014 Codes for the representation of names of countries". Bureau of Standards, Metrology and Inspection. July 7, 2009. p. 22. Retrieved December 8, 2020. TAIWAN, ROC | 中華民國 | the Republic of China | TW | TWN | 158 | 包括澎湖群島、金門、馬祖。 | # | zh | zho | TAIWAN, ROC
  19. "戶役政資訊系統資料代碼內容清單" (in Chinese).
  20. Mangapower. "Pressured by "higher-ups paying attention", so UNI Yeh said "Taipei, China"". Apple Daily (in Chinese). Retrieved December 16, 2015.
  21. Wu, Jianhong (July 21, 2013). "葉瑋庭《好聲音》自我介紹出包 「中國屏東」被譙翻". Apple Daily (in Chinese). Retrieved June 19, 2020.
  22. "China forbids terms 'Formosa' and 'Republic of China'". Taiwan News. July 21, 2017.
  23. "Tourist beaten in Cambodia for having 'Taiwan' forehead tattoo". The New Zealand Herald. May 28, 2018. Retrieved December 8, 2020.
  24. "8 FAM 403.4 Place of Birth". Foreign Affairs Manual. United States Department of State. June 27, 2018. Retrieved July 18, 2018. d. If an applicant born in Taiwan writes "Taiwan, China" as her/his POB on a passport application, you must contact the applicant to ascertain whether she/he prefers either TAIWAN or CHINA as her/his POB (Information Request Letter 707-06)." "f. Passports may not be issued showing the POB as "Taiwan, China," "Taiwan, Republic of China," or "Taiwan, ROC."
  25. Trần Nga theo Ap. "Đài Loan, Trung Quốc quyên góp 26 triệu USD cho Nhật Bản" (in Vietnamese). Vov.vn. Retrieved November 29, 2011.
  26. "Danh Sách Công Dân Việt Nam Được Thôi Quốc Tịch Việt Nam" (in Vietnamese). Moj.gov.vn. March 25, 2005. Retrieved November 29, 2011.
  27. "Trung Quốc, Đài Loan khai trương triển lãm đèn lồng" (in Vietnamese). vietnamplus.vn. February 12, 2010. Retrieved December 4, 2013.
  28. VietNam Airlines tổ chức đoàn khảo sát điểm đến Đài Loan (Trung Quốc)
  29. "Dị nữ Lady Gaga khuấy động thị trường Đài Loan" (in Vietnamese). Vietnamplus.vn. November 9, 2008. Retrieved November 29, 2011.
  30. "Đài Loan dùng sức mạnh mềm chống Trung Quốc?" (in Vietnamese). Baodatviet.vn. October 25, 2010. Retrieved December 4, 2013.
  31. "Tên lửa Hsiungfeng 2E của đảo Đài Loan có gì mạnh?" (in Vietnamese). Baodatviet.vn. October 5, 2010. Retrieved December 4, 2013.
  32. "Tên lửa Hsiungfeng 2E của đảo Đài Loan có gì mạnh?" (in Vietnamese). Vtc.vn. October 5, 2010. Retrieved November 29, 2011.
  33. "4 người Việt bị bắt ở Đài Loan" (in Vietnamese). Vietbao.vn. Retrieved November 29, 2011.
  34. JAMES PALMER, BETHANY ALLEN-EBRAHIMIAN (April 27, 2018). "China Threatens U.S. Airlines Over Taiwan References". Foreign Policy. Retrieved July 5, 2018.
  35. "White House: China push on Taiwan is 'Orwellian nonsense'". The Seattle Times. May 5, 2018. Retrieved July 19, 2018.
  36. "Beijing's demand to refer to 'China Taiwan' still being defied by US airlines". South China Morning Post. June 26, 2018. Retrieved July 5, 2018.
  37. Wee, Sui-Lee (July 25, 2018). "Giving In to China, U.S. Airlines Drop Taiwan (in Name at Least)". The New York Times. Retrieved August 14, 2019.
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