Tetrigidae

Tetrigidae[1] is an ancient family in the order Orthoptera,[2] which also includes similar families such as crickets, grasshoppers, and their allies. Species within the Tetrigidae are variously called groundhoppers,[3] pygmy grasshoppers,[4] pygmy devils[5] or (mostly historical) "grouse locusts".[6]

Tetrigidae
Tetrix species
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Orthoptera
Suborder: Caelifera
Superfamily: Tetrigoidea
Family: Tetrigidae
Rambur, 1838
Subfamilies

Diagnostic characteristics
A typical Tetrigid species that commonly inhabits arid banks of water bodies in Southern Africa. Lateral aspect, showing how the pronotum covers the hind wings. The vestigial tegmen is visible just above the anterior coxa.
Tetrigidae Dorsal aspect. The same specimen from above. In both pictures note the unusually heavy structure of the posterior femur, and the correspondingly massive pulley-like femoro-tibial joint, similar to the anatomy of the Tridactylidae.

Tetrigidae are typically less than 20 mm in length, and are recognizable by a long pronotum, that extends over the length of the abdomen, sometimes to the tip of the wings, and ends in a point.[4] In other Orthoptera, the pronotum is short and covers neither the abdomen nor the wings. Tetrigidae are generally cryptic in coloration.[7] Some species have enlarged pronota that mimic leaves, stones or twigs.[8][9] Other characteristics pygmy grasshoppers exhibit in comparison to other Orthoptera families are lack of arolium between the clows, first thoracic sternite modified into collar-like structure called sternomentum, tarsal formula 2-2-3, scaly fore wings, and developed hind wings.[10]

General biology

In temperate regions, Tetrigidae are generally found along streams and ponds, where they feed on algae and diatoms.[11] The North American species Paratettix aztecus and Paratettix mexicanus, for example, depend on aquatic primary production for between 80% and 100% of their diet.[12] Riparian species are capable of swimming on the surface of the water, and readily leap into the water when alarmed[9] Some species in the tribe Scelimenini are fully aquatic and capable of swimming underwater.[10][11]

The highest biodiversity of Tetrigidae is found in tropical forests.[10] Some tropical species are arboreal and live among mosses and lichens in tree buttresses or in the canopy,[11] while others live on the forest floor.[7]

Like other Orthoptera, Tetrigidae have a hemimetabolous development, in which eggs hatch into nymphs. Unlike other temperate Orthoptera, however, temperate Tetrigidae generally overwinter as adults.[4]

Some subfamilies within the Tetrigidae, such as the Batrachideinae, are sometimes elevated to family rank besides the Tetrigidae.

Arulenus miae is a pygmy grasshopper species from the tropical mountainous rainforests of the Philippines. The species was firstly discovered in Facebook post.[5]

Paratettix aztecus eating algae

Etymology

Origin of the name of the family is not completely clear as there are different sources on its etymology. The name may be derived from Latin tetricus or taetricus, meaning harsh, sour, severe.[13] The name may also originate from the earlier name 'Tettigidae', based on Tettix (synonym of Tetrix), which was preoccupied by Tettigidae (synonym of Cicadidae).[14] Because of the preoccupation by the cicadas' family name, the second 't' in 'tt' was changed into 'r', resulting in the word Tetrigidae.

Subfamilies and Genera

Approximately 2,000 species have been described; according to the Orthoptera Species File[15] the following genera are included:

Subfamily Batrachideinae

Auth.: Bolívar, 1887

Saussurella cornuta
  • Apteropedon Bruner, 1910
  • Ascetotettix Grant, 1956
  • Batrachidea Serville, 1838
  • Eutettigidea Hancock, 1914
  • Halmatettix Hancock, 1909
  • Lophoscirtus Bruner, 1911
  • Palaisioscaria Günther, 1936
  • Paurotarsus Hancock, 1900
  • Paxilla (insect) Bolívar, 1887
  • Phloeonotus Bolívar, 1887
  • Plectronotus Morse, 1900
  • Puiggaria Bolívar, 1887
  • Rehnidium Grant, 1956
  • Saussurella Bolívar, 1887
  • Scaria (insect) Bolívar, 1887
  • Tettigidea Scudder, 1862
  • Vilma (insect) Steinmann, 1973
  • Vingselina Sjöstedt, 1921

Subfamily Cladonotinae

Auth.: Bolívar, 1887

Potua morbillosa (Borneo)
  • Afrolarcus Günther, 1979
  • Antillotettix Perez-Gelabert, 2003
  • Austrohancockia Günther, 1938
  • Bahorucotettix Perez-Gelabert, Hierro & Otte, 1998
  • Choriphyllum Serville, 1838
  • Cladonotella Hancock, 1909
  • Cladonotus Saussure, 1862
  • Cota (insect) Bolívar, 1887
  • Cubanotettix Perez-Gelabert, Hierro & Otte, 1998
  • Cubonotus Perez-Gelabert, Hierro & Otte, 1998
  • Dasyleurotettix Rehn, 1904
  • Deltonotus Hancock, 1904
  • Diotarus Stål, 1877
  • Dolatettix Hancock, 1907
  • Eleleus Bolívar, 1887
  • Epitettix Hancock, 1907
  • Fieberiana Kirby, 1914
  • Gestroana Berg, 1898
  • Gignotettix Hancock, 1909
  • Haitianotettix Perez-Gelabert, Hierro & Otte, 1998
  • Hancockella Uvarov, 1940
  • Hippodes Karsch, 1890
  • Hottettix Perez-Gelabert, Hierro & Otte, 1998
  • Hymenotes Westwood, 1837
  • Hypsaeus Bolívar, 1887
  • Microthymochares Devriese, 1991
  • Misythus Stål, 1877
  • Mucrotettix Perez-Gelabert, Hierro & Otte, 1998
  • Nesotettix Holdhaus, 1909
  • Oxyphyllum Hancock, 1909
  • Paraphyllum Hancock, 1913
  • Paraxelpa Sjöstedt, 1932
  • Pelusca Bolívar, 1912
  • Phyllotettix Hancock, 1902
  • Piezotettix Bolívar, 1887
  • Potua Bolívar, 1887
  • Pseudogignotettix Liang, 1990
  • Pseudohyboella Günther, 1938
  • Sierratettix Perez-Gelabert, Hierro & Otte, 1998
  • Stegaceps Hancock, 1913
  • Tepperotettix Rehn, 1952
  • Tettilobus Hancock, 1909
  • Thymochares Rehn, 1929
  • Tiburonotus Perez-Gelabert, Hierro & Otte, 1998
  • Tondanotettix Willemse, 1928
  • Truncotettix Perez-Gelabert, Hierro & Otte, 1998
  • †Baeotettix Heads, 2009

Subfamily Discotettiginae

Auth.: Hancock, 1907

Discotettix belzebuth

Tribe Discotettigini Hancock, 1907

Tribe unassigned

  • Arulenus Stål, 1877
  • Flatocerus Liang & Zheng, 1984
  • Hirrius Bolívar, 1887
  • Kraengia Bolívar, 1909
  • Phaesticus Uvarov, 1940

Subfamily Lophotettiginae

Auth.: Hancock, 1909

Subfamily Metrodorinae

Auth.: Bolívar, 1887; selected genera:

Holocerus taurus (with red mites, Madagascar)

Tribe Amorphopini Günther, 1939

  • Amorphopus Serville, 1838

Tribe Cleostratini Hancock, 1907

Rostella phyllocera (Borneo)
  • Cleostratus (insect) Stål, 1877 (Philippines)

Tribe Clinophaestini Storozhenko, 2013

  • Birmana Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1893
  • Clinophaestus Storozhenko, 2013

Tribe Miriatrini Cadena-Castañeda & Cardona, 2015 (monotypic)

  • Miriatra Bolívar, 1906

Tribe Ophiotettigini Tumbrinck & Skejo, 2017

  • Ophiotettix Walker, 1871
  • Uvarovithyrsus Storozhenko, 2016

Tribe Unassigned

Subfamily Scelimeninae

Auth.: Hancock, 1907

Tribe Criotettigini Kevan, 1966

  • Criotettix Bolívar, 1887
  • Euloxilobus Sjöstedt, 1936
  • Loxilobus Hancock, 1904
  • Tettitelum Hancock, 1915

Tribe Scelimenini Hancock, 1907

  • Amphibotettix Hancock, 1906
  • Eufalconius Günther, 1938
  • Euscelimena Günther, 1938
  • Falconius Bolívar, 1898
  • Gavialidium Saussure, 1862
  • Hexocera Hancock, 1915
  • Indoscelimena Günther, 1938
  • Paragavialidium Zheng, 1994
  • Paramphibotettix Günther, 1938
  • Platygavialidium Günther, 1938
  • Scelimena Serville, 1838
  • Tagaloscelimena Günther, 1938
  • Tefrinda Bolívar, 1906
  • Tegotettix Hancock, 1913

Tribe Thoradontini Kevan, 1966

  • Bolotettix Hancock, 1907
  • Eucriotettix Hebard, 1930
  • Hebarditettix Günther, 1938
  • Probolotettix Günther, 1939
  • Syzygotettix Günther, 1938
  • Thoradonta Hancock, 1909
  • Xistra Bolívar, 1887
  • Xistrella Bolívar, 1909
  • Xistrellula Günther, 1939

Tribe unassigned:

  • Eufalconoides Zheng, Li & Shi, 2003
  • Hyboella Hancock, 1915
  • Zhengitettix Liang, 1994

Subfamily Tetriginae

Auth.: Serville, 1838

Tribe Dinotettigini Günther, 1979

  • Afrocriotettix Günther, 1938
  • Dinotettix Bolívar, 1905
  • Ibeotettix Rehn, 1930
  • Lamellitettix Hancock, 1904
  • Marshallacris Rehn, 1948
  • Pseudamphinotus Günther, 1979

Tribe Tetrigini Serville, 1838

Paratettix sp.

Tribe unassigned:

  • Aalatettix Zheng & Mao, 2002
  • Alulatettix Liang, 1993
  • Ankistropleuron Bruner, 1910
  • Bannatettix Zheng, 1993
  • Bienkotetrix Karaman, 1965
  • Bufonides Bolívar, 1898
  • Carolinotettix Willemse, 1951
  • Coptottigia Bolívar, 1912
  • Cranotettix Grant, 1955
  • Ergatettix Kirby, 1914
  • Flatocerus Liang & Zheng, 1984
  • Formosatettix Tinkham, 1937
  • Formosatettixoides Zheng, 1994
  • Gibbotettix Zheng, 1992
  • Hedotettix Bolívar, 1887
  • Leptacrydium Chopard, 1945
  • Macquillania Günther, 1972
  • Micronotus Hancock, 1902
  • Neocoptotettix Shishodia, 1984
  • Neotettix Hancock, 1898
  • Nomotettix Morse, 1894
  • Ochetotettix Morse, 1900
  • Phaesticus Uvarov, 1940
  • Sciotettix Ichikawa, 2001
  • Stenodorus Hancock, 1906
  • Teredorus Hancock, 1907
  • Tettiella Hancock, 1909
  • Tettiellona Günther, 1979
  • Uvarovitettix Bazyluk & Kis, 1960
  • Xiaitettix Zheng & Liang, 1993

Subfamily Tripetalocerinae

Auth.: Bolívar, 1887

Tripetalocera ferruginea

Tripetalocerinae was originally described by Bolívar in 1887[16] to gather all the Tetrigidae genera of the old world with widened antennae (e.g. Arulenus, Discotettix, Hirrius, Ophiotettix, Tripetalocera). This subfamily today includes only two species in two genera - Tripetalocera (with one species) from India and Borneo and Tripetaloceroides (with one species) from Vietnam and PR China. Members of the subfamily are characteristic within Tetrigidae by massive antennae built up of only eight segments (other Tetrigidae have usually 11-16, Batrachideinae 18-22).[17] Till recently,[17] the subfamily included two tribes - Tripetalocerini and Clinophaestini (including Clinophaestus and Birmana), but the later was moved to the subfamily Metrodorinae due to similarity to Ophiotettigini.[18]

Subfamily unassigned

Tribe Xerophyllini Günther, 1979

  • Acmophyllum Karsch, 1890
  • Astyalus Rehn, 1939
  • Cladoramus Hancock, 1907
  • Morphopoides Rehn, 1930
  • Morphopus Bolívar, 1905
  • Pantelia Bolívar, 1887
  • Paulytettix Devriese, 1999
  • Royitettix Devriese, 1999
  • Sanjetettix Devriese, 1999
  • Seyidotettix Rehn, 1939
  • Trachytettix Stål, 1876
  • Trypophyllum Karsch, 1890
  • Xerophyllum (animal) Fairmaire, 1846

Subfamily and tribe unassigned:

  • Bidentatettix Zheng, 1992
  • Castetsia Bolívar, 1902
  • Christa (insect) Rehn, 1914
  • Cyphotettix Rehn, 1952
  • Lepocranus Devriese, 1991
  • Paramphinotus Zheng, 2004
  • Peronotettix Rehn, 1952
  • Pseudepitettix Zheng, 1995
  • Pseudosystolederus Günther, 1939
  • Rehnitettix Günther, 1939
  • Rosacris Bolívar, 1931
  • Silanotettix Günther, 1959
  • Tuberfemurus Zheng, 1992
  • Yunnantettix Zheng, 1995
  • †Archaeotetrix Sharov, 1968
  • †Prototetrix Sharov, 1968

References
  1. Rambur (1838) Faune entomologique de l'Andalousie 2:64
  2. Song, Hojun; Amédégnato, Christiane; Cigliano, Maria Marta; Desutter-Grandcolas, Laure; Heads, Sam W.; Huang, Yuan; Otte, Daniel; Whiting, Michael F. (2015-03-09). "300 million years of diversification: elucidating the patterns of orthopteran evolution based on comprehensive taxon and gene sampling". Cladistics. 31 (6): 621–651. doi:10.1111/cla.12116. ISSN 0748-3007.
  3. Ragge DR (1965). Grasshoppers, Crickets & Cockroaches of the British Isles. F Warne & Co, London. p. 299.
  4. Borror DJ, Tripplehorn CA, Johnson NF (1989) An Introduction to the Study of Insects, 6th edition. Harcourt Brace College Publishers. New York. pg 213
  5. SKEJO, JOSIP; CABALLERO, JOY HONEZZA S. (2016-01-21). "

    A hidden pygmy devil from the Philippines: Arulenus miae sp. nov.—a new species serendipitously discovered in an amateur Facebook post
    (Tetrigidae: Discotettiginae)

    ". Zootaxa. 4067 (3): 393. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4067.3.7. ISSN 1175-5334. PMID 27395882.
  6. Imms AD, rev. Richards OW & Davies RG (1970) A General Textbook of Entomology 9th Ed. Methuen 886 pp.
  7. Grimaldi D, Engel MS (2005) Evolution of the Insects. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. pg 211
  8. Skejo, Josip (2017). Taxonomic revision of the pygmy devils (Tetrigidae: Discotettiginae) with online social media as a new tool for discovering hidden diversity. Zagreb: University of Zagreb, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology. pp. 1–246.
  9. Preston-Mafham K (1990) Grasshoppers and Mantids of the World. Facts of File, New York. pg 32
  10. MUHAMMAD, AMIRA AQILAH; TAN, MING KAI; ABDULLAH, NURUL ASHIKIN; AZIRUN, MOHAMMAD SOFIAN; BHASKAR, DHANEESH; SKEJO, JOSIP (2018-09-25). "An annotated catalogue of the pygmy grasshoppers of the tribe Scelimenini Bolívar, 1887 (Orthoptera: Tetrigidae) with two new Scelimena species from the Malay Peninsula and Sumatra". Zootaxa. 4485 (1): 1–70. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4485.1.1. ISSN 1175-5334. PMID 30313773.
  11. Resh VH, Cardé RT (2003) Encyclopedia of Insects. Academic Press, Amsterdam, pg 839
  12. Bastow JL, Sabo JL, Finlay JC, Power ME (2002) A basal aquatic-terrestrial trophic link in rivers: algal subsidies via shore-dwelling grasshoppers. Oecologia 131: 261–268
  13. "Family Tetrigidae - Pygmy Grasshoppers".
  14. Buckton, George Bowdler (1890). Monograph of the British Cicadae or Tettigidae. London,: Macmillan & Co.,.CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)
  15. Orthoptera Species File (Version 5.0/5.0, retrieved 26 November 2018: checking incomplete)
  16. Bolívar & Urrutia, Ignacio (1887). Essai sur les acridiens de la tribu des Tettigidae. Imprimerie C. Annoot-Braeckman. OCLC 42198873.
  17. Storozhenko, Sergey Yu (2013-10-03). "Review of the subfamily Tripetalocerinae Bolívar, 1887 (Orthoptera: Tetrigidae)". Zootaxa. 3718 (2): 158–170. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3718.2.4. ISSN 1175-5334.
  18. Tumbrinck, J. & Skejo, J. (2017). "Taxonomic and biogeographic revision of the New Guinean genus Ophiotettix Walker, 1871 (Tetrigidae: Metrodorinae: Ophiotettigini trib. nov.), with the descriptions of 33 new species" (PDF). Biodiversity, Biogeography and Nature Conservation in Wallacea and New Guinea, Entomological Society of Latvia. 3: 525–580, figures 104–124.
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