Timeline of Birmingham history

This article is intended to show a timeline of events in the History of Birmingham, England, with a particular focus on the events, people or places that are covered in Wikipedia articles.

Pre-Norman invasion
  • 1200 BC – Radiocarbon date of charcoal taken from the Woodlands Park Prehistoric Burnt Mounds.
  • Bronze Age – Small farming settlements.
  • AD 48 – Construction of Metchley Fort begins as Icknield Street is constructed by Romans through Birmingham.
  • AD 70 – The Romans abandon Metchley Fort only to return a few years later.
  • AD 120 – The Romans abandon Metchley Fort permanently.
  • Anglo-Saxon period – Beormingas clan present in the area.
  • 7th century – Possible creation of Birmingham as a hamlet.
  • 968 – Duddeston is first mentioned in a charter granted to Wulfget the Thane by Eadgar, King of the Angles.

1000 – 1099
  • After 1066 – Area passes into the hands of the De Birmingham family.
  • 1086 – Birmingham recorded as a village in the Domesday Book. William FitzAnsculf is recorded as having the Birmingham, Edgbaston, Aston, Erdington, Witton, Handsworth, Perry, and Little Barr manors.

1100–1199
  • 1154 – Lord of the manor Peter de Birmingham has the charter to hold a market in Birmingham on every Thursday, transforming the village into a town.
  • 1160 – The first stone church building is erected on the site of St. Mary's Church, Handsworth.
  • 1176 – A road passing through Sutton Coldfield is recorded. This is probably part of a highway leading from Birmingham to Lichfield.

1200–1299
  • 1218 – Flaxeye Farm in Stechford is mentioned.
  • 1221 – The manorial mill of King's Norton is recorded as being in the possession of Richard Clark.
  • 1231 – A manorial mill at Edgbaston is recorded.
  • 1249 – A ford over the River Cole is recorded.
  • 1250
    • William de Birmingham is granted permission to hold a four-day fair in Birmingham during Ascensiontide annually.
    • A road from Birmingham to Saltley and Castle Bromwich is recorded in a deed.
  • 1260 – Summer Lane, a road leading to Perry and Walsall, is recorded.
  • 1263 – A church is documented at the site of the modern-day St Martin in the Bull Ring.
  • 1273 – Several mills are recorded to be in existence in Northfield.
  • 1276 – Crossing of the River Rea at Deritend is reported.
  • 1282 – Two roads are mentioned as passing through Yardley and converging at Deritend Bridge.
  • 1290 – A lane crossing the River Tame at Salford Bridge leading in the direction of Erdington and Sutton Coldfield is mentioned.

1300–1399
  • 1317 – A mill in Witton and Erdington is mentioned; this is probably located on the Hawthorn Brook.
  • 1318 – A bridge named Bromford Bridge is recorded.
  • 1322 – It is recorded that merchants were selling wool in Birmingham market.
  • By 1327 – Selly Manor constructed.
  • 1333 – A mill in Erdington named Bromford Mill is recorded in a court roll.
  • 1340 – The road from Birmingham to Castle Bromwich is again mentioned in a deed.
  • 1368 – The Old Crown public house in Deritend is believed to have been constructed as a guildhall. If so, it is Birmingham's first school.
  • 1379 – A traveller records a bridge crossing the River Tame at Handsworth.
  • 1381 – Residents of Deritend and Bordesley given permission to build a chapel next to the River Rea.
  • 1381 – Sir John de Birmyneham provides the first reference to Deritend by name, written as Duryzatehende.
  • 1390 – Thomas de Birmingham is recorded as a cloth merchant.
  • 1392 – The Guild of the Holy Cross is established in Birmingham.

1400–1499
  • 1406 – A goldsmith is referred to.
  • 1435 – The last known overlordship of Erdington manor is recorded.
  • 1449 – Three roads are recorded going from Birmingham to Edgbaston.
  • 1460 – Handsworth Old Town Hall in Handsworth is constructed.
  • 1480 – The tower of Church of Saints Peter and Paul, Aston is completed
  • 1492 – The Saracen's Head in King's Norton is constructed.

1500–1599

1600–1699

1700–1799

1700–1709
  • 1700 – John Pemberton begins construction of his prestigious Priory Estate on the former site of the Priory of St Thomas.
  • 1702 – The Old Cross, Birmingham's first public meeting place, is completed near the Bull Ring.
  • 1704 – 25 May: Church of the Ascension, Hall Green, consecrated as "Job Marston Chapel".
  • 1707 – The timber structure of the Guild Hall on New Street is demolished.
  • 1708
    • The vacant New Street site becomes King Edward's School and a two-storey brick building is constructed on it.
    • Parliament receives a petition for a new Anglican church as St Martin's is overcrowded.

1710–1719
  • 1713 – Old Square is constructed by John Pemberton on the former site of the Priory of St. Thomas.
  • 1714 – Mobs attack religious Dissenters.
  • 1715

1720–1729
  • 1724 – The Blue Coat School on Colmore Row is completed.
  • 1726 – The Bristol Road, which has suffered from intense traffic, is one of the first roads serving Birmingham to be turnpiked.
  • 1728
    • 3 September: Matthew Boulton is born to a toymaker in Snow Hill.
    • A building known as 'Leather Hall' on New Street is demolished "while men slept" and three houses are constructed on it which are later replaced by a prison. 'Leather Hall' contained the town's last dungeon.

1730–1739
  • 1730 – William Westley produces the first documentation of a newly constructed square named Old Square. It becomes one of the most prestigious addresses in Birmingham.
  • 1731 – The first map of Birmingham is produced by William Westley.
  • 1732 – c. 14 November: The Birmingham Journal, Birmingham's first local newspaper, is printed by Thomas Warren.
  • 1733 – The town's first workhouse is constructed on Lichfield Street near the modern-day Victoria Law Courts.
  • 1737 – John Baskerville sets up in the Bull Ring as a writing-master.
  • 1738 – March: John Wesley first visits Birmingham, shortly before his evangelical experience.

1740–1749

1750–1759
  • 1751 – Methodist meeting house attacked by Jacobites.
  • 1752 – Two theatres on Smallbrook Street and King Street open to the public.
  • 1757 – John Baskerville's Baskerville typeface is first used in a book, a luxury edition of Virgil.
  • 1758
    • Summer: Benjamin Franklin first visits Birmingham.
    • The land known as Duddeston Hall is renamed to Vauxhall Gardens after the London pleasure park and is opened to the public as an entertainment venue.
  • 1759
    • The Quaker meeting house is seriously damaged for not sufficiently celebrating the English victories in Canada.
    • 20,000 people are being employed in Birmingham's "toymaking" industry.

1760–1769
  • 1760
    • The Protestant Dissenting Charity School is established.
    • John Betts & Sons, refiners of precious metals, is established in Birmingham when Alexander Betts moves from Sheffield; the company will still be in family hands in the 21st century.
  • 1761 – Matthew Boulton acquires a five-year lease on Soho Mill.
  • 1762 – A glassworks is recorded as being in use at Snow Hill by Meyer Oppenheim.
  • 1764 – Charles Wesley's sermon at the opening of a chapel on Moor Street is disrupted by rioting.
  • 1765
  • 1766
    • Matthew Boulton moves into Soho House following completion of Soho Manufactory.
    • An infirmary wing is added to the Lichfield Street workhouse.
  • 1768
  • 1769

1770–1779
  • 1770 – The first statues in the town[6] are erected at the front of the Blue Coat School: they depict a young boy and a young girl and have been created by Edward Grubb.
  • 1772
    • 21 September: The Birmingham Canal main line is opened, providing for through navigation to the river Severn.[4]
    • 15 November (4 am): An earthquake strikes Birmingham and is felt in Hall Green, Erdington and Yardley. No damage is sustained but a flock of sheep escapes in Yardley.
    • Royal Hotel opens, the town's first establishment to be so called.
  • 1773 – 31 August: The Birmingham Assay Office (authorised by Act of 27 May) opens for the first time at the King's Head Inn at New Street.
  • 1774
  • 1775
  • 1777
    • Construction of St Paul's Square commences.
    • A bill is presented to Parliament for a licensed theatre; however it is rejected.
    • Tailors' cooperative organized.[10]
  • 1779
    • c. 2 June: St Paul's Church is consecrated[11] as construction of St Paul's Square is completed.
    • 20 September: Birmingham General Hospital opens to the public. William Withering is physician.
    • November: The Birmingham Library is established by 19 subscribers.[12]
    • Buttonmaker John Pickard fits a crank and flywheel to his Newcomen engine to make a mill. It is adapted into a flour mill and his business increases.
    • A. E. Williams begins as a manufacturer of pewter ware; the business will still be in the hands of his family in the 21st century.

1780–1789
  • 1780
  • 1781
    • The Birmingham Library moves to premises in Swan Yard.
    • Birmingham New Brass and Spelter Company established.
  • 1782 – The Birmingham Old Brewery, Birmingham's first large scale brewery, opens on Moseley Street.
  • 1783
    • June: An act for the Birmingham and Fazeley Canal is obtained which will connect the Birmingham Canal with the Coventry Canal.
    • The Birmingham Commercial Committee is formed.
    • A proposal for a major new workhouse is presented to Parliament; however it faces objections from William Hutton.
  • 1784
  • 1786 – The theatre on King Street is closed and converted into a Methodist chapel.
  • 1787
    • New Hall is put up for sale as demand for the area increases.
    • 'Apollo Hotel' opens in Deritend, at this time a small hamlet.
  • 1788 – A turnpike is established on the main road into Deritend.
  • 1789 – 11 August: Birmingham and Fazeley Canal opened, providing for a water route to London (via Oxford).

1790–1799
  • 1790 – Webley & Scott established as firearms manufacturers by William Davies; adopting its later name in 1897 the company will still be in business in the 21st century.
  • 1791
    • 10 June: An act for the Worcester and Birmingham Canal is obtained.[13]
    • 14–17 July: Priestley Riots against Dissenters and radical sympathisers: The Royal Hotel (scene of a banquet to celebrate the Storming of the Bastille) is attacked, chapels, business premises and Joseph Priestley's house on Easy Hill are looted and the late John Baskerville's house destroyed.
    • The Protestant Dissenting Charity School moves to a new building on Park Street.
    • Birmingham's first synagogue begins construction in the Froggary.
  • 1792 – 17 August: The Theatre Royal in New Street is seriously damaged by fire.
  • 1793
    • February: An effigy of Tom Paine is hung and burned by a crowd singing 'God Save The King.'
    • 6 March: An act for the Warwick and Birmingham Canal is obtained.[14]
    • Summer: A permanent military barracks is completed at Ashted.
  • 1794
  • 1795
    • June: Pickard's steam-powered flour mill is attacked by a mob of women after rumours he has wrongly increased the price of flour. The military arrive and break up the mob with at least one death.
    • 30 October: First section of Worcester and Birmingham Canal opened from Gas Street Basin to Selly Oak.[13]
  • 1797
    • 300 children are removed from the Lichfield Street workhouse to an Asylum for the Infant Poor on Summer Lane.
    • The Birmingham Library moves to a purpose-built building on Union Street on land formerly Corbett's Bowling Green.
    • The Anchor Inn in Digbeth opens.

1800–1899

1800–1809
  • 1800
    • 19 March: The Warwick and Birmingham Canal is completed.[14]
    • September: Another mob attacks Pickard's mill. Instead of waiting for the military, John Pickard and his workers retaliate with rifles, killing at least one rioter.
  • 1801 – 10 March: Demography of Birmingham: The first national census shows the town's population as 73,670, an estimated increase of 41% over that in 1785.
  • 1802
  • 1804 – January: Joshua Toulmin appointed as a Unitarian minister.
  • 1805
    • 18 September: The foundation stone of a building complex consisting of public offices, a courtroom and prison in Moor Street is laid.
    • 23 November: A meeting is held to decide upon the creation of monument dedicated to Admiral Nelson.
  • 1806
    • 13 June: A decision is made that a statue should be created in memory of Admiral Nelson.
    • The prison on Moor Street opens.
    • Another bill is presented to Parliament for a licensed theatre and this time is granted.
  • 1807
    • October: The building complex on Moor Street is completed and opened one year after the completion of the prison.
    • Space becomes available on Park Street for the expansion of the graveyard at St. Martin's, Birmingham's only Anglican graveyard.
  • 1809

1810–1819

1820–1829
  • 1820
    • 6 January: The Theatre Royal on New Street is destroyed in a fire. Only two medallions of Shakespeare and Garrick are retrieved from the ruins.
    • A canal is extended through an area behind modern-day Centenary Square to create a wharf. The extension cuts across Baskerville's tomb where the builders find his body to be well preserved.
  • 1821 – Birmingham Society of Artists founded.
  • 1823 – The spire is added to St Paul's Church.
  • 1824 – John Cadbury opens his shop on Bull Street
  • 1825
    • The Birmingham Female Society for the Relief of Negro Slaves is established by Mary Sturge, Maria Cadbury and Mary Samuel Lloyd.
    • The title Birmingham Journal is revived for a weekly Tory newspaper by printer William Hodgetts.
  • 1826
    • 26 May: The Birmingham and Liverpool Junction Canal is authorised; when opened in 1835 it will connect with the Birmingham Canal Navigations at Aldersley, north of Wolverhampton.
    • Company of Proprietors of the Birmingham Waterworks authorised "for the purpose of providing a sufficient and constant supply of good and wholesome water for domestic, manufacturing and other purposes".
  • 1827 – After being broken into and seriously damaged years earlier, the Severn Street synagogue receives enough funds to reopen.
  • 1828
    • 17 November: The first Birmingham Co-operative Society is formed.
    • The main road into Deritend is disturnpiked.
  • 1829

1830–1839

1840–1849

1850–1859

1860–1869

1870–1879

1880–1889

1890–1899

1900–1999

1900–1909

1910–1919
  • 1910
  • 1911
    • 18 January: Albion Street fire station opens.
    • 9 November: The Urban districts of Handsworth and Aston Manor, in Staffordshire, and the Rural district of Yardley along with the greater part of the Urban District of King's Norton and Northfield (which includes most of Bartley Reservoir), both in Worcestershire, become part of Birmingham, and thus Warwickshire.
    • Construction of an extension to the Council House, designed by Ashley & Newman, begins.
    • Cable trams in Birmingham last operate.
  • 1912
  • 1913
  • 1914
    • 30 March: An addition to Kent Street Baths consisting of a women's swimming baths and baths for women are opened in an adjoining building.
    • May: Bournville Rest House on The Green is presented by employees of Cadbury's to mark Mr and Mrs George Cadbury's silver wedding in 1913.
    • The Stechford Club moves to newly completed premises.
  • 1916
    • 29 September: The Birmingham Municipal Bank opens to the public.
    • 5 December: Station Officer William Thomas from Albion Street fire station is killed whilst attending a fire at The Parade, Spring Hill.
  • 1917
  • 1918–1919 – The Kings Norton Metal Company mints British pennies.[36]
  • 1918 – 10 June: The Birmingham Civic Society is founded at an inaugural meeting at Birmingham Council House.
  • 1919
    • 26 February: "Nechells Gas Disaster": Station Officer Henry Moon from Lingard Street fire station and Fireman Herbert Dyche from Moseley Road fire station are killed whilst attending a severe gas leak at Nechells Gas Works; two male workers are also killed.
    • City of Birmingham Orchestra, predecessor of the City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra, established, with a grant from the corporation, the first time that public funds have been used to support a symphony orchestra in Britain.
    • Construction of the extension to the Council House is completed.
    • The Birmingham Municipal Bank moves to offices in the Council House.

1920–1929

1930–1939

1940–1949
  • 1940
    • March: Frisch–Peierls memorandum: Otto Frisch and Rudolf Peierls, at this time working at the University of Birmingham, calculate that an atomic bomb could be produced using very much less enriched uranium than has previously been supposed, making it a practical proposition.[41]
    • June
    • 9 August: Birmingham Blitz: The first German air raid on the city takes place when a single aircraft drops bombs on Erdington; one person is killed.
    • 13 August: Birmingham Blitz: Aircraft factory at Castle Bromwich bombed; 17 people are killed.
    • 25/26 August: Birmingham Blitz: First air raid on city centre; 25 people are killed and the Market Hall is destroyed.
    • 25–30 October: Birmingham Blitz: Heavy air raids on city centre.
    • 7 November: St Philip's Cathedral is bombed and gutted.
    • 19 November: Birmingham Blitz: Heavy air raids in the Birmingham area begin with 53 deaths at the Birmingham Small Arms Company factory in Small Heath alone.[42][43] Up to 28 November around 800 people are killed, 2,345 injured and 20,000 made homeless.[44]
    • 22 November: Retirement of the chief fire officer Alfred Robert Tozer jr; the brigade is placed under the temporary command of captain B. A. Westbrook. On 1 January 1941 F. Winteringham is appointed as chief fire officer.
  • 1941
  • 1942 – 27 May: Birmingham Blitz: Last major air raid on the city.
  • 1943 – 23 April: Birmingham Blitz: Last air raid on the city: 2 bombs are dropped on Bordesley Green.
  • 1944 – 2 October: The original Five Ways railway station closes.
  • 1945 – Abdul Aziz opens a cafe shop selling curry and rice in Steelhouse Lane. This later becomes The Darjeeling, the first Indian restaurant in Birmingham, owned by Afrose Miah.
  • 1946 – July: Birmingham Elmdon Airport reverts to civilian use, though still under the control of the government.
  • 1947 – Ansells Brewery purchases Penns Hall.
  • 1948
    • 1 April: Formation of the Birmingham Fire and Ambulance Service as the National Fire Service is stood down. Henry Coleman is appointed as chief fire officer.
    • The blue brick lodge gate at Warstone Lane Cemetery, designed by Hamilton & Medland, is completed.
  • 1949
    • 7 February: Leading Fireman Leslie Marsh from Central fire station is killed whilst attending a fire at Fox Street, Aston.
    • 17 December: The first Sutton Coldfield transmitting station begins transmitting BBC Television to the midlands, the first broadcasts to be seen outside the London area.[45]
    • As part of a national policy the emergency telephone 999 system is progressively brought into operation.

1950–1959
  • 1950 – Penns Hall is converted into a hotel by Ansells Brewery.
  • 1951
  • 1953
  • 1954
    • The Digbeth Institute is put up for sale.
    • Queens Tower in Duddeston is completed, becoming the city's first tower block.
    • The chapel at Warstone Lane Cemetery is demolished.
  • 1955
    • 23 January: Sutton Coldfield rail crash: A diverted express derails taking a severe curve at speed; 17 are killed.
    • 12 March: Major fire at the offices and warehouse of Halfords, Corporation Street Aston. At its peak the whole of the resources of the Birmingham Fire & Ambulance Service are mobilised to this incident.
    • September: Appointment of Albert Paramour as chief fire officer.
    • The Digbeth Institute is purchased by Birmingham City Council.
    • Shops begin to shut down in the Bull Ring for the redevelopment of the area.
  • 1956
    • 17 February: Associated Television begins broadcasting from Birmingham.
    • March: Closure of Lingard Street fire station.
    • November: Opening of Sheldon fire station; closure of Stechford fire station.
    • Tong Kung, on the Holloway Head, opens becoming Birmingham's first Chinese restaurant.
  • 1957
    • Blakesley Hall reopens as a museum following restoration conducted as a result of bomb damage during World War II.
    • John Madin produces a development plan for the Calthorpe estate (Edgbaston).
    • The fire station at Ward End is closed.
  • 1959 – October: The fire station at Bristol Road South, Northfield, is opened and that at 'The Spot Garage' Northfield is closed.

1960–1969

1970–1979

1980–1989

1990–1999

2000s

2000–2009

2010–2019

2020–2029
  • 2020 – 6 September: Series of stabbings around the city centre with one fatality.[49]

References
  1. Lambert, Tim. "A Timeline of the History of Birmingham". Retrieved 4 August 2017.
  2. Handford, Margaret. "Birmingham". Grove Music Online. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 28 January 2017.
  3. Baren, Maurice (1996). How It All Began Up the High Street. London: Michael O'Mara Books. p. 94. ISBN 978-1-85479-667-7.
  4. Hadfield, Charles (1969). The Canals of the West Midlands (2nd ed.). Newton Abbot: David & Charles. ISBN 978-0-7153-4660-0.
  5. An Act for the laying open and widening certain ways and passages within the Town of Birmingham, and for cleansing and lighting the streets, ways, lanes, and passages there, and for removing and preventing nuisances and obstructions therein. Dent, Robert Kirkup (1894). The Making of Birmingham: Being a History of the Rise and Growth of the Midland Metropolis. J. L. Allday. pp. 133ff. Retrieved 1 January 2014.
  6. Discounting monuments in the parish churchyard.
  7. Scherer, F. M. (1965). "Invention and Innovation in the Watt-Boulton Steam-Engine Venture". Technology and Culture. 6 (2): 165–87. doi:10.2307/3101072. JSTOR 3101072.
  8. "The Invention of the Steam Engine: The Life of James Watt. Part 4: The Steam Engine Gains Popularity". About.com Inventors. Retrieved 25 February 2011.
  9. Rex, Simon (20 April 2010). "The History of Building Societies". Building Societies Association. Retrieved 6 September 2010.
  10. Docherty, James C.; Lamb, Peter (2006). "Chronology". Historical Dictionary of Socialism (2nd ed.). Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-6477-1.
  11. Sawkill, John (11 September 2014). "The Building of St Paul's Church, Birmingham in the 1770s". jsprints-ink. Retrieved 8 August 2017.
  12. Timmins, Samuel (1879). Centenary of the Birmingham Library, 1779–1879. Birmingham: Herald Printing Office. Retrieved 8 August 2017.
  13. White, Alan (2005). The Worcester and Birmingham Canal. Studley: Brewin Books. ISBN 978-1-85858-261-0.
  14. Faulkner, Alan (1985). The Warwick Canals. Oakham: Railway and Canal Historical Society. ISBN 978-0-901461-39-1.
  15. Dent, Robert Kirkup (1880). Old and New Birmingham: a history of the town and its people. Houghton and Hammond. p. 364.
  16. Norris, Gerald (1981). A Musical Gazetteer of Great Britain & Ireland. Newton Abbot: David & Charles. pp. 145–55. ISBN 978-0-7153-7845-8.
  17. Gill, Conrad (1952). History of Birmingham. 1. Birmingham City Council.
  18. Quick, Michael (2009). Railway Passenger Stations in Great Britain: a chronology (4th ed.). Oxford: Railway and Canal Historical Society. ISBN 978-0-901461-57-5.
  19. "The glorious night Dickens held Birmingham spellbound with his tale of Scrooge". Birmingham Live. Birmingham Mail. 13 December 2013.
  20. "Directory". UK: Association of Independent Libraries. Archived from the original on 29 July 2013. Retrieved 7 September 2013.
  21. Tyzack, Anna (22 June 2005). "The True Home of Tennis". Country Life. Retrieved 8 August 2017.
  22. "Lawn Tennis and Major T. H. Gem". Birmingham Civic Society. Archived from the original on 9 February 2008.
  23. Foster, Andy (2005). Birmingham. Pevsner Architectural Guides. New Haven; London: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-10731-9.
  24. "The Early Years 1875–1904" (PDF). When Football Was Football. Haynes. Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 January 2015. Retrieved 3 January 2015.
  25. Anonymously in Chambers's Journal on 6 September 1879.
  26. "Thorpe Street". The drill hall project. Retrieved 8 July 2017.
  27. Designed by Morris & Co.
  28. Local Government Board Provisional Orders Confirmation (No. 13) Act, 54 & 55 Vic. c. 161 (local act).
  29. Penguin Pocket On This Day. Penguin Reference Library. 2006. ISBN 978-0-14-102715-9.
  30. By royal letters patent. "No. 26746". The London Gazette. 4 June 1896. p. 3314.
  31. "1897". The FA Cup. Archived from the original on 11 March 2007. Retrieved 4 August 2017.
  32. Russell, Phil (2011). "1897 – Aston Villa 3-2 Everton". Archived from the original on 2 May 2014. Retrieved 3 May 2014.
  33. Shill, Ray (2002). Birmingham's Industrial Heritage 1900–2000. Stroud: Sutton. ISBN 978-0-7509-2593-8.
  34. [[:File:WSPU Hunger Strike Medal.jpg|WSPU Hunger Strike Medal with Fed by Force bar 17.9.09.]]
  35. "Electric cinema celebrates its centenary". BBC News. 15 December 2009. Retrieved 5 August 2017.
  36. "GB & Ireland – Pennies Struck by the King's Norton Mint". The Old Currency Exchange. 29 May 2017. Retrieved 6 August 2017.
  37. Morris, Sylvia (13 January 2012). "Innovating in Birmingham: Barry Jackson and modern dress Shakespeare". The Shakespeare blog. Retrieved 21 March 2012.
  38. "Odeon Perry Barr". Cinema Treasures. Retrieved 8 August 2017.
  39. "Birmingham has built 77,000 houses during King's reign". Birmingham Daily Gazette. 2 May 1935. p. 25.
  40. Palmer, Alan; Veronica (1992). The Chronology of British History. London: Century Ltd. ISBN 978-0-7126-5616-0.
  41. Gowing, Margaret (1964). Britain and Atomic Energy, 1935–1945. London: Macmillan Publishing. pp. 40–43. OCLC 3195209.
  42. "53 killed at BSA works – 19th November 1940". The Birmingham Press. 8 November 2010. Retrieved 29 June 2012.
  43. Day, J. M. (25 November 2005). "West Bromwich at War – Part 2". WW2 People's War. BBC. Retrieved 29 June 2012.
  44. Ray, John (1996). The Night Blitz. London: Cassell. p. 166. ISBN 0-304-35676-X.
  45. Kynaston, David (2007). Austerity Britain 1945–51. London: Bloomsbury. ISBN 978-0-7475-7985-4.
  46. Cowan, Mark (3 June 2010). "Did this man escape justice for Jackie's murder?". Birmingham Mail. Trinity Mirror. Retrieved 18 February 2012.
  47. "1968: Birth of sextuplets stuns Britain". BBC News. 2 October 1968. Retrieved 15 January 2008.
  48. "1974: Six charged over Birmingham pub bombs". BBC News. 24 November 1974. Archived from the original on 7 March 2008. Retrieved 10 February 2008.
  49. "Birmingham stabbings: One dead seven injured in 'major incident'". BBC News. 6 September 2020. Retrieved 6 September 2020.

Further reading

Published in the 19th century
1800s–1840s
  • John Britton; et al. (1814), "Birmingham", Wiltshire, Warwickshire, Westmoreland, and Worcestershire, Beauties of England and Wales, 15, London: J. Harris, hdl:2027/nyp.33433075909105
  • "Birmingham". Commercial Directory for 1818-19-20. Manchester: James Pigot. 1818.
  • David Brewster, ed. (1830). "Birmingham". Edinburgh Encyclopædia. Edinburgh: William Blackwood.
  • "Birmingham", Pigot and Co.'s National Commercial Directory for the Whole of Scotland and of the Isle of Man, London, J. Pigot & Co., 1837
  • Francis Coghlan (1838). "Birmingham". Iron Road Book and Railway Companion from London to Birmingham, Manchester, and Liverpool. London: A.H. Baily & Co. hdl:2027/wu.89089014146.
  • Arthur Freeling (1838), "Birmingham Guide", Freeling's Grand Junction Railway Companion to Liverpool, Manchester, and Birmingham, H. Lacey
  • "Birmingham", Osborne's Guide to the Grand Junction, Or Birmingham, Liverpool, and Manchester Railway, Birmingham: E.C. & W. Osborne, 1838
  • John Thomson (1845), "Birmingham", New Universal Gazetteer and Geographical Dictionary, London: H.G. Bohn
  • "Birmingham and its Vicinity". Slater's National Commercial Directory of Ireland; including ... English Towns of Manchester, Liverpool, Birmingham, West Bromwich, Leeds, Sheffield and Bristol, and in Scotland, those of Glasgow and Paisley. Manchester: I. Slater. 1846. hdl:2027/njp.32101045358296.
  • Birmingham, Sheffield: Francis White & Co., 1849, OL 13996594M
1850s–1890s
  • "History and Directory of Birmingham". History, Gazetteer, and Directory, of Warwickshire. Francis White & Co. 1850.
  • George Measom (1861), "Birmingham", Official Illustrated Guide to the North-Western Railway (2nd ed.), London: W.H. Smith and Son
  • "Birmingham", Black's Guide to Warwickshire (3rd ed.), Edinburgh: Adam and Charles Black, 1874
  • White & Co.'s Commercial & Trades Directory of Birmingham, Vol. I, 1875
  • John Parker Anderson (1881), "Warwickshire: Birmingham", Book of British Topography: a Classified Catalogue of the Topographical Works in the Library of the British Museum Relating to Great Britain and Ireland, London: W. Satchell

Published in the 20th century
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