Toyota Highlander

The Toyota Highlander, also known as the Toyota Kluger (Japanese: トヨタ・クルーガー, Toyota Kurūgā), is a mid-size crossover SUV produced by Toyota. It is built on the same platform as used on the Camry.[1]

Toyota Highlander
2020 Toyota Highlander XLE AWD (GSU75)
Overview
ManufacturerToyota
Also calledToyota Kluger (Japan, 2000–2007; Australia, 2000–present)
Production2000–present
Model years2001–present
Body and chassis
ClassMid-size crossover SUV
Body style5-door SUV
Layout

Announced in April 2000 at the New York International Auto Show and arriving in late 2000 in Japan and January 2001 in North America, the Highlander became one of the first car-based mid-size SUV or mid-size crossovers.[2] The Highlander is the crossover counterpart to the more rugged, truck-based mid-size 4Runner and became Toyota's best-selling SUV before being surpassed by the smaller RAV4 in 2006. In Japan, the Kluger is exclusive to dealership network called Toyota NETZ as a larger alternative to the RAV4.

Unable to use the Highlander nameplate in Japan and Australia because of a trademarked Hyundai Terracan trim line, Toyota calls the vehicle the Toyota Kluger in these markets (pronounced Klu-ger). The name is derived from the German word klug, which means smart or clever ("Kluger", written in German with an Ü instead of a U, means "someone who is smarter than another").[3]

First generation (XU20; 2000)
First generation (XU20)
2001–2003 Toyota Highlander Limited (MCU20)
Overview
Also calledToyota Kluger (Japan and Australia)
ProductionNovember 2000 – May 2007[4]
Model years2001–2007
AssemblyJapan: Miyawaka, Fukuoka (Miyata plant)[4]
Body and chassis
PlatformToyota K platform
Powertrain
Engine
Transmission
Dimensions
Wheelbase2,715 mm (106.9 in)
Length4,681–4,714 mm (184.3–185.6 in)
Width1,826 mm (71.9 in)
Height1,679–1,750 mm (66.1–68.9 in)
Curb weight1,716 kg (3,784 lb)
Chronology
SuccessorToyota Vanguard (XA30) (for Kluger, Japan)

The Highlander (or Kluger in Japan and Australia) shared a platform with its XU30 series Lexus RX/Toyota Harrier cousin. It came in five (2001–2007) and seven-seat (2004–2007) configurations and became a sales success for Toyota in a number of markets across the world. The Highlander came standard with front wheel drive and offered all wheel drive (50:50 front:rear fixed torque split). Unlike Toyota's own 4Runner and other mid-sized competitors such as the Jeep Grand Cherokee, or Chevrolet TrailBlazer, the Highlander aimed for on-road comfort with its unibody construction and independent rear suspension. Although it was longer than the 1996–2002 4Runner available at the time it was launched, the Highlander was surpassed in length by the redesigned 4Runner in August 2002.

The Highlander was available in three trim lines in the United States: the base model, the Sport model, and the Limited model. The base and Limited models were present when the Highlander was initially introduced, while the Sport model was introduced in March 2006. In Japan, the Kluger exceeded Japanese government's compact car regulations regarding engine displacement (maximum of 2.0-liter) and exterior dimensions (maximum length of 4,700 mm (185.0 in) and width of 1,700 mm (66.9 in)), therefore incurred a more expensive annual road tax obligation.

In 2004 the wheels on the Limited trim changed from a six-spoke to a five-spoke alloy. The base-model Highlander wheels also changed from steel-rims to the alloy wheels that were on the 2001–2003 model year Highlander Limited and B-Package. The Sport models had a distinctive grille design, differentiating themselves from the non-Sport models. Wheel styling also serves to differentiate the various models—the hybrid sports a unique twin-spoke design.

The Kluger was introduced to Australia in October 2003. It was available in three guises: CV, CVX, and Grande. A limited edition CV Sport model was also released in 2006. There was no hybrid model available in Australia. The only engine offered was the 3.3-liter 3MZ-FE V6. Typical fuel economy using the Australian standard testing regime is 12.3 L/100 km (23.0 mpg‑imp; 19.1 mpg‑US).

Engines:

  • 2001–2007 2.4 L 2AZ-FE I4,116 kW (155 hp)
  • 2001–2003 3.0 L 1MZ-FE V6, 151 kW (203 hp)
  • 2004–2007 3.3 L 3MZ-FE V6, 168 kW (225 hp)

The 3.0-liter engine was able to propel the Kluger from 0–60 mph in approximately 8.8 seconds. In 2004 the Kluger was given a new 3.3-liter V6 engine to compete with the more powerful V6 offerings from its competitors, mainly the Nissan Murano and the Honda Pilot. The larger engine made it possible for the Kluger to reach 0 to 97 km/h (60 mph) in 7.8 seconds.

2001 update

The Japanese and Australian Kluger was released with a center console integrated with the dashboard, while the North American Highlander initially lacked this integrated center console. The integrated center console was introduced in all US Highlanders and in Canadian Limited Highlanders in 2001, for the 2002 model year, and in all Canadian Highlanders in 2003, for the 2004 model year. However, for these early Highlanders without the integrated center console, a smaller non-integrated stand-alone center console was available as an option, either factory or dealer installed.

2003 update
2004–2007 MY Highlander Limited (US)
2003–2007 Kluger Grande (Australia)

In 2003, for the 2004 model year, in addition to the 3.3-liter engine, V6-powered models were equipped with a new five-speed automatic transmission, replacing the four-speed automatic transmission, while the inline-four models continued to use the old four-speed. This year also saw the introduction of the optional third row seat allowing for two additional passengers. The center console, which was previously exclusive to the top trim level, was now standard across all trims. The unibody was slightly modified behind the second row seats to include a depression in the trunk floor able to accommodate the optional third row seating. On models without third row seating, this depression was turned into a storage compartment (prior to 2004 the spare tire was accessible from inside the vehicle where the third row seating would subsequently be located; beginning in 2004 the spare tire is accessible from underneath the vehicle). Subtle changes to the front grille, front and rear bumpers, headlights and taillights (LED taillights on later hybrid models) round-out the major changes for the 2003 mid-cycle refresh.

2005 update

In 2005, for the 2006 model year, Highlanders sold in Canada were offered only in a V6 all-wheel drive configuration. Hybrid models were available with part-time four-wheel drive, which Toyota refers to as 4WD-i whereby the rear wheels are powered by a separate electric motor. This system is intended for use on snow and ice and is prone to overheating the rear electric motor off-road.[5]

Safety

Anti-lock brakes, brake assist and electronic brakeforce distribution were standard, Vehicle Stability Control w/traction control optional on 2001–03 models became standard for 2004 models (Hybrids come standard with VDIM). Also standard for 2004 was a tire pressure monitor. Front seat-mounted side torso airbags were optional on 2001–06 models, while front and second row side curtain airbags were optional on 2004–06 models. Side airbags became standard on 2007 models and the curtain airbags gained a rollover sensor that year as well.

NHTSA crash test ratings, no side airbags (2002):[6]
Frontal Driver:
Frontal Passenger:
Side Driver:
Side Rear Passenger:
Rollover:
NHTSA crash test ratings, no side airbags (2004):[7]
Frontal Driver:
Frontal Passenger:
Side Driver:
Side Rear Passenger:
Rollover (2005):[8]

In Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS) crash tests the Highlander was rated "Good" overall in the frontal offset crash test.[9] The IIHS reported the Highlander had one of the lowest driver fatality rates among all vehicles, and amongst SUVs, only the Toyota 4Runner had a lower driver fatality rate. This report looked at 2001–2005 model year vehicles in the US.[10]

Hybrid (MHU28, 2005)
Highlander Hybrid Limited
Highlander Hybrid

Initially, the Kluger was a regular, non-hybrid SUV driven by an internal combustion engine, but later Toyota introduced a hybrid version, the Kluger Hybrid that utilizes the company's Hybrid Synergy Drive technology combined with the company's 3MZ-FE 3.3-liter V6 engine offered in either FWD or AWD trim. The hybrid drivetrain was unveiled at the 2004 North American International Auto Show, and was offered to the public in July 2005 as a 2006 model. The power steering pump, water pump and AC compressor were changed from belt-drive to electrically powered versions. A modified alternator was incorporated into the hybrid system.

In North America, the hybrid version was called the Highlander Hybrid. It was also the first seven-seat hybrid vehicle.[11] With the electric motors providing power, overall acceleration improved, particularly at passing speeds. Other additions include Toyota's Vehicle Dynamics Integrated Management (VDIM) system and Electronically Controlled Brake (ECB). The California Air Resources Board gave it a SULEV emission rating. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (revised standards) rated it at 8.4 L/100 km; 34 mpg‑imp (28 mpg‑US) City/9.4 L/100 km; 30 mpg‑imp (25 mpg‑US) Highway for FWD models and 8.7 L/100 km; 32 mpg‑imp (27 mpg‑US)/9.4 L/100 km; 30 mpg‑imp (25 mpg‑US) for AWD models. This system is near identical to that of the Lexus RX 400h. All-wheel drive models were rated to tow 1,600 kg (3,500 lb).

Second generation (XU40; 2007)
Second generation (XU40)
2008–2010 Toyota Highlander Limited (GSU40)
Overview
Also calledToyota Kluger (Australia)
Production
  • May 2007 – 2013
  • October 2008 – November 2013 (US)
Model years2008–2013
Assembly
DesignerIan Cartabiano (2005)[14]
Body and chassis
PlatformToyota K platform
Powertrain
Engine
Transmission
Dimensions
Wheelbase2,789 mm (109.8 in)
Length4,785 mm (188.4 in)
Width1,910–1,918 mm (75.2–75.5 in)
Height1,730–1,760 mm (68.1–69.3 in)
Curb weight1,835 kg (4,045 lb)
Interior

Toyota revealed the second generation Highlander and Highlander Hybrid at the 2007 Chicago Auto Show, with American sales beginning in July and hybrids in late September.[15][16] The second generation Highlander and Highlander Hybrid were not sold in Japan. The five-seat Highlander for the United States and Canada was dropped as the Venza replaced it.

Initially the sole powertrain for the 2008 Highlander was a 201 kilowatts (270 hp) 3.5-liter 2GR-FE V6 mated to a five-speed automatic. The four-cylinder model had been discontinued but added again in 2009. While the 3.5-liter engine has 55 more bhp than the previous 3.3-liter V6 and dimensional increases along with increased sound proofing added nearly 500 pounds to the vehicle's curb weight of approximately 4,000 lbs, fuel economy is slightly improved. The EPA estimated fuel economy for front-wheel drive models is at 13 L/100 km; 22 mpg‑imp (18 mpg‑US) city / 9.8 L/100 km; 29 mpg‑imp (24 mpg‑US) highway (last gen: 14 L/100 km; 20 mpg‑imp (17 mpg‑US) city / 10 L/100 km; 28 mpg‑imp (23 mpg‑US) hwy).[17]

For 2009, Toyota again offered a 4-cylinder for 5-passenger front-wheel drive models with the all-new ULEV-II certified 2.7-liter 1AR-FE I4 paired to a six-speed automatic. It generates 139 kW (187 hp) at 5,800 rpm and 252 N⋅m (186 lb⋅ft) of peak torque at 4,100 rpm on regular 87 octane fuel. The four-cylinder delivers an EPA estimated fuel economy of 12 L/100 km; 24 mpg‑imp (20 mpg‑US) city and 8.7 L/100 km; 32 mpg‑imp (27 mpg‑US) highway.[18] This is better than the previous model's four-cylinder with 12 L/100 km; 23 mpg‑imp (19 mpg‑US)/9.4 L/100 km; 30 mpg‑imp (25 mpg‑US).

The same three trim levels were offered (Base, Sport and Limited) until early 2010 when the SE model replaced the Sport model, buyers are still able to choose between front-drive or all-wheel drive on V6 platforms. Also new is an Electric Power Steering (EPS) system. Sport and Limited models get a standard backup camera using a 3.5-inch LCD display. Major options include leather seats, heated seats, a touchscreen DVD based navigation system, a new Smart Key System, an upgraded JBL Synthesis stereo, a rear-seat DVD entertainment system with 9-inch screen, and a towing package that increases towing capacity to 5000 pounds.

The XU40 was initially produced exclusively at the Miyata plant in Miyawaka, Fukuoka, Japan for all global markets beginning in May 2007.[19][4][12][20] Production in China for local sales was started on 25 May 2009 by GAC Toyota in Nansha District, Guangzhou, Guangdong.[21] Toyota had intended on building the Highlander in Blue Springs, Mississippi for the North American market in the 2011 model year.[22] However, the Corolla was built there instead, and the Highlander is being built at Toyota Motor Manufacturing Indiana in Princeton, Indiana, from the 2010 model year onward for a majority of North America, replacing Tundra production.[23] TMMI Highlander production began in October 2009 for gasoline engine models only; hybrids continued to be imported from Japan until the release of the third generation XU50, where all production except for China was consolidated at TMMI.

In Australia, the new generation Kluger was launched in August 2007. There are three trims available, KX-R, KX-S and Grande. All trims are available with either 2WD or AWD. The base model KX-R is also available with either five or seven seats, whilst the latter trims are seven seaters only. Specifications are mostly similar to the US Highlander, sharing the same 3.5-litre V6 2GR-FE engine and five-speed automatic transmission. However, there are no plans at present to introduce a hybrid version of the Kluger into the Australian market.

2010 update

In 2010, for the 2011 model year, Toyota made some changes to the Highlander and Highlander Hybrid. While the general design remains similar to the 2010 model, the Highlander's front end has been significantly revised, now featuring new headlights, a new black with chrome accent rocker panel, and new front grille. The non-hybrid engines for 2011 remain the same, although now the 2.7-liter four-cylinder engine may be had on the SE trim level, previously only available on the base model. More standard features are now equipped on all trim levels, with the base model receiving front and rear air conditioning, power locks/windows, cruise control, and a multi-function keyless entry control.[24]

Pre-facelift styling

  • Front
  • Rear

Post-facelift styling

  • Front (Kluger KX-S)
  • Rear (Kluger KX-R)

Safety
NHTSA crash test ratings (2008):[25]
Frontal Driver:
Frontal Passenger:
Side Driver:
Side Rear Passenger:
Rollover:

All models come standard with enhanced Vehicle Stability Control which immediately alters electric powering steering assist w/traction control (hybrids come standard with VDIM), anti-lock brakes, brake assist and electronic brakeforce distribution. Also standard is a tire pressure monitor, a driver's knee airbag, front seat-mounted side torso airbags, side curtain airbags for all three rows which includes a rollover sensor and active front headrests. Hill Start Assist Control (HAC) is also standard which prevents rolling backwards on slopes, and Downhill Assist Control (DAC) is standard on AWD trims.

The IIHS rates the Highlander "Good" overall in their frontal offset crash test, and good in all subcategories except for "Head/neck," which is rated as "Acceptable."[26] And "Good" overall in the side impact crash test, with "Good" rating in all nine measured categories.[27] The Highlander is also rated "Good" in the roof strength test, giving it a "top safety pick" rating.[28]

In Australasian New Car Assessment Program (ANCAP) testing the Kluger is given a rating but only a rating for pedestrian protection.[29]

The safety and effectiveness of the Highlander/Kluger's Vehicle Stability Control system has been questioned by some motoring journalists. During testing for Wheels magazine Car of the Year in 2007, the magazine's editor rolled the vehicle during high-speed gravel road testing. Noting that it was the first such event in the magazine's 45-year history, he criticised the vehicle's stability system stating that "Deficiencies in the Kluger's ESP contributed to the crash". Six of the seven other judges also stated that they felt "the vehicle's ESP performance was sub-standard", and remarked that the vehicle was "almost dangerous on dirt [roads]". In a written response, Toyota disputed the circumstances of the accident and criticised the testing procedures as "unscientific".[30][31]

Hybrid
Pre-facelift Toyota Highlander Hybrid Limited (US)
Pre-facelift Toyota Highlander Hybrid Limited (Spain)
Facelift Toyota Highlander Hybrid Limited (US)

The Hybrid features Toyota's Hybrid Synergy Drive which continues to allow an electric only powered mode for short distances and speeds. Weight and cost have been improved over the previous hybrid.[32][33]

The expanded size and new features have led to an increase of 500 pounds to its curb weight. All Highlander Hybrids are all-wheel drive, and the EPA has rated the hybrid at 8.7 L/100 km; 32 mpg‑imp (27 mpg‑US) for the city and 9.4 L/100 km; 30 mpg‑imp (25 mpg‑US) for the highway,[34] same as the previous model. The Highlander's fuel economy, while better than the Lexus RX 400h's, lags behind the compact 4cyl Ford Escape Hybrid, which ceased production in 2012, and the latest RX 450h, but still produces significantly fewer emissions than the non-hybrid version with a CARB SULEV rating.

The Highlander Hybrid continues to use the same 3.3-liter 3MZ-FE V6 (208 hp) offered in AWD from the prior model, net power is 175 kW (235 hp). VDIM and Electronically Controlled Brake remain new features include a driver selectable electric only EV mode (when possible) and another ECON mode which restricts acceleration and minimizes air conditioning during acceleration. The Highlander Hybrid Hybrid uses a 1.9 kWh sealed nickel-metal hydride traction battery.[35]

For the 2011 model year the Highlander Hybrid received styling changes and was upgraded with the 3.5-liter 2GR-FXE V6 (245 hp), increasing net power by 7 kW (10 hp), and a powertrain similar to the RX450h. The vehicle is now rated at 8 L/100 km; 34 mpg‑imp (28 mpg‑US) for the city, highway and combined cycles.

Highlander FCHV (2007)

The Highland FCHV was a test vehicle using compressed hydrogen gas, with average fuel economy of 109.9 km/kg (68.3 miles per kilogram) (approximate mpg equivalent).[36]

The vehicle was unveiled at the 2007 LA Auto Show.[37]

Chinese version

The Chinese version of the Highlander (ASU40/GSU45) was unveiled in 2009 at the 13th Shanghai International Automobile Industry Exhibition.[38]

Third generation (XU50; 2013)
Third generation (XU50)
2016 Toyota Highlander LE (GSU55)
Overview
Also calledToyota Kluger (Australia)
Production
  • December 2013[39] – 2019
  • 2013–present (China)
Model years
  • 2014–2019
  • 2014–present (China)
Assembly
DesignerMatt Sperling (2009)[40]
Body and chassis
PlatformToyota K platform
Related
Powertrain
Engine
Transmission
  • 6-speed U660E/760E automatic
  • 8-speed UA80E/UA80F automatic (2016–2019)
Dimensions
Wheelbase2,789 mm (109.8 in)
Length4,854 mm (191.1 in)
Width1,925 mm (75.8 in)
Height1,730 mm (68.1 in)
Curb weight2,045 kg (4,508 lb)
Interior

On 27 March 2013, Toyota unveiled the third generation XU50 series Highlander at the New York International Auto Show, with plans to have the vehicle reach dealerships in early 2014. Production began on 5 December.[39] This version is longer and wider than the outgoing generation and its design has changed from its boxy look to one that is similar to other mid-size crossover SUVs.

In addition to the changes, this one will feature seating for eight people with a sliding second-row point of entry that gives it 4.3 inches of added width space, soft-touch materials on the instrument panel, lane-departure warning, pre-collision warning and blind spot monitoring systems. HD Radio and Bluetooth will become a standard on all trims for the US version, which will also come equipped with Toyota's Entune multimedia system along with a 6.1-inch touchscreen display audio system. An eight-inch touchscreen system and Toyota's Entune app suite with 12 JBL speakers will be offered as an optional feature. The three powertrain trims that will be offered include a 2.7-liter, six-speed automatic, front-wheel drive base model, a 3.5-liter, six-speed automatic model in both front- or all-wheel drive, and the AWD-only Hybrid trim with a 3.5-liter V6 mated to an eCVT.[41][42]

The Highlander is also approved for use as a New York City taxicab.[43]

2016 facelift

A refreshed 2017 model year Highlander appeared at the New York International Auto Show in March 2016 with sales starting in the fourth quarter of 2016.[44] In V6 powered models, an eight-speed automatic replaced the six-speeder and the revised V6 engine (now designated 2GR-FKS) added Toyota's D4-S direct injection fuel system.[45][46] The facelifted Highlander has an updated fascia with restyled headlights and taillights, addition of SE trim, XLE and LE Hybrid trims, and updated exterior and interior colors.[47]

Pre-facelift styling

  • Front (GX)
  • Rear (GX)

Post-facelift styling

  • Front (LE)
  • Rear (GX)

Chinese market facelift styling

  • Front (Sport)
  • Rear (Sport)

Safety
2016 Toyota Highlander on NHTSA[48]
Overall:
Frontal Driver:
Frontal Passenger:
Side Driver:
Side Passenger:
Side Pole Driver:
Rollover AWD: 16.9%
2015 Toyota Highlander on IIHS:[49]
CategoryRating
Moderate overlap frontal offset Good
Small overlap frontal offset (driver) (2014–2015) Acceptable1
Small overlap frontal offset (passenger) Acceptable2
Side impact Good
Roof strength Good2
1 vehicle structure rated "Acceptable"
2 vehicle structure rated "Marginal"
3 strength-to-weight ratio: 5.40

Fourth generation (XU70; 2019)
Fourth generation (XU70)
2021 Toyota Highlander XLE AWD (GSU75)
Overview
Also calledToyota Kluger (Australia)[50]
ProductionNovember 2019 – present
Model years2020 – present
AssemblyUnited States: Princeton, Indiana (TMMI)
DesignerYoshikazu Saeki
Body and chassis
PlatformTNGA: GA-K[51][52]
Related
Powertrain
Engine
Electric motor2x Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors 5NM + 40 kW (54 hp; 54 PS) 4NM (hybrid)
Power output
  • 218–220 kW (292–295 hp; 296–299 PS) (3.5 L)
  • 179–181 kW (240–243 hp; 243–246 PS) (2.5 L hybrid, total system output)
Transmission
  • 8-speed UA80F Direct Shift ECT automatic
  • eCVT with sequential shift mode (hybrid)
Hybrid drivetrainPower-split (hybrid)
Battery1.6 kW·h Ni-MH (hybrid)
Dimensions
Wheelbase2,850 mm (112.2 in)
Length4,950 mm (194.9 in)
Width1,930 mm (76.0 in)
Height1,730 mm (68.1 in)
Curb weight1,880–2,018 kg (4,145–4,450 lb)
2020 Toyota Highlander XLE AWD (GSU75)

The fourth generation Highlander was unveiled at the New York International Auto Show on 17 April 2019. It is built on GA-K platform.[51][52][53][54][55] It is offered in five model trims which include the L, LE, XLE, Limited and Platinum. In the United States, the fourth generation Highlander gasoline model went on sale on 18 December 2019 for the 2020 model year. The hybrid model went available in February 2020. For the 2021 model year, the XSE trim was added. The L, LE and XLE trims came with standard LED projector headlights and a standard Toyota Safety Sense 2.5+ for all trims.[56] In European left-hand drive markets, the Highlander Hybrid went on sale in January 2021. The V6 engine option is not available there.[57] The Highlander/Kluger for UK/Australian markets will be available in early 2021, a year late from the US models due to the extensive engineering work for right-hand-drive models.[58][59][50] The Highlander was fully redesigned for 2020. In addition to the increased cargo room behind the third row, the Highlander now supports both Apple CarPlay and Android Auto.[60]

Sales

Toyota set a Highlander sales record in the US in 2018, selling 244,511 Highlanders.

Calendar year US total sales US hybrid sales[61]
2000[62] n/a n/a
2001 86,700 n/a
2002[63] 113,134 n/a
2003 120,174 n/a
2004[64] 133,077 n/a
2005 137,409 17,989
2006[65] 129,794 31,485
2007 127,878 22,052
2008[66] 104,661 19,441
2009 83,118[67] 11,086
2010 92,121 7,456[68]
2011 101,252 4,549[69]
2012 121,055[70] 5,921[71]
2013 127,572[72] 5,070[71]
2014 146,127[73] 3,621[74]
2015 158,915[75] 4,015[76]
2016 191,379[77] 5,976[78]
2017 215,775[79] 16,864[80]
2018 244,511[81] 3,236[82]
2019 239,438[82] 10,127[82]
2020 212,276[83] 48,455


Year Australia Year on year Australian rank
2003 1,380[84] N/A[84] N/A[84]
2004 7,655[84] 455%[84] 31[84]
2005 7,160[85] 6%[85] 40[85]
2006 4,973[85] 31%[85] 48[85]
2007 7,886[86] 49%[86] 41[86]
2008 13,424[86] 70%[86] 22[86]
2009 12,848[87] 4%[87] 19[87]
2010 13,117[87] 2%[87] 21[87]
2011 11,692[88] 11%[88] 24[88]
2012 13,239[88] 13%[88] 23[88]
2013 12,668[89] 4%[89] 28[89]
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019

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