Tuam

Tuam (/ˈtjuːəm/ TEW-əm; Irish: Tuaim, meaning "mound or burial-place" [t̪ˠuəmʲ])[8] is a town in Ireland and the second-largest settlement in County Galway. It is west of the midlands of Ireland, about 35 km (22 mi) north of Galway city. Humans have lived in the area since the Bronze Age while the historic period dates from the 6th century. The town became increasingly important in the 11th and 12th centuries in political and religious aspects of Ireland. The market-based layout of the town and square indicates the importance of commerce.

Not to be confused with Tu'am, a historical region in Eastern Arabia.

Tuam

Tuaim
Town
High Street, looking east
Coat of arms
Motto(s): 
"Tuath Thuama go Buan"
"Long Live the People of Tuam"
Tuam
Location in Ireland
Coordinates: 53.515°N 8.851°W / 53.515; -8.851
CountryIreland
ProvinceConnacht
CountyCounty Galway
Municipal DistrictTuam
Dáil ÉireannGalway East
Area
 • Total6.5 km2 (2.5 sq mi)
Elevation
44 m (144 ft)
Population
 (2016)[2]
 • Total8,767
 • Density1,300/km2 (3,500/sq mi)
Eircode routing key
H54
Telephone area code+353(0)93
Irish Grid ReferenceM436521
Websitetuam-guide.com

History

The record of human settlement in Tuam dates back to the Bronze Age when an area adjacent to Shop Street was used as a burial ground. The name Tuam is a cognate with the Latin term tumulus (burial mound). The town's ancient name was Tuaim Dá Ghualann, i.e. the burial mound of two shoulders.

The name probably refers to the high ground on either side of the River Nanny, overlooking a probable fording point over the River Nanny (or Corchra). In 1875, a Bronze Age burial urn was discovered in the area by workmen, dating from c.1500 B.C.[9]

The history of Tuam as a settlement dates from the early sixth century. Legend states that a monk called Jarlath who was a member of a religious community at Cloonfush some 6 km (4 mi) west of Tuam and adjacent to the religious settlement at Kilbannon. According to the Life of Brendan of Clonfert, Brendan eventually told Jarlath "Not here at all shall be thy resurrection". When Jarlath asked where this may be, Brendan responded: "Have a new chariot made for thou art old; and go thy way in it, and wherever the two hind shafts of the chariot will break, there will be thy resurrection, and that of many others with thee".[10][11] Jarlath's wheel broke at Tuam and he established a monastery there, known as the School of Tuam. As was typical with early settlements in Ireland, religious sites became established first and towns grew around them. Likewise, Tuam grew up around the monastery and has kept the broken chariot wheel as its heraldic symbol.

In 1049, Aedh O'Connor defeated Amalgaid ua Flaithbertaigh, King of Iar Connacht, making the O'Connors provincial kings of Connacht. He then built a castle at Tuam and made it his principal stronghold. This event was directly responsible for the subsequent rise in the importance of the town. Its position dominated the Iar Connacht heartland of Maigh Seóla.

In the twelfth century, the town became the centre of Provincial power during the fifty-year reign of Tairrdelbach Ua Conchobair (r. 1106–1156). He also brought Tuam its most prominent status as seat of the High King of Ireland which he achieved by force of arms during his long career.

About 1140 Tairrdelach founded an Augustinian priory in Tuam with possession over three church sites in Ciarraige Airne, east County Mayo.[12] At the Synod of Kells in 1152, the centre of government also became the ecclesiastical centre, as Tuam was elevated to an Archbishopric, with Áed Ua hOissín as the first Archbishop.

Tairrdelbach Ua Conchobair, as High King of Ireland from 1128–1156, was a great patron of the Irish Church and it was due to his patronage that Tuam became the home of some masterpieces of 12th century Celtic art, including the Cross of Cong. Tairrdelbach was succeeded by his son Ruaidrí Ua Conchobair, the last native High King of Ireland. In 1164, Ruaidrí had a "wonderful castle" erected, with a large courtyard defended by lofty and massive walls and a deep moat into which the adjacent river was diverted through. This was the first Irish built stone castle.[13] A small part of the castle still stands. Following the destruction of the first Cathedral in 1184, Ruaidrí Ua Conchobair left Tuam and retired to Cong Abbey, where he entrusted the Church valuables from the Cathedral at Tuam into the care of the abbot. This left Tuam as a small settlement and it wasn't until the early 17th century that it began to grow in importance again.

Throughout history, Tuam has been an important commercial centre with fairs and markets being an important part of commerce in the region. One of its fairs dates to 1252 when Letters Patent were granted to Archbishop MacFlynn by Henry III of England. Other fairs were authorised by Charters granted by James VI and I and George III of the United Kingdom.[14]

The Annals of the Four Masters record that in 1488 "A whirlwind attacked a number of persons, as they were cutting turf on the bog of Tuaim-Mona, which killed one of them, and swelled the faces of the rest; and four others were killed by the same wind in Machaire-Chonnacht."

In July 1920, the town hall and other properties were burned down by armed Royal Irish Constabulary men, after two had been killed in an ambush by the Irish Republican Army near the town the day before.

Borough of Tuam
Chair of Tuam Monument

On 30 March 1613, Tuam received a royal charter from James VI and I, which enabled the Tuam Parliamentary constituency to send two representatives to Irish House of Commons until its abolition in 1800. The town was laid out as a market town to its present plan with all the streets converging on the central square. The charter also established a formal local council with an elected sovereign and 12 burgesses. The sovereign was sworn into office at the site of the "Chair of Tuam" which is believed to be within the remaining tower of Ruaidrí Ua Conchobair's castle. A monumental "Chair of Tuam" was unveiled in May 1980 by the late Cardinal Tomás O'Fiaich.[15]

High crosses of Tuam
High Cross of Tuam
Headpiece of the High Cross of Tuam

The High Cross of Tuam was erected in 1152 possibly to commemorate the appointment of the first Archbishop of Tuam, Archbishop Áed Ua hOissín. An inscription at the base calls for "A prayer for O'hOisín; for the Abbot; by whom it was made". It is reputed to have been the tallest of the High Crosses of Ireland, but its artistry is scarred by the absence of the top portion of the main shaft.[14] The sandstone Cross was originally erected in proximity to the earliest Cathedral erected in the town, a part of which still remains and is incorporated into St Mary's Cathedral (12th-century red sandstone chancel arch in Irish Romanesque architecture, which is a National monument). The original High Cross or Market cross may have been erected close to what is now the Market Square and High Street.

When the first Cathedral collapsed after being destroyed by fire in 1184, the High Cross was dismantled into pieces, each under different ownership. The archaeologist George Petrie discovered the base of the High Cross c. 1820 and later discovered two other pieces in other locations. The High Cross contains a portion from another High Cross, the ringed cross-section on top. In addition to the Market Cross, it is likely that there were at least four other carved stone crosses from the Connor's reign in the town. An area close to the town Square, known as the Shambles, which continued to function as a market place until recently, was at one point the location of the Market Cross until 1721.[16]

The Cross was brought to Dublin for the Great Exhibition of 1852. However, prior to its return to Tuam, a disagreement arose between the two Churches. Catholic Archbishop Dr. John MacHale claimed the Cross rightfully belonged to Catholics, with Dean Charles Seymour of the Church of Ireland asserting a Protestant claim. Agreement was reached with the Cross erected half way between both Cathedrals and positioned so that it was visible from all main streets of the town. It was in the Square in the town centre in 1874.

By the late 1980s, it was evident that the decorative stone carving of the Cross was deteriorating due to weathering and pollution. Experts thought that there was a danger from traffic passing nearby. After lengthy discussions, the Office of Public Works removed the monument from the Square in April 1992. Following cleaning and minor restoration, the High Cross was re-erected in the south transept of St Mary's Cathedral, where it now is, near its original location. St Mary's Cathedral also houses the shaft of a third Cross fashioned from limestone. It is thought that all of the High Crosses would have marked the boundaries of the monastic section of Tuam.

Coat of arms

The red latin cross is representative of Tuam's importance as an ecclesiastical centre. The double green flaunches at the sides, represent the two hills or shoulders of Tuam's ancient name, Tuaim Dhá Ghualainn. The two crowns recall the High Kings, Tairrdelbach and Ruaidrí, who were based in Tuam. The broken chariot wheel being a reminder of the foundation of the monastic town when Jarlath's chariot wheel broke. The motto of the town, Tuath Thuama go Buan, translates as "Long Live the People of Tuam".[17]

Bon Secours Mother and Baby Home
Main article: Bon Secours Mother and Baby Home

The Bon Secours Mother and Baby Home, St Mary's Mother and Baby Home,[18] or simply The Home, was a maternity home for unmarried mothers and their children that operated between 1925 and 1961 in the town. It was run by the Bon Secours religious order of nuns. From its construction in the mid-19th century until the early 20th century, the building served as a workhouse for the poor. Excavations carried out between November 2016 and February 2017 that had been ordered by the Mother and Baby Homes Commission of Investigation, under Judge Yvonne Murphy, found a "significant" quantity of human remains, aged from 35 foetal weeks to two to three years, interred in a vault with twenty chambers. The report said: "The Commission has not yet determined what the purpose of this structure was but it appears to be related to the treatment/containment of sewage and/or waste water. The Commission has also not yet determined if it was ever used for this purpose." Carbon dating confirmed that the remains date from the timeframe relevant to the operation of the Mother and Baby Home by the Bon Secours order. The Commission stated that it was shocked by the discovery and that it is continuing its investigation into who was responsible for the disposal of human remains in this way.[19]

Climate
Climate data for Tuam (Airglooney) (1981-2010)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Average high °C (°F) 8.7
(47.7)		 9.0
(48.2)		 10.7
(51.3)		 13.0
(55.4)		 15.7
(60.3)		 18.3
(64.9)		 19.4
(66.9)		 19.3
(66.7)		 17.3
(63.1)		 14.1
(57.4)		 11.4
(52.5)		 8.9
(48.0)		 13.8
(56.9)
Daily mean °C (°F) 5.2
(41.4)		 5.5
(41.9)		 6.9
(44.4)		 8.4
(47.1)		 10.9
(51.6)		 13.4
(56.1)		 15.1
(59.2)		 14.9
(58.8)		 12.9
(55.2)		 10.1
(50.2)		 7.8
(46.0)		 5.5
(41.9)		 9.7
(49.5)
Average low °C (°F) 1.7
(35.1)		 2.0
(35.6)		 3.1
(37.6)		 3.9
(39.0)		 6.1
(43.0)		 8.5
(47.3)		 10.8
(51.4)		 10.6
(51.1)		 8.6
(47.5)		 6.0
(42.8)		 4.2
(39.6)		 2.0
(35.6)		 5.6
(42.1)
Mean monthly sunshine hours 42.70 61.82 93.31 142.80 169.26 144.00 126.79 124.93 104.70 86.18 52.80 33.79 1,183.08
Source: Met Éireann[20]

Transport
The High Street in Tuam is the west-most section of the N83.

Tuam is served by the N17 road (Galway to Sligo) and the N83 road (to Ballyhaunis) as well as R332 and R347. A bypass of the N17, avoiding congestion to the west of the town, involved acquisition of land by Galway County Council in late 2006. The design of this road includes a bridge over the existing closed railway lines, allowing for future re-opening of the line. The M17 was opened ahead of schedule on 27 September 2017.

Tuam railway station is located on the disused railway line from Athenry to Sligo. There was a part-successful campaign by West-on-track to have the line reopened as a Western Railway Corridor which was recognised in the Transport21 project. Construction work to reopen the line between Ennis and Athenry was completed in 2009.[21] Passengers trains run between Limerick and Athenry (where connections to Galway can be made) with further extensions planned. Tuam railway station opened on 27 September 1860, closed to passenger traffic on 5 April 1976 and finally closed altogether on 18 December 1978.[22] The railway lines were heavily used by trains transporting sugar beets to the Irish Sugar Factory (Comhlucht Siúcra Éireann Teo.) formerly located off the Ballygaddy Road. The railway line was used during the filming of The Quiet Man, and can be seen when John Wayne disembarks at Ballyglunin, around 6 km (4 mi) from Tuam.

Tuam is served by multiple Bus Éireann routes.[23]

Education
St Jarlath's College, founded in 1800

Tuam is the location of several second level educational institutions, St. Jarlath's College, Archbishop McHale College, Presentation College Currylea and St Bridget's Secondary School. St Patrick's College (formerly Tuam Christian Brothers School), was amalgamated with St Jarlath's College in June 2009. There are five main primary schools: the Mercy Convent and the Presentation Convent, St Patrick's Primary School,[24] the Educate Together National School[25] and Gaelscoil Iarfhlatha, an Irish language primary school (bunscoil lán Ghaeilge).

Economy

Tuam is home to several large employers, the largest of which is Valeo Vision Systems, which currently employs over 1000 people.[26]

Religion
Cathedral of the Assumption, built in 1827–1837

Tuam has two cathedrals, Cathedral of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary, Tuam, which is the seat of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Tuam, and the Church of Ireland's St Mary's Cathedral. The town's patron saint is Iarlaithe mac Loga. The ancient monastic site of Kilbannon, founded by Benignus of Armagh in the 5th century, lies 3.7 km to the northwest of Tuam.

Sport

Gaelic games

Tuam Stars, founded in 1888, is the local Gaelic football team, and are one of Galway's most successful clubs. From 1953 to 1960, Tuam Stars were a dominant force in the Galway County Championship winning seven titles in a row, with players such as Seán Purcell and Frank Stockwell playing at the time. St Jarlath's College, Tuam has won the Hogan Cup (national championship for secondary schools) a record 12 times since the competition began in 1946. The parish has a second Gaelic football club, Cortoon Shamrocks, founded in 1888.

Tuam Stadium St Jarlath's Park was officially opened on 21 May 1950 by the Archbishop of Tuam, Rev. Dr. Walsh. It became "the home of Galway football" and has hosted many important matches including Connacht Senior Football Finals. A €5 million redevelopment project has been granted planning permission including a new 6,400 capacity stand and ancillary facilities. Tuam Stadium Development Committee is currently fundraising for this project.[27]

Soccer

There are also two local soccer teams: Tuam Celtic A.F.C., founded in 1974 who play their home matches at Celtic Park, Cloonthue; and Dynamo Blues, founded in 1978 whose home is the College Field, Athenry Road.

Rugby

Tuam Rugby Football Club is a rugby union club based on the outskirts of Tuam town in Garraun Park. The club fields two adult junior-standard teams in J1A and J1C, senior women's teams, and different youth age groups, both boys and girls. While football was primarily the first choice sport for many, the rugby club has grown annually since its foundation in 1969.

Golf

Tuam Golf Club[28] was established on 17 October 1904 with the original clubhouse at Cloonascragh on the Athenry Road. The club relocated to Mayfield, on the Dunmore Road in 1937 due to a deterioration of the Cloonascragh course. In March 1940 a new club called the Commercial Golf Club was established, which renovated the course and remained for many years at Cloonascragh. World-renowned Irish golfer Christy O'Connor Snr joined Tuam Golf Club as club professional in 1948.

To develop an 18 hole course, Tuam Golf Club relocated to Barnacurragh (close to the original Cloonascragh course) and a new clubhouse. The first 9 holes were opened in 1975. 18 holes came into play by 1979, on the course designed by golf architect, Eddie Hackett. Improvement works have continued over the years with Christy O'Connor Jnr advising the club on course improvement works. The most recent design work has been under the guidance of golf architect Ken Kearney.

Athletics

Tuam Athletics Club[29] is a thriving and somewhat successful club which, in addition to its many juvenile training sessions, holds training sessions and meets for adults.

In June of 2020, Tuam hosted the Rob Heffernan Academy Grand Final. This event, involving 40 youngsters who race walked in 1km competitions, was the culmination of a virtual challenge in which young athletes were invited to race walk 100 metres in under 30 seconds and submit videos to 2013 world 50km race walking champion and 2012 Olympic bronze medalist Heffernan. Of the 197 entrants, Heffernan initially selected the best ten to be part of the Academy, which was subsequently expanded to over 50 athletes who received online coaching from the man himself and former international team-mate / Tuam resident, Pierce O'Callaghan[30]

Gymnastics

Tuam All Star Gymnastics Club runs classes from its Athenry Road base. The club won its first national title in 2002, and club members have competed internationally. The club also takes part in local St Patrick's Day parades and Tuam's Summer Arts Festival. In 2010 the club reached the semi-finals of the All Ireland Talent Show.

Swimming

Tuam Swimming Club[31] has been promoting swimming in the Tuam area since its foundation in 1950. The club season runs from September to the end of June each year.

Culture

Arts

The Marian Choral Society was formed in 1974, with an initial aim to sing church and secular music. Then, in 1977, the first musical production was staged, with an annual show each October since.

Earwig! Tuam Community Arts Group was formed in October 2003 to provide Tuam and its surroundings with an outlet for its creative talent. Since 2003, the group has organised an arts festival which includes visual arts, theatre, drama, spectacle, children's arts workshops, street performance and music. Earwig! also takes part in the annual St Patrick's Day parade in Tuam with an emphasis on bringing movement and spectacle.

Music

While The Saw Doctors are perhaps the town's most famous band, in the 1960s, Tuam was known as 'The Showband Capital of Ireland'. At the time, a number of showbands called the market town home, including the Johnny Flynn Showband.[32] In 2009, a compilation CD of over 50 original songs, all by musicians from Tuam, entitled Songs from the Broken Wheel, was released. Tuam is referenced in song "The Rocky Road to Dublin", popularised by The Dubliners and various other Irish folk artists. The song details a man's experiences as he travels to Liverpool, England from his home in Tuam.

Old Tuam Society

The Old Tuam Society was founded in 1942 with a view to preserving a record of the town's past and to foster and promote that knowledge for the benefit of future generations. The new society was open to "all those who are interested in its aims, namely the preservation and study of the antiquities of Tuam and district." An invitation was issued to Tuam people scattered far and wide to join the circle for an annual subscription of two shillings and six pence.[33] The society publishes an annual called JOTS (Journal of the Old Tuam Society).

Market day

The Tuam market was revived in 2006 by the Energise Tuam, a group which organised by local traders in conjunction with Tuam Chamber of Commerce in an effort to promote shopping in the town. It currently takes place on the last Saturday of every month, at the plaza in front of Tuam Shopping Centre. In the future, Galway County Council has earmarked the Shambles car park nearer the town centre as the market's location on a permanent basis.[34]

Media

The Tuam Herald is a weekly local newspaper, founded in 1837 by Richard Kelly, which serves the town of Tuam and the surrounding areas of north County Galway, south Mayo and west Roscommon. It is County Galway's oldest newspaper and the fifth oldest newspaper in the Republic of Ireland.[35]

Public library

Tuam Library is on High Street, between Temple Jarlath and St Mary's Cathedral. A collection of general interest and local history books are available for reference along with copies of the Tuam Herald and the 1901/1911 census on microfilm. Free internet access and Wi-Fi are also available to library users.

International relations
Main article: List of twin towns and sister cities in the Republic of Ireland

Twin towns

Tuam is twinned with Straubing in Germany.

Places of interest
13th-century east window of Temple Jarlath
  • Temple Jarlath at High Street, marks the site of the earliest monastic settlement in Tuam, established by St Jarlath circa 526–527 AD. Temple Jarlath is near the town centre. It marks the site of an early monastic settlement dedicated to St Jarlath, Tuam's 6th century patron. The surviving ruins include a late 13th-century parish church containing an east window in Transitional style.
  • The Mill Museum – This undershot water wheel mill found off Shop Street, which traces its origin to the 17th century, was in operation until 1964. It is the only preserved corn mill in the West of Ireland. The Mill Museum complex, located beside the river Nanny, consists of the restored corn mill with operating water wheel, an audiovisual museum and Tourist Information Office.
  • Cathedral of the Assumption – Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Tuam in County Galway.
St Mary's Cathedral

Notable people
Statue of John MacHale at the Cathedral of the Assumption

Places named after Tuam

See also

References
  1. "Population Density and Area Size 2016". Central Statistics Office (Ireland). Retrieved 19 February 2019.
  2. "Census 2016 Sapmap Area: Settlements Tuam". Central Statistics Office (Ireland). Retrieved 19 February 2019.
  3. "Census for post 1821 figures". Cso.ie. Retrieved 19 March 2014.
  4. http://www.histpop.org
  5. "NISRA – Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency (c) 2013". Nisranew.nisra.gov.uk. 27 September 2010. Archived from the original on 17 February 2012. Retrieved 19 March 2014.
  6. Lee, JJ (1981). "On the accuracy of the Pre-famine Irish censuses". In Goldstrom, J. M.; Clarkson, L. A. (eds.). Irish Population, Economy, and Society: Essays in Honour of the Late K. H. Connell. Oxford, England: Clarendon Press.
  7. Mokyr, Joel; O Grada, Cormac (November 1984). "New Developments in Irish Population History, 1700–1850". The Economic History Review. 37 (4): 473–488. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0289.1984.tb00344.x. hdl:10197/1406. Archived from the original on 4 December 2012.
  8. "Tuaim / Tuam". logainm.ie. Irish Placenames Commission. Retrieved 7 November 2019.
  9. A Brief History of Tuam. A Town of Two Cathedrals. 2006
  10. Plummer, Charles, ed. (1922). "Life of Brendan of Clonfert". Lives of Irish Saints. 2. Oxford University Press. pp. 47–48. ISBN 0-19-821389-1.
  11. Ó Riain, Pádraig (2011). A Dictionary of Irish Saints. Dublin: Four Courts Press. pp. 115–116, 374. ISBN 978-1-84682-318-3.
  12. See Anne Connon, 'Plotting Acallam na Senorach: the physical context of the 'Mayo' sequence, p85 in Sarah Sheehan [et al.](ed.) Gablanach in Scelaigecht: Celtic studies in honour of Ann Dooley (Dublin, 2013)
  13. The Gentleman's Magazine. A. Dodd and A. Smith. 1823. p. 333.
  14. Tuam Official Guide c.1958
  15. "Tuam History Tuam Galway Tuam County Galway Tuam Ireland Tuaim County Galway". Tuam-guide.com. Retrieved 19 March 2014.
  16. Archived 10 February 2009 at the Wayback Machine
  17. Glimpses of Tuam Since the Famine, J.A. Claffey, ISBN 978-0-9530250-0-8, 1997, Publisher: Old Tuam Society
  18. McNamara, Denise (13 February 2014). "Campaign to recognise 800 dead Tuam babies". Connacht Tribune. Retrieved 7 June 2014.
  19. "Notice- 3rd March 2017". Mother and Baby Homes Commission of Investigation. 3 March 2017. Retrieved 6 March 2017.
  20. "Met Éireann Forecast - The Irish Meteorological Service". www.met.ie.
  21. "West=On=Track". Westontrack.com. Retrieved 19 March 2014.
  22. "Tuam station" (PDF). Railscot – Irish Railways. Retrieved 24 November 2007.
  23. "Network Map" (PDF). Bus Éireann. Retrieved 21 November 2020.
  24. "St Patrick's Primary School - Dublin Road, Tuam". www.patstuam.ie.
  25. "tuam". tuam.
  26. "Location | Valeo Vision |Tuam, Co. Galway". www.valeovision.com. Retrieved 17 November 2017.
  27. "Tuam Stadium". Archived from the original on 21 April 2008. Retrieved 1 March 2008.
  28. "Tuam Golf Club - Golf Courses Galway - Green Fees Ireland". www.tuamgolfclub.com.
  29. Tuam Athletics Club
  30. Hogge, Jacqueline (17 June 2020). "Tuam athletes up the pace when it comes to walking during lockdown". The Tuam Herald. Retrieved 1 July 2020.
  31. "Tuam Swimming Club". tuamswimclub.com.
  32. "Johnny Flynn Showband". Irish-showbands.com. Retrieved 19 March 2014.
  33. The Tuam Herald, 26 September 1942
  34. Archived 21 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine
  35. Archived 19 October 2010 at the Wayback Machine
  36. Galloway, Peter (1992). The Cathedrals of Ireland. Belfast: The Institute of Irish Studies. pp. 210–213. ISBN 0-85389-452-3.
  37. Murphy, Mary J. (2008) Viking Summer: the Filming of MGM's "Alfred the Great" in Galway in 1968 ISBN 978-0-9560749-0-4. Hardcover:130 pages, ( Nov 2008). Knockma Publishing.
  38. Lomax, John Nova (26 August 2009). "Houston 101: The Short Happy Life of Dick Dowling". Houston Press. Retrieved 14 June 2020.
  39. Christchurch street names R Archived 30 May 2008 at the Wayback Machine
  40. "Tuam Road Guide | Tuam Road, London SE18 | Nearby hotels, shops and restaurants". LondonTown.com. 21 October 2013. Retrieved 19 March 2014.
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