Vardø

Vardø  (Finnish: Vuoreija, Kven: Vuorea, Northern Sami: Várggát) is a municipality in Troms og Finnmark county in the extreme northeastern part of Norway. Vardø is the easternmost town in Norway, more to the east than Saint Petersburg or Istanbul. The administrative centre of the municipality is the town of Vardø. Two of the larger villages in the municipality are Kiberg and Svartnes.

This article is about the municipality in Finnmark, Norway. For the town of Vardø, see Vardø (town).
Vardø kommune

Várggát  (Northern Sami)
Vuorea  (Kven)
Vuoreija  (Finnish)
Municipality
View of Vardø
Troms og Finnmark within
Norway
Vardø within Troms og Finnmark
Coordinates: 70°22′14″N 31°01′27″E
CountryNorway
CountyTroms og Finnmark
DistrictØst-Finnmark
Established1 Jan 1838
Administrative centreVardø
Government
 • Mayor (2019)Ørjan Jensen (MDG)
Area
 • Total600.61 km2 (231.90 sq mi)
 • Land585.58 km2 (226.09 sq mi)
 • Water15.03 km2 (5.80 sq mi)  2.5%
Area rank189 in Norway
Population
 (2020)
 • Total2,029
 • Rank280 in Norway
 • Density3.5/km2 (9/sq mi)
 • Change (10 years)
−4.5%
Demonym(s)Vardøværing[1]
Time zoneUTC+01:00 (CET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+02:00 (CEST)
ISO 3166 codeNO-5404
Official language formBokmål[2]
Websitevardo.kommune.no
Data from Statistics Norway

The 601-square-kilometre (232 sq mi) municipality is the 189th largest by area out of the 356 municipalities in Norway. Vardø is the 280th most populous municipality in Norway with a population of 2,029. The municipality's population density is 3.5 inhabitants per square kilometre (9.1/sq mi) and its population has decreased by 4.5% over the previous 10-year period.[3][4]

General information
Vardø April 2001

The town of Vardø and the rural district around it was established as a municipality on 1 January 1838 (see formannskapsdistrikt). The law required that all towns be separated from their rural districts, but because of a low population and very few voters, this was impossible to carry out for Vardø in 1838. (See also Hammerfest and Vadsø.) The rural district of Vardø (Vardø landdistrikt, which was renamed Båtsfjord in 1957) was officially separated from the town of Vardø in 1868. During the 1960s, there were many municipal mergers across Norway due to the work of the Schei Committee. On 1 January 1964, the eastern part of Båtsfjord merged with the town of Vardø to create Vardø Municipality.[5]

On 1 January 2020, the municipality became part of the newly formed Troms og Finnmark county. Previously, it had been part of the old Finnmark county.[6]

Name

The Old Norse form of the name was Vargøy. The first element is vargr which means "wolf" and the last element is øy which means "island". The first element was later replaced (around 1500) with varða which means "cairn". Historically, the name was spelled Vardöe.[7][8]

Coat of arms
Main article: Coat of arms of Vardø

The coat of arms dates to 1898. Its borders are drawn using the national colours: red, white, and blue The border frames the shield, and the centre field shows a complex scene incorporating a sunrise with rays, two fishing boats with crews, the sea with waves, and a large cod. In the chief is the year of the town's foundation, 1789, together with the words "Vardöensis Insignia Urbis", meaning "the seal of the town of Vardø". In the lower part of the arms is the town motto: "Cedant Tenebræ Soli", meaning "Darkness shall give way to the sun."[9][10] This is a high resolution version of the coat of arms.

Churches
The Kirkegata Street in Vardø with the church

The Church of Norway has one parish (sokn) within the municipality of Vardø. It is part of the Varanger prosti (deanery) in the Diocese of Nord-Hålogaland.

Churches in Vardø
Parish (sokn)NameLocationYear built
VardøVardø ChurchVardø1958
Vardø ChapelVardø1908

History
Street art in the old town
Old houses in Østervågen

Vardø has a long settlement history before it was granted status as a town in 1789. Several stone-age sites as well as sites dating from the Sami Iron Age are known on the island. In the Medieval period, Vardø's importance grew as a result of it being the easternmost stronghold of the then-expanding Norwegian royal power. A church was built in Vardø in 1307, and the first fortress was established at about the same time. Thick cultural layers in the southeastern part of the town, Østervågen, document continuous habitation in this area reaching back at least some 800 years.

Even if the presence of the fortress and king's bailiff gave Vardø a certain degree of permanence and stability not experienced by other fishing communities in Finnmark, the town's size and importance waxed and waned with the changing fortunes of the fisheries. In the mid-16th century Vardø had a population of 400 to 500 people. By 1789, however, it had reduced to about 100.

In the 17th century, Vardø was the center of a great number of witchcraft trials. More than 90 persons, Norwegian and Sami, were given death sentences.

In 1769, the Hungarian astronomer Maximilian Hell and his assistant János Sajnovics, delegated by Christian VII of Denmark, traveled to Vardø to observe the Transit of Venus.

After 1850, the town saw a marked expansion. The fisheries grew in importance, and so did the Pomor trade with Russia's White Sea region. In 1850 the population reached 400, and in 1910 it passed 3 000.

During World War II, with Norway occupied by the German Wehrmacht, Vardø was heavily bombed by Allied, mostly Russian forces. Most of the town center was destroyed, and the population was evacuated. After the war, the city center was completely reconstructed, but older, traditional houses survived in the periphery, such as in the old town in Østervågen.

As of 2017, the fishing industry had collapsed. From 1995 to 2017, the population shrank by 50 percent to 2,100 people. In May 2017 work to lay a new electric cable from the Norwegian mainland to the island began. The additional electricity is needed to power an American-funded radar system about 40 miles from Russia's Kola Peninsula, a territory studded with high-security naval bases and restricted military zones. The secrecy surrounding the radar systems has spawned fears that officials are covering up health hazards and other possible dangers. The electromagnetic pulses the current radar system emits interfere with television and radio reception, and some residents have blamed them for a rash of miscarriages and cancer cases in a civilian district next to the fenced-in security zone.[11]

The town was selected as the millennium site for Finnmark county.

Government

All municipalities in Norway, including Vardø, are responsible for primary education (through 10th grade), outpatient health services, senior citizen services, unemployment and other social services, zoning, economic development, and municipal roads. The municipality is governed by a municipal council of elected representatives, who in turn elect a mayor.[12] The municipality falls under the Øst-Finnmark District Court and the Hålogaland Court of Appeal.

Municipal council

The municipal council (Kommunestyre) of Vardø is made up of 19 representatives elected to four-year terms. The party breakdown of the council is as follows:

Vardø Kommunestyre 2020–2023 [13]  
Party Name (in Norwegian)Number of
representatives
 Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet)8
 Green Party (Miljøpartiet De Grønne)5
 Conservative Party (Høyre)1
 Centre Party (Senterpartiet)4
 Socialist Left Party (Sosialistisk Venstreparti)1
Total number of members:19
Vardø Kommunestyre 2016–2019 [14]  
Party Name (in Norwegian)Number of
representatives
 Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet)10
 Progress Party (Fremskrittspartiet)1
 Green Party (Miljøpartiet De Grønne)3
 Conservative Party (Høyre)2
 Coastal Party (Kystpartiet)1
 Liberal Party (Venstre)2
Total number of members:19
Vardø Kommunestyre 2012–2015 [15]  
Party Name (in Norwegian)Number of
representatives
 Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet)8
 Progress Party (Fremskrittspartiet)4
 Conservative Party (Høyre)2
 Coastal Party (Kystpartiet)2
 Socialist Left Party (Sosialistisk Venstreparti)1
 Liberal Party (Venstre)2
Total number of members:19
Vardø Kommunestyre 2008–2011 [14]  
Party Name (in Norwegian)Number of
representatives
 Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet)9
 Progress Party (Fremskrittspartiet)2
 Conservative Party (Høyre)1
 Coastal Party (Kystpartiet)2
 Socialist Left Party (Sosialistisk Venstreparti)1
 Liberal Party (Venstre)1
 Vardø List (Vardølista)3
Total number of members:19
Vardø Kommunestyre 2004–2007 [14]  
Party Name (in Norwegian)Number of
representatives
 Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet)13
 Progress Party (Fremskrittspartiet)1
 Conservative Party (Høyre)2
 Socialist Left Party (Sosialistisk Venstreparti)2
 Liberal Party (Venstre)1
Total number of members:19
Vardø Kommunestyre 2000–2003 [14]  
Party Name (in Norwegian)Number of
representatives
 Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet)11
 Progress Party (Fremskrittspartiet)1
 Conservative Party (Høyre)8
 Christian Democratic Party (Kristelig Folkeparti)1
 Socialist Left Party (Sosialistisk Venstreparti)3
 Liberal Party (Venstre)1
Total number of members:25
Vardø Kommunestyre 1996–1999 [16]  
Party Name (in Norwegian)Number of
representatives
 Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet)10
 Progress Party (Fremskrittspartiet)2
 Conservative Party (Høyre)6
 Christian Democratic Party (Kristelig Folkeparti)1
 Centre Party (Senterpartiet)3
 Socialist Left Party (Sosialistisk Venstreparti)2
 Liberal Party (Venstre)1
Total number of members:25
Vardø Kommunestyre 1992–1995 [17]  
Party Name (in Norwegian)Number of
representatives
 Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet)11
 Conservative Party (Høyre)6
 Socialist Left Party (Sosialistisk Venstreparti)5
 Liberal Party (Venstre)3
Total number of members:25
Vardø Kommunestyre 1988–1991 [18]  
Party Name (in Norwegian)Number of
representatives
 Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet)16
 Conservative Party (Høyre)6
 Communist Party (Kommunistiske Parti)1
 Socialist Left Party (Sosialistisk Venstreparti)4
 Liberal Party (Venstre)2
Total number of members:29
Vardø Kommunestyre 1984–1987 [19]  
Party Name (in Norwegian)Number of
representatives
 Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet)19
 Conservative Party (Høyre)4
 Communist Party (Kommunistiske Parti)1
 Socialist Left Party (Sosialistisk Venstreparti)3
 Liberal Party (Venstre)2
Total number of members:29
Vardø Kommunestyre 1980–1983 [20]  
Party Name (in Norwegian)Number of
representatives
 Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet)16
 Conservative Party (Høyre)6
 Christian Democratic Party (Kristelig Folkeparti)1
 Socialist Left Party (Sosialistisk Venstreparti)3
 Liberal Party (Venstre)3
Total number of members:29
Vardø Kommunestyre 1976–1979 [21]  
Party Name (in Norwegian)Number of
representatives
 Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet)16
 Conservative Party (Høyre)4
 Christian Democratic Party (Kristelig Folkeparti)2
 Socialist Left Party (Sosialistisk Venstreparti)4
 Liberal Party (Venstre)3
Total number of members:29
Vardø Kommunestyre 1972–1975 [22]  
Party Name (in Norwegian)Number of
representatives
 Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet)15
 Conservative Party (Høyre)4
 Liberal Party (Venstre)3
 Local List(s) (Lokale lister)1
 Socialist common list
 (Venstresosialistiske felleslister)		6
Total number of members:29
Vardø Kommunestyre 1968–1971 [23]  
Party Name (in Norwegian)Number of
representatives
 Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet)14
 Conservative Party (Høyre)4
 Communist Party (Kommunistiske Parti)3
 Socialist People's Party (Sosialistisk Folkeparti)4
 Liberal Party (Venstre)4
Total number of members:29
Vardø Kommunestyre 1964–1967 [24]  
Party Name (in Norwegian)Number of
representatives
 Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet)15
 Conservative Party (Høyre)5
 Communist Party (Kommunistiske Parti)4
 Liberal Party (Venstre)5
Total number of members:29
Vardø Bystyre 1960–1963 [25]  
Party Name (in Norwegian)Number of
representatives
 Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet)14
 Conservative Party (Høyre)5
 Communist Party (Kommunistiske Parti)5
 Liberal Party (Venstre)5
Total number of members:29
Vardø Bystyre 1956–1959 [26]  
Party Name (in Norwegian)Number of
representatives
 Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet)17
 Conservative Party (Høyre)3
 Communist Party (Kommunistiske Parti)5
 Liberal Party (Venstre)4
Total number of members:29
Vardø Bystyre 1952–1955 [27]  
Party Name (in Norwegian)Number of
representatives
 Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet)15
 Conservative Party (Høyre)3
 Communist Party (Kommunistiske Parti)6
 Liberal Party (Venstre)4
Total number of members:28
Vardø Bystyre 1948–1951 [28]  
Party Name (in Norwegian)Number of
representatives
 Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet)13
 Conservative Party (Høyre)2
 Communist Party (Kommunistiske Parti)5
 Liberal Party (Venstre)5
 Local List(s) (Lokale lister)3
Total number of members:28
Vardø Bystyre 1945–1947 [29]  
Party Name (in Norwegian)Number of
representatives
 Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet)16
 Conservative Party (Høyre)3
 Communist Party (Kommunistiske Parti)6
 Liberal Party (Venstre)3
Total number of members:28
Vardø Bystyre 1938–1941* [30]  
Party Name (in Norwegian)Number of
representatives
 Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet)14
 Communist Party (Kommunistiske Parti)3
 Liberal Party (Venstre)5
 Joint list of the Conservative Party (Høyre)
and the Free-minded People's Party (Frisinnede Folkeparti)		6
Total number of members:28
Vardø Bystyre 1935–1937 [31]  
Party Name (in Norwegian)Number of
representatives
 Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet)15
 Conservative Party (Høyre)6
 Communist Party (Kommunistiske Parti)2
 Liberal Party (Venstre)5
Total number of members:28
Vardø Bystyre 1932–1934 [32]  
Party Name (in Norwegian)Number of
representatives
 Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet)11
 Communist Party (Kommunistiske Parti)1
 Liberal Party (Venstre)6
 Joint list of the Conservative Party (Høyre)
and the Free-minded People's Party (Frisinnede Folkeparti)		8
 Local List(s) (Lokale lister)2
Total number of members:28
Vardø Bystyre 1929–1931 [33]  
Party Name (in Norwegian)Number of
representatives
 Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet)14
 Communist Party (Kommunistiske Parti)1
 Liberal Party (Venstre)5
 Joint list of the Conservative Party (Høyre)
and the Free-minded Liberal Party (Frisinnede Venstre)		8
Total number of members:28
Vardø Bystyre 1926–1928 [34]  
Party Name (in Norwegian)Number of
representatives
 Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet)11
 Liberal Party (Venstre)4
 Local List(s) (Lokale lister)3
 Non-socialist common list (Borgerlige fellesliste)8
 Workers' common list (Arbeidernes fellesliste)2
Total number of members:28
Vardø Bystyre 1923–1925 [35]  
Party Name (in Norwegian)Number of
representatives
 Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet)11
 Liberal Party (Venstre)2
 Joint list of the Conservative Party (Høyre)
and the Free-minded Liberal Party (Frisinnede Venstre)		9
 Local List(s) (Lokale lister)6
Total number of members:28
Vardø Bystyre 1920–1922 [36]  
Party Name (in Norwegian)Number of
representatives
 Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet)12
 Non-socialist common list (Borgerlige fellesliste)16
Total number of members:28

Mayors

The mayors of Vardø (incomplete list):

  • 2019–present: Ørjan Jensen (MDG)
  • 2015-2019: Robert Jensen (Ap)
  • 2007-2015: Lasse Haughom (FrP)

Geography
View of Hornøya

Vardø is the easternmost town in Norway and the Nordic countries, located at 31°E, which is east of Saint Petersburg, Kyiv and Istanbul. The eastern part of Finnmark is in the same time zone as the rest of the country, despite daylight shifted by more than an hour. The town is on the island of Vardøya, but the municipality includes significant area on the mainland of the Varanger Peninsula, including part of the Varangerhalvøya National Park in the southwest.

The mountain Domen lies on the shore of the Varanger Peninsula. South of it lies the small Kibergsneset peninsula, where the village of Kiberg is. The town lies on the island of Vardøya, which is surrounded by a few smaller islands. Hornøya is one of them. It is northeast of Vardøya and is the site of Vardø Lighthouse. The mouth of the Varangerfjorden lies along the municipality's eastern coast.

Climate

The port of Vardø, on the Barents Sea, remains ice-free all year round thanks to the warm North Atlantic drift. Vardø earlier had a tundra climate (Köppen: ET),[37] but as a result of warming, Vardø now has a subarctic climate (Köppen: Dfc) using the official 1991-2020 period. Excluding high mountain areas, it was earlier the only town in Norway proper with a polar climate. The town is on an unsheltered island in the Barents Sea and treeless. The "midnight sun" is above the horizon from 16 May to 29 July, and the period with continuous daylight lasts a bit longer, polar night from 24 November to 19 January.

Climate data for Vardø 1991-2020
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Daily mean °C (°F) −3.5
(25.7)		 −3.9
(25.0)		 −2.3
(27.9)		 0.3
(32.5)		 3.8
(38.8)		 7
(45)		 10
(50)		 10.1
(50.2)		 7.8
(46.0)		 3.3
(37.9)		 −0.2
(31.6)		 −1.9
(28.6)		 2.5
(36.6)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 59
(2.3)		 50
(2.0)		 51
(2.0)		 40
(1.6)		 35
(1.4)		 46
(1.8)		 55
(2.2)		 55
(2.2)		 46
(1.8)		 70
(2.8)		 52
(2.0)		 60
(2.4)		 619
(24.5)
Source: Norwegian Meteorological Institute[38]
Climate data for Vardø (1981-2010)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 7.3
(45.1)		 6.7
(44.1)		 8.4
(47.1)		 13.3
(55.9)		 21.1
(70.0)		 25.8
(78.4)		 27.0
(80.6)		 25.1
(77.2)		 19.9
(67.8)		 13.8
(56.8)		 10.4
(50.7)		 7.3
(45.1)		 27.0
(80.6)
Average high °C (°F) −1.8
(28.8)		 −2.2
(28.0)		 −0.8
(30.6)		 1.7
(35.1)		 5.1
(41.2)		 8.8
(47.8)		 11.9
(53.4)		 11.7
(53.1)		 9.1
(48.4)		 4.8
(40.6)		 1.0
(33.8)		 −0.7
(30.7)		 4.1
(39.4)
Daily mean °C (°F) −4.2
(24.4)		 −4.6
(23.7)		 −2.8
(27.0)		 −0.2
(31.6)		 3.2
(37.8)		 6.8
(44.2)		 9.8
(49.6)		 9.8
(49.6)		 7.3
(45.1)		 3.1
(37.6)		 −1.0
(30.2)		 −3.0
(26.6)		 2.1
(35.8)
Average low °C (°F) −6.6
(20.1)		 −6.9
(19.6)		 −4.8
(23.4)		 −2.1
(28.2)		 1.4
(34.5)		 4.7
(40.5)		 7.7
(45.9)		 7.8
(46.0)		 5.4
(41.7)		 1.3
(34.3)		 −2.9
(26.8)		 −5.4
(22.3)		 0.0
(32.0)
Record low °C (°F) −22.5
(−8.5)		 −22.7
(−8.9)		 −20.5
(−4.9)		 −14.1
(6.6)		 −10.3
(13.5)		 −3.9
(25.0)		 −1.6
(29.1)		 −0.4
(31.3)		 −4.8
(23.4)		 −13.2
(8.2)		 −14.8
(5.4)		 −28.9
(−20.1)		 −28.9
(−20.1)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 61.2
(2.41)		 51.4
(2.02)		 42.2
(1.66)		 41.0
(1.61)		 33.8
(1.33)		 42.3
(1.67)		 59.6
(2.35)		 55.5
(2.19)		 46.6
(1.83)		 70.1
(2.76)		 58.3
(2.30)		 61.6
(2.43)		 623.7
(24.56)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1 mm (0.039 in)) 15.3 12.5 11.6 10.5 8.5 7.8 8.6 8.9 10.7 14.8 13.4 14.4 137.4
Source 1: Norwegian Meteorological Institute[39]
Source 2: Météo Climat[40]

Fauna and flora

The municipality of Vardø with its seabird colonies of Hornøya and Reinøya are among the most interesting on this part of the coast. There is a small breeding population of Brunnich's guillemot as well as larger numbers of razorbill and common guillemot.

The climate is too cold in summer and too windy in winter for trees, but a few planted trees exist in wind-sheltered locations, generally rowans.

Transportation

The island is connected to the mainland via the undersea Vardø Tunnel (Norway's first such structure). Vardø Airport and the settlement of Svartnes are on the mainland opposite the tunnel entrance. Vardø is a port of call on Norway's Hurtigruten ferry service. The town is the northern termination of European route E75, which starts in Sitia, Crete.

Media

The newspaper Østhavet has been published in Vardø since 1997.[41]

Economy and tourism
Officers' quarters at Vardøhus Festning. The sorbus trees can be seen to the left and right of the stairway.

Fishing and seafood processing remain Vardø's major sources of income, although tourism is starting to become an important economic factor.

Vardø's tourist attractions include the Vardøhus Festning, a fortress dating back to the 14th century (although the present structure dates from 1734); the witchcraft trials memorial; several sea bird colonies; two museums: the Pomor Museum and the Partisan Museum; and remnants of German fortifications from World War II. The Yukigassen competition in Vardø is unique in Norway.

Vardøhus Festning is home to two rowan trees that are diligently nurtured and warmed in winter since they cannot normally survive in Vardø's climate, north of the Arctic tree line. Seven trees were planted in 1960; the one that survived managed to blossom twice, in 1974 and 1981. It finally succumbed to the cold in 2002, but two new saplings have been planted in its place.

Vardøhus Fortress with the city's sole tree, which is wrapped before each winter.
The street of Strandgaten in Vardø

In the summer of 2012, Vardø hosted the urban art event Komafest, where 12 international artists painted tens of the town's abandoned houses in a three-week period.

River fishing

Fishing permits (for salmon fishing) are sold for use on specific rivers, including Komag-elva.[42]

Globus II Radar

Since 1998, the town has housed a radar installation called Globus II. Its official purpose is the tracking of space junk, but due to the site's proximity to Russia and an alleged connection between the Globus II system and US anti-missile systems, the site has been the basis for heated controversy in diplomatic and intelligence circles.[43] In March 2017 and again in February 2018 Russia executed mock air strikes aimed at Vardø, presumably because of the radar site. Both times military aircraft took off from the Kola Peninsula in attack formations, but stopped short of Norwegian airspace.[44][45][46]

Sister cities

Notable people
Ada Kramm, 1966
  • Viktor Esbensen (1881 in Vardø – 1942) a Norwegian mariner, explored the Antarctic region
  • Jon Andrå (1888–1966) a Norwegian politician, Mayor of Vardø 1925 to 1930
  • Peder Ragnar Holt (1899 in Vardø – 1963) a Norwegian politician, the first person from Finnmark county to be the Governor of Finnmark
  • Ada Kramm (1899 in Vardø – 1981) a Norwegian stage and film actress [47]
  • Haakon Bugge Mahrt (1901 in Vardø – 1990) a writer and press attaché at the Norwegian embassy in Paris 1946 to 1971
  • Alfred Næss (1927 in Vardø – 1997) a Norwegian playwright and songwriter
  • Trond Øyen (1929 in Vardø – 1999) a Norwegian violinist, first violinist with the Oslo Philharmonic
  • Hans Kristian Eriksen (1933 in Kiberg – 2014) a non-fiction writer, magazine editor, novelist and short story writer
  • John Norum (born 1964 in Vardø) a Norwegian/Swedish rock guitarist, co-founder of the Swedish rock band Europe
  • Stefan Johansen (born 1991 in Vardø) a Norwegian professional footballer with over 300 club caps and 55 for Norway

References
  1. "Navn på steder og personer: Innbyggjarnamn" (in Norwegian). Språkrådet.
  2. "Forskrift om målvedtak i kommunar og fylkeskommunar" (in Norwegian). Lovdata.no.
  3. Statistisk sentralbyrå (2020). "Table: 06913: Population 1 January and population changes during the calendar year (M)" (in Norwegian).
  4. Statistisk sentralbyrå (2020). "09280: Area of land and fresh water (km²) (M)" (in Norwegian).
  5. Jukvam, Dag (1999). "Historisk oversikt over endringer i kommune- og fylkesinndelingen" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Statistisk sentralbyrå.
  6. Mæhlum, Lars, ed. (2019-12-24). "Troms og Finnmark". Store norske leksikon (in Norwegian). Kunnskapsforlaget. Retrieved 2019-12-26.
  7. Store norske leksikon. "Vardø" (in Norwegian). Retrieved 2013-03-02.
  8. Rygh, Oluf (1924). Norske gaardnavne: Finmarkens amt (in Norwegian) (18 ed.). Kristiania, Norge: W. C. Fabritius & sønners bogtrikkeri. p. 301.
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