Ṇa (Indic)

Ancient scripts
Bangla and Tibetan scripts
	Note: Korean Hangul is an alphabet, not an Indic abugida, but; appears to ultimately have some derivation from 'Phags-pa.
Sharada-based scripts
Nagaris and other Gupta-based scripts
Kawi scripts
Tai and Khmer scripts
Other Grantha-based scripts
Other Brahmic scripts
	Canadian Aboriginal syllabics do not have a letter derived from Ṇa.
Phonemic representation:	/ɳ/ /n̳/
IAST transliteration:	ṇ Ṇ
ISCII code point:	C1 (193)

Ṇa (also romanized as Nna) is a consonant of Indic abugidas. In modern Indic scripts, Ṇa is derived from the early "Ashoka" Brahmi letter after having gone through the Gupta letter . As with the other cerebral consonants, ṇa is not found in most scripts for Tai, Sino-Tibetan, and other non-Indic languages, except for a few scripts, which retain these letters for transcribing Sanskrit religious terms.

Āryabhaṭa numeration

Aryabhata used Devanagari letters for numbers, very similar to the Greek numerals, even after the invention of Indian numerals. The values of the different forms of ण are:[1]

ण [ɳə] = 15 (१५)
णि [ɳɪ] = 1,500 (१ ५००)
णु [ɳʊ] = 150,000 (१ ५० ०००)
णृ [ɳri] = 15,000,000 (१ ५० ०० ०००)
णॢ [ɳlə] = 1,500,000,000 (१ ५० ०० ०० ०००)
णे [ɳe] = 15×10¹⁰ (१५×१०^१०)
णै [ɳɛː] = 15×10¹² (१५×१०^१२)
णो [ɳoː] = 15×10¹⁴ (१५×१०^१४)
णौ [ɳɔː] = 15×10¹⁶ (१५×१०^१६)

Historic Nna

There are three different general early historic scripts - Brahmi and its variants, Kharoṣṭhī, and Tocharian, the so-called slanting Brahmi. Nna as found in standard Brahmi, was a simple geometric shape, with variations toward more flowing forms by the Gupta . The Tocharian Nna did not have an alterante Fremdzeichen form. The third form of nna, in Kharoshthi () was probably derived from Aramaic separately from the Brahmi letter.

Brahmi Nna

The Brahmi letter , Nna, is probably derived from the altered Aramaic Nun , and is thus related to the modern Latin N and Greek Nu.[2] Several identifiable styles of writing the Brahmi Nna can be found, most associated with a specific set of inscriptions from an artifact or diverse records from an historic period.[3] As the earliest and most geometric style of Brahmi, the letters found on the Edicts of Ashoka and other records from around that time are normally the reference form for Brahmi letters, with vowel marks not attested until later forms of Brahmi back-formed to match the geometric writing style.

Brahmi Nna historic forms
Ashoka (3rd-1st c. BCE)	Girnar (~150 BCE)	Kushana (~150-250 CE)	Gujarat (~250 CE)	Gupta (~350 CE)

Tocharian Nna

The Tocharian letter is derived from the Brahmi , but does not have an alternate Fremdzeichen form.

Tocharian Nna with vowel marks
Nna	Nnā	Nni	Nnī	Nnu	Nnū	Nnr	Nnr̄	Nne	Nnai	Nno	Nnau	Nnä

Kharoṣṭhī Nna

The Kharoṣṭhī letter is generally accepted as being derived from the altered Aramaic Nun , and is thus related to N and Nu, in addition to the Brahmi Nna.[2]

Devanagari Nna

Ṇa (ण) is a consonant of the Devanagari abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter , after having gone through the Gupta letter . Letters that derive from it are the Gujarati letter ણ, and the Modi letter 𑘜.

Devanagari-using Languages

In all languages, ण is pronounced as [ɳə] or [ɳ] when appropriate. Like all Indic scripts, Devanagari uses vowel marks attached to the base consonant to override the inherent /ə/ vowel:

Devanagari ण with vowel marks
Ṇa	Ṇā	Ṇi	Ṇī	Ṇu	Ṇū	Ṇr	Ṇr̄	Ṇl	Ṇl̄	Ṇe	Ṇai	Ṇo	Ṇau	Ṇ
ण	णा	णि	णी	णु	णू	णृ	णॄ	णॢ	णॣ	णे	णै	णो	णौ	ण्

Conjuncts with ण

Half form of Nna.

Devanagari exhibits conjunct ligatures, as is common in Indic scripts. In modern Devanagari texts, most conjuncts are formed by reducing the letter shape to fit tightly to the following letter, usually by dropping a character's vertical stem, sometimes referred to as a "half form". Some conjunct clusters are always represented by a true ligature, instead of a shape that can be broken into constituent independent letters. Vertically stacked conjuncts are ubiquitous in older texts, while only a few are still used routinely in modern Devanagari texts. The use of ligatures and vertical conjuncts may vary across languages using the Devanagari script, with Marathi in particular preferring the use of half forms where texts in other languages would show ligatures and vertical stacks.[4]

Ligature conjuncts of ण

True ligatures are quite rare in Indic scripts. The most common ligated conjuncts in Devanagari are in the form of a slight mutation to fit in context or as a consistent variant form appended to the adjacent characters. Those variants include Na and the Repha and Rakar forms of Ra. Nepali and Marathi texts use the "eyelash" Ra half form for an initial "R" instead of repha.

Repha र্ (r) + ण (ṇa) gives us the ligature rṇa: ^note

Eyelash र্ (r) + ण (ṇa) gives us the ligature rṇa:

ण্ (ṇ) + rakar र (ra) gives us the ligature ṇra:

ण্ (ṇ) + न (na) gives us the ligature ṇna:

Stacked conjuncts of ण

Vertically stacked ligatures are the most common conjunct forms found in Devanagari text. Although the constituent characters may need to be stretched and moved slightly in order to stack neatly, stacked conjuncts can be broken down into recognizable base letters, or a letter and an otherwise standard ligature.

छ্ (cʰ) + ण (ṇa) gives us the ligature cʰṇa:

ढ্ (ḍʱ) + ण (ṇa) gives us the ligature ḍʱṇa:

ड্ (ḍ) + ण (ṇa) gives us the ligature ḍṇa:

द্ (d) + ण (ṇa) gives us the ligature dṇa:

ह্ (h) + ण (ṇa) gives us the ligature hṇa:

ख্ (kʰ) + ण (ṇa) gives us the ligature kʰṇa:

ङ্ (ŋ) + ण (ṇa) gives us the ligature ŋṇa:

ण্ (ṇ) + ल (la) gives us the ligature ṇla:

प্ (p) + ण (ṇa) gives us the ligature pṇa:

ठ্ (ṭʰ) + ण (ṇa) gives us the ligature ṭʰṇa:

ट্ (ṭ) + ण (ṇa) gives us the ligature ṭṇa:

Bengali Nna

The Bengali script ণ is derived from the Siddhaṃ , and is marked by a reduced head line, and less geometric shape than its Devanagari counterpart, ण. The inherent vowel of Bengali consonant letters is /ɔ/, so the bare letter ণ will sometimes be transliterated as "nno" instead of "nna". Adding okar, the "o" vowel mark, gives a reading of /n̳o/.

Like all Indic consonants, ণ can be modified by marks to indicate another (or no) vowel than its inherent "a".

Bengali ণ with vowel marks
nna	nnā	nni	nnī	nnu	nnū	nnr	nnr̄	nne	nnai	nno	nnau	nn
ণ	ণা	ণি	ণী	ণু	ণূ	ণৃ	ণৄ	ণে	ণৈ	ণো	ণৌ	ণ্

ণ in Bengali-using languages

ণ is used as a basic consonant character in all of the major Bengali script orthographies, including Bengali and Assamese.

Conjuncts with ণ

Bengali ণ exhibits conjunct ligatures, as is common in Indic scripts, in the form of both stacked and linear (horizontal) ligatures.[5]

গ্ (g) + ণ (ṇa) gives us the ligature gṇa:

ণ্ (ṇ) + ড (ḍa) gives us the ligature ṇḍa:

ণ্ (ṇ) + ঢ (ḍʱa) gives us the ligature ṇḍʱa:

ণ্ (ṇ) + ড্ (ḍ) + র (ra) gives us the ligature ṇḍra, with the ra phala suffix:

ণ্ (ṇ) + ড্ (ḍ) + য (ya) gives us the ligature ṇḍya, with the ya phala suffix:

ণ্ (ṇ) + ম (ma) gives us the ligature ṇma:

ণ্ (ṇ) + ণ (ṇa) gives us the ligature ṇṇa:

ণ্ (ṇ) + ট (ṭa) gives us the ligature ṇṭa:

ণ্ (ṇ) + ঠ (ṭʰa) gives us the ligature ṇṭʰa:

ণ্ (ṇ) + ঠ্ (ṭʰ) + য (ya) gives us the ligature ṇṭʰya, with the ya phala suffix:

ণ্ (ṇ) + য (ya) gives us the ligature ṇya, with the ya phala suffix:

র্ (r) + ণ (ṇa) gives us the ligature rṇa, with the repha prefix:

র্ (r) + ণ্ (ṇ) + য (ya) gives us the ligature rṇya, with the repha prefix and ya phala suffix:

Gujarati Ṇa

Gujarati Ṇa.

Ṇa (ણ) is the fifteenth consonant of the Gujarati abugida. It is derived from the Devanagari Ṇa with the top bar (shiro rekha) removed, and ultimately the Brahmi letter .

Gujarati-using Languages

The Gujarati script is used to write the Gujarati and Kutchi languages. In both languages, ણ is pronounced as [ɳə] or [ɳ] when appropriate. Like all Indic scripts, Gujarati uses vowel marks attached to the base consonant to override the inherent /ə/ vowel:

Ṇa	Ṇā	Ṇi	Ṇī	Ṇu	Ṇū	Ṇr	Ṇl	Ṇr̄	Ṇl̄	Ṇĕ	Ṇe	Ṇai	Ṇŏ	Ṇo	Ṇau	Ṇ

Gujarati Ṇa syllables, with vowel marks in red.

Conjuncts with ણ

Half form of Ṇa.

Gujarati ણ exhibits conjunct ligatures, much like its parent Devanagari Script. Most Gujarati conjuncts can only be formed by reducing the letter shape to fit tightly to the following letter, usually by dropping a character's vertical stem, sometimes referred to as a "half form". A few conjunct clusters can be represented by a true ligature, instead of a shape that can be broken into constituent independent letters, and vertically stacked conjuncts can also be found in Gujarati, although much less commonly than in Devanagari.

True ligatures are quite rare in Indic scripts. The most common ligated conjuncts in Gujarati are in the form of a slight mutation to fit in context or as a consistent variant form appended to the adjacent characters. Those variants include Na and the Repha and Rakar forms of Ra.

ર્ (r) + ણ (ɳa) gives us the ligature RṆa:

ણ્ (ɳ) + ર (ra) gives us the ligature ṆRa:

હ્ (h) + ણ (ɳa) gives us the ligature HṆa:

*Note that the ligature for Gujarati HṆa contains the half form of Devanagari Ṇa instead of a form of Gujarati Ṇa.

Telugu Ṇa

Telugu independent and subjoined Ṇa.

Ṇa (ణ) is a consonant of the Telugu abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter . It is closely related to the Kannada letter ಣ. Since it lacks the v-shaped headstroke common to most Telugu letters, ణ remains unaltered by most vowel matras, and its subjoined form is simply a smaller version of the normal letter shape.

Telugu conjuncts are created by reducing trailing letters to a subjoined form that appears below the initial consonant of the conjunct. Many subjoined forms are created by dropping their headline, with many extending the end of the stroke of the main letter body to form an extended tail reaching up to the right of the preceding consonant. This subjoining of trailing letters to create conjuncts is in contrast to the leading half forms of Devanagari and Bengali letters. Ligature conjuncts are not a feature in Telugu, with the only non-standard construction being an alternate subjoined form of Ṣa (borrowed from Kannada) in the KṢa conjunct.

Malayalam Ṇa

Malayalam letter Ṇa

Ṇa (ണ) is a consonant of the Malayalam abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter , via the Grantha letter Nna. Like in other Indic scripts, Malayalam consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel or no vowel at all.

Malayalam Nna matras: Nna, Nnā, Nni, Nnī, Nnu, Nnū, Nnr̥, Nnr̥̄, Nnl̥, Nnl̥̄, Nne, Nnē, Nnai, Nno, Nnō, Nnau, and Nn.

Conjuncts of ണ

Malayalam letter Chillu Nn

As is common in Indic scripts, Malayalam joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. There are several ways in which conjuncts are formed in Malayalam texts: using a post-base form of a trailing consonant placed under the initial consonant of a conjunct, a combined ligature of two or more consonants joined together, a conjoining form that appears as a combining mark on the rest of the conjunct, the use of an explicit candrakkala mark to suppress the inherent "a" vowel, or a special consonant form called a "chillu" letter, representing a bare consonant without the inherent "a" vowel. Texts written with the modern reformed Malayalam orthography, put̪iya lipi, may favor more regular conjunct forms than older texts in paḻaya lipi, due to changes undertaken in the 1970s by the Government of Kerala.

ണ് (ṇ) + ട (ṭa) gives us the ligature ṇṭa:

ണ് (ṇ) + ഠ (ṭʰa) gives us the ligature ṇṭʰa:

ണ് (ṇ) + ഡ (ḍa) gives us the ligature ṇḍa:

ണ് (ṇ) + ഢ (ḍʱa) gives us the ligature ṇḍʱa:

ക് (k) + ണ (ṇa) gives us the ligature kṇa:

ണ് (ṇ) + ണ (ṇa) gives us the ligature ṇṇa:

ഷ് (ṣ) + ണ (ṇa) gives us the ligature ṣṇa:

ണ് (ṇ) + മ (ma) gives us the ligature ṇma:

ക് (k) + ഷ് (ṣ) + ണ (ṇa) gives us the ligature kṣṇa:

Odia Ṇa

Odia independent and subjoined letter Ṇa.

Ṇa (ଣ) is a consonant of the Odia abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter , via the Siddhaṃ letter Nna. Like in other Indic scripts, Odia consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel or no vowel at all.

Odia Nna with vowel matras
Nna	Nnā	Nni	Nnī	Nnu	Nnū	Nnr̥	Nnr̥̄	Nnl̥	Nnl̥̄	Nne	Nnai	Nno	Nnau	Nn
ଣ	ଣା	ଣି	ଣୀ	ଣୁ	ଣୂ	ଣୃ	ଣୄ	ଣୢ	ଣୣ	ଣେ	ଣୈ	ଣୋ	ଣୌ	ଣ୍

Conjuncts of ଣ

As is common in Indic scripts, Odia joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. The most common conjunct formation is achieved by using a small subjoined form of trailing consonants. Most consonants' subjoined forms are identical to the full form, just reduced in size, although a few drop the curved headline or have a subjoined form not directly related to the full form of the consonant. The second type of conjunct formation is through pure ligatures, where the constituent consonants are written together in a single graphic form. This ligature may be recognizable as being a combination of two characters or it can have a conjunct ligature unrelated to its constituent characters.

ଣ୍ (ṇ) + ଡ (ḍa) gives us the ligature ṇḍa:

ଣ୍ (ṇ) + ଣ (ṇa) gives us the ligature ṇṇa:

References

Ifrah, Georges (2000). The Universal History of Numbers. From Prehistory to the Invention of the Computer. New York: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 447–450. ISBN 0-471-39340-1.
Bühler, Georg. "On the Origin of the Indian Brahmi Alphabet". archive.org. Karl J. Trübner. Retrieved 10 June 2020.
Evolutionary chart, Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal Vol 7, 1838
Pall, Peeter. "Microsoft Word - kblhi2" (PDF). Eesti Keele Instituudi kohanimeandmed. Eesti Keele Instituudi kohanimeandmed. Retrieved 19 June 2020.
"The Bengali Alphabet" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-09-28.

^note Conjuncts are identified by IAST transliteration, except aspirated consonants are indicated with a superscript "h" to distinguish from an unaspirated cononant + Ha, and the use of the IPA "ŋ" and "ʃ" instead of the less dinstinctive "ṅ" and "ś".

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[Ifrah-1] Ifrah, Georges (2000). The Universal History of Numbers. From Prehistory to the Invention of the Computer. New York: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 447–450. ISBN 0-471-39340-1.

[Buhler-2] Bühler, Georg. "On the Origin of the Indian Brahmi Alphabet". archive.org. Karl J. Trübner. Retrieved 10 June 2020.

[3] Evolutionary chart, Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal Vol 7, 1838

[KNAB-4] Pall, Peeter. "Microsoft Word - kblhi2" (PDF). Eesti Keele Instituudi kohanimeandmed. Eesti Keele Instituudi kohanimeandmed. Retrieved 19 June 2020.

[5] "The Bengali Alphabet" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-09-28.

note