1697
1697 (MDCXCVII) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar, the 1697th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 697th year of the 2nd millennium, the 97th year of the 17th century, and the 8th year of the 1690s decade. As of the start of 1697, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.
| Millennium: | 2nd millennium |
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| 1697 by topic |
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| Arts and science |
| Leaders |
| Birth and death categories |
| Births – Deaths |
| Establishments and disestablishments categories |
| Establishments – Disestablishments |
| Works category |
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| Gregorian calendar | 1697 MDCXCVII |
| Ab urbe condita | 2450 |
| Armenian calendar | 1146 ԹՎ ՌՃԽԶ |
| Assyrian calendar | 6447 |
| Balinese saka calendar | 1618–1619 |
| Bengali calendar | 1104 |
| Berber calendar | 2647 |
| English Regnal year | 9 Will. 3 – 10 Will. 3 |
| Buddhist calendar | 2241 |
| Burmese calendar | 1059 |
| Byzantine calendar | 7205–7206 |
| Chinese calendar | 丙子年 (Fire Rat) 4393 or 4333 — to — 丁丑年 (Fire Ox) 4394 or 4334 |
| Coptic calendar | 1413–1414 |
| Discordian calendar | 2863 |
| Ethiopian calendar | 1689–1690 |
| Hebrew calendar | 5457–5458 |
| Hindu calendars | |
| - Vikram Samvat | 1753–1754 |
| - Shaka Samvat | 1618–1619 |
| - Kali Yuga | 4797–4798 |
| Holocene calendar | 11697 |
| Igbo calendar | 697–698 |
| Iranian calendar | 1075–1076 |
| Islamic calendar | 1108–1109 |
| Japanese calendar | Genroku 10 (元禄１０年) |
| Javanese calendar | 1620–1621 |
| Julian calendar | Gregorian minus 10 days |
| Korean calendar | 4030 |
| Minguo calendar | 215 before ROC 民前215年 |
| Nanakshahi calendar | 229 |
| Thai solar calendar | 2239–2240 |
| Tibetan calendar | 阳火鼠年 (male Fire-Rat) 1823 or 1442 or 670 — to — 阴火牛年 (female Fire-Ox) 1824 or 1443 or 671 |
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Events
January–June
- January – French writer Charles Perrault publishes Histoires ou contes du temps passé ("Mother Goose tales") in Paris, a collection of popular fairy tales, including Cinderella, Puss in Boots, Red Riding Hood, The Sleeping Beauty and Bluebeard.
- January 8 – Scottish student Thomas Aikenhead is hanged outside Edinburgh, becoming the last person in Great Britain to be executed for blasphemy.
- March 9 – Grand Embassy of Peter the Great: Tsar Peter the Great of Russia sets out to travel in Europe incognito, as Artilleryman Pjotr Mikhailov.
- March 13 – The Spanish conquest of Petén, and of Yucatán, is completed with the fall of Nojpetén, capital of the Itza Maya Kingdom, the last independent Maya state.
- March 22 – Charles II of Spain issues a Royal Cedula extending to the indigenous nobles of the Spanish Crown colonies, as well as to their descendants, the preeminence and honors customarily attributed to the Hidalgos of Castile.
- March 26 – Safavid occupation of Basra: Safavid government troops take control of Basra.
- April 5 – Charles XII, the Swedish Meteor, becomes king of Sweden at age 14 on the death of his father, Charles XI.
- May 17 (May 7 Old Style) – The 13th century royal Tre Kronor ("Three Crowns") castle in Stockholm burns to the ground. A large portion of the royal library is destroyed.
- June 1 – Augustus II the Strong is elected king of Poland.
- June 10 – The last mass execution for witchcraft in western Europe when five Paisley witches are hanged and then burned in Scotland.
- June 30 – The earliest known first-class cricket match takes place in Sussex, England.
July–December
- September 5 – Nine Years' War: Battle of Hudson's Bay – The French warship Pélican captures York Factory, a trading post of the English Hudson's Bay Company in modern-day Manitoba (Canada).
- September 11 – Battle of Zenta: Prince Eugene of Savoy crushes the Ottoman army of Mustafa II, and effectively ends Turkish hopes of recovering lost ground in Hungary.
- September 20 – The Treaty of Ryswick is signed by France and the Grand Alliance, to end both the Nine Years' War and King William's War. The conflict having been inconclusive, the treaty is proposed because the combatants have exhausted their national treasuries. Louis XIV of France recognises William III as King of England & Scotland, and both sides return territories they have taken in battle. In North America, the treaty returns Port-Royal (Acadia) to France. In practice, the treaty is little more than a truce; it does not resolve any of the fundamental colonial problems, and the peace lasts only five years.
- October – The 6th Dalai Lama is installed.
- December 2 – First service (to celebrate the Treaty of Ryswick) held in St Paul's Cathedral since rebuilding work after the Great Fire of London began.[1]
- December 7 – Louis, Duke of Burgundy, and Marie Adélaïde of Savoy marry in the royal chapel at the Palace of Versailles in France.
- December 11 – A ball in the Hall of Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles is held to celebrate the Duke of Burgundy and Marie Adélaïde's wedding.
- December 14 – Charles XII of Sweden is crowned king.
Date unknown
- The Manchus of the Qing dynasty conquer Outer Mongolia.
- The British government passes the Trade with Africa Act 1697 (An Act to settle the Trade to Africa), confirming the Royal African Company's loss of monopoly on the Atlantic slave trade.
- Christopher Polhem starts Sweden's first technical school.
- Heinrich Escher, Mayor of Zürich, introduces chocolate to Switzerland from Brussels.[2]
- The use of litters increases in Europe.
Ongoing
- Great Famine of 1695–1697 in Scandinavia.
- Great Famine of Estonia (1695–97).
- "Seven ill years" of famine in Scotland.
Births
- January 30 – Johann Joachim Quantz, German flautist and composer (d. 1773)
- February 24 – Bernhard Siegfried Albinus, German anatomist (d. 1770)
- March 9 – Friederike Caroline Neuber, German actress (d. 1760)
- May 10 – Jean-Marie Leclair, French violinist and composer (k. 1764)
- August 6 – Charles VII, Holy Roman Emperor (d. 1745)
- October 7 – Canaletto, Italian artist (d. 1768)
- October 22 – Catharina von Schlegel, German hymn writer (d. after 1768)
- October 26 – John Peter Zenger, German American newspaper printer (d. 1746)
- November 10 – William Hogarth, English artist (d. 1764)
Deaths
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- January 8 – Thomas Aikenhead, Scottish student (hanged) (b. c. 1678)
- January 12 – Andrzej Stech, Polish painter (b. 1635)
- January 26 – Georg Mohr, Danish mathematician (b. 1640)
- January 28 – John Fenwick, English conspirator (b. c. 1645)
- February 4 – Adrien de Wignacourt, French 63rd Grandmaster of the Knights Hospitaller (b. 1618)
- February 5 – Esaias Fleischer, Danish priest (b. 1633)
- February 11 – Georg Händel, German musician (b. 1622)
- February 17 – Francis Dane, American colonial priest (b. 1615)
- March 1 – Francesco Redi, Italian physician (b. 1626)
- March 12 – Gaspar de la Cerda, 8th Count of Galve (b. 1653)
- March 19 – Nicolaus Bruhns, German organist and composer (b. 1665)
- March 26 – Godfrey McCulloch, Scottish politician and murderer (executed) (b. 1640)
- March 27 – Simon Bradstreet, English colonial magistrate (b. 1603)
- April 4 – Andrea Carlone, Italian painter (b. 1626)
- April 5 – King Charles XI of Sweden (b. 1655)
- April 8 – Niels Juel, Danish admiral (b. 1629)
- May 2 – Simon Henry, Count of Lippe-Detmold (1666–1697) (b. 1649)
- May 8 – Sir Richard Temple, 3rd Baronet, English Member of Parliament (b. 1634)
- May 24 – Johann Adolf I, Duke of Saxe-Weissenfels, German duke (b. 1649)
- June 3 – Silvius II Frederick, Duke of Württemberg-Oels (b. 1651)
- June 7 – John Aubrey, English antiquary and writer (b. 1626)
- June 10 – Francis Pemberton, English judge, Lord Chief Justice of the King's Bench (b. 1624)
- June 12 – Ann Baynard, English natural philosopher (b. 1672)
- June 18 – Gregorio Barbarigo, Italian Catholic saint (b. 1625)
- June 19 – Henry Mordaunt, 2nd Earl of Peterborough, English diplomat (b. 1621)
- June 21 – Joseph Anthelmi, French ecclesiastical historian (b. 1648)
- July 18
- Thomas Dolman, English politician (b. 1622)
- António Vieira, Portuguese writer (b. 1608)
- July 30 – Lorentz Mortensen Angell, Norwegian merchant and landowner (b. 1626)
- August 5 – Jean-Baptiste de Santeul, French writer (b. 1630)
- November 8 – Samuel Enys, English politician (b. 1611)
- November 22 – Libéral Bruant, French architect (b. c. 1635)
- December 17 – Eleanor of Austria, Queen of Poland (b. 1653)
- December 20 – Frederick Charles, Duke of Württemberg-Winnental (b. 1652)
- December 31 – Lucas Faydherbe, Belgian sculptor and architect (b. 1617)
- date unknown – Karin Thomasdotter, Finnish official (b. 1610)
References
- Weinreb, Ben; Hibbert, Christopher (1995). The London Encyclopaedia. Macmillan. p. 780. ISBN 0-333-57688-8.
- "The History Of Chocolate: A Chocolate Timeline". The Nibble. Retrieved December 29, 2020.
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