2018 Costa Rican general election

General elections were held in Costa Rica in 2018 to elect both the President and Legislative Assembly. The first round of the presidential election was held on February 4, 2018, with the two highest-ranked candidates being Christian singer and Congressman Fabricio Alvarado Muñoz from the conservative National Restoration Party and writer and former Minister Carlos Alvarado Quesada from the progressive Citizens’ Action Party, gaining 24% and 21% of the votes respectively. As no candidate received more than 40% of the first round vote, a second round run-off election was held on April 1, 2018 and was won by Carlos Alvarado Quesada, with a landslide victory of 60.6% of the vote.[1][2]

2018 Costa Rican general election
February 4, 2018 (first round)
April 1, 2018 (2018-04-01) (second round)
Presidential election
 
Nominee Carlos Alvarado Fabricio Alvarado
Party PAC PRN
Home state San José San José
Running mate Epsy Campbell
Marvin Rodríguez		 Ivonne Acuña
Francisco J. Prendas
Popular vote 1,322,908 860,388
Percentage 60.59% 39.41%
President before election

Luis Guillermo Solís
PAC

 Elected President

Carlos Alvarado Quesada
PAC

Legislative election
Party Leader % Seats ±
PLN Antonio Álvarez Desanti 19.49% 17 -1
PRN Fabricio Alvarado Muñoz 18.11% 14 +13
PAC Carlos Alvarado Quesada 16.34% 10 -3
PUSC Rodolfo Piza Rocafort 14.64% 9 +1
PIN Juan Diego Castro Fernández 7.65% 4 +4
PRSC Rodolfo Hernández Gómez 4.22% 2 New
FA Edgardo Araya Sibaja 3.92% 1 -8
This lists parties that won seats. See the complete results below.
Map on the left shows the seats won by each party by province. The map on the right shows which party won the plurality in each province in both rounds of the Presidential election.
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The previously dominant National Liberation Party suffered its worst results to date, ending third in the presidential run for the first time in its history with its candidate former Legislative Assembly President Antonio Álvarez Desanti winning only 18%. Other notable candidates were lawyer and entrepreneur Rodolfo Piza from the center-right Social Christian Unity Party with 16% and right-wing populist Juan Diego Castro with 9%.

In the 57-seat Legislative Assembly, the National Liberation Party won 17 seats, the National Restoration Party won 14 seats (although their parliamentary group later splits in half due to factionalism), the Citizens' Action Party won 10 seats, the Social Christian Unity Party won 9 seats, the National Integration Party won 4 seats, the Social Christian Republican Party (an offshoot of PUSC) won 2 seats and left-wing Broad Front won 1 seat.

Electoral system

The President of Costa Rica is elected using a modified two-round system in which a candidate must receive at least 40% of the vote to win in the first round; if no candidate wins in the first round, a runoff will be held between the two candidates with the biggest quantity of votes.[3]

The 57 members of the Legislative Assembly are elected using closed list proportional representation through the largest remainder method from seven multi-member constituencies with between four and 19 seats, which are based on the seven provinces.[4] Party lists were required to alternate between male and female candidates, with parties also required to have three or four of their seven regional lists headed by a female candidate.[5]

Presidential primaries

Citizens' Action Party

The internal elections for the Citizens' Action Party were held on July 9, 2017.[6] The candidates were two former ministers of the Solís Rivera administration; writer Carlos Alvarado, former Minister of Labour and Social Issues, and economist Welmer Ramos, former Economy Minister. Alvarado won by 56% of the votes. Deputies Epsy Campbell, Ottón Solis and Vicepresident Ana Helena Chacón declined a potential run.[7]

Carlos Alvarado was the first one of the party to announce his intention to run under the slogan of "I choose the future" (Elijo el futuro) and ran under a progressive platform, which sought to exalt the achievements of Luis Guillermo Solis's government and promised to continue with it. Meanwhile, Welmer Ramos's campaign focused more on a moderate and conservative campaign, under the slogan "A citizen like you" (Un ciudadano como usted) and openly criticized the then government to appeal to those who were upset with the administration.

Libertarian Movement

The Libertarian Movement had its first primaries on June 30, 2017.

Candidates were deputy Natalia Diaz,[8] and historic leader and deputy Otto Guevara Guth, who will attempt to run for presidency for the fifth time. Guevara won the primary over Diaz by a 10% margin. Otto Guevara's primary campaign was based under a right-wing populist inclination, stating that Donald Trump's presidential campaign had given him new inspiration to run, while Natalia Diaz's campaign promised to bring a new face to the party and offer a new alternative to the party's establishment.

After the 2016 municipal elections, the party lost its only mayor and 258 aldermen, leaving it with little power. Plus, due to Guevara's turnabout from libertarianism to religious conservatism, many party adherents created a new party: the Liberal Progressive Party, under former transport minister Eliécer Feinzag's leadership; or joined Social Christian Unity Party because of its new liberal stance on politics.

National Liberation Party

The internal elections for the National Liberation Party were held on April 2, 2017. The candidates were Sigifredo Aiza Campos, former deputy for the Guanacaste province, then deputy and radio host Rolando González Ulloa, Antonio Álvarez Desanti president of the Legislative Assembly, former minister and presidential candidate who was supported by former president Óscar Arias Sánchez, and former president José María Figueres Olsen.[9] Álvarez Desanti was chosen as the party's candidate.

Social Christian Unity Party

The Social Christian primary was held on June 4, 2017 with former president of the Health System and previous candidate Rodolfo Piza winning over then deputy Rafael Ortiz.[10]

Other candidates

Former Public Safety Minister Juan Diego Castro launched his unexpected presidential campaign presenting himself as a political outsider and with a strong anti-establishment and anti-corruption speech.[11] Promising to "rule by decree" and with a very loud "hard hand" rhetoric (uncommon in Costa Rican politics as the country is famous for its political centrism), Castro has been compared to figures like Donald Trump and Rodrigo Duterte,[12][13] and accused of right-wing populism[14] and far-right positions,[11][15] albeit he rejects the comparisons.[16] He ran as the National Integration Party's nominee.

Four of the minor candidates lean towards the conservative evangelical community. These are former journalist and San José deputy Fabricio Alvarado for National Restoration Party, journalist Stephanie Campos for Costa Rican Renewal Party, perennial candidate and San José deputy Óscar López for Accessibility without Exclusion, and lawyer and twice Cartago deputy Mario Redondo for Christian Democratic Alliance a former Cartaginese provincial party but which expanded to the national level. The left-wing Broad Front nominated Alajuela deputy Edgardo Araya (es:Edgardo Araya Sibaja). The far-left Workers' Party chose the trade unionist and high school professor Jhon Vega as its candidate. The right-wing New Generation Party chose its founder Sergio Mena as the presidential nominee. Finally, former Social Christian Unity Party's presidential nominee Rodolfo Hernández (es:Rodolfo Hernández Gómez) launched his presidential campaign with the newly formed Social Christian Republican Party, a party formed by former PUSC members dissatisfied with the liberal-controlled Social Christian Central Committee, who claimed the party had lost its Calderonist origins

Presidential candidates
Citizens' Action Party
Carlos Alvarado Quesada Epsy Campbell Marvin Rodríguez
for President for Vice presidents
Labor Minister
(2014–2016)
Executive President of the
Joint Social Welfare Institute
(2016–2017)		 Deputy in the
Legislative Assembly
(2002–2006 and 2014–2018)		 Labor Union Leader
National Restoration Party
Fabricio Alvarado Muñoz Ivonne Acuña Francisco Prendas
for President for Vice presidents
Deputy in the
Legislative Assembly
(2014–2018)

Other presidential candidates
Candidates included in this section have received more than 2% support in popular vote.
Antonio Álvarez Rodolfo Piza Juan Diego Castro Rodolfo Hernández
Minister of Farming
(1987–1988)
Minister of Governance
(1988–1999)
Deputy
(1994–1998 and 2014–2017)		 Justice
of the Supreme Court
(2009–2013)
Executive President
Costa Rican Social Security Fund
(1998–2002)		 Minister of Public Safety
(1994–1996)
Minister of Justice
(1997–1998)		 Director
Costa Rica's Children's Hospital
(2001–2014)
National Liberation Party
Social Christian Unity Party
National Integration Party
Social Christian Republican Party

Campaign

Several topics like unemployment, corruption, economics, insecurity and poverty are among the main issues that concern the electorate according to polls.[17]

But one particular event that cause uproar in the campaign was the "Cementazo" (lit. cement hit) scandal. A corruption scandal involving political figures of all the main parties,[11] including candidate Otto Guevara, whose properties and parliamentary office were raided by the General Attorney investigating the case. Some analysts point to the Cementazo scandal as one of the reasons for the unexpected ascension in polls of hardline anti-establishment candidate Castro.[11]

During the campaign Castro made a series of highly controversial statements that often caused polemic reactions. Among other things, he accused the Judiciary of having some of its female members ascending due to sexual favors,[18][19] something that sprang harsh responses from female judges and judicial workers.[20] Political figures from other parties reacted with outrage including Desanti's wife Nuria Marin and PAC's vice-president nominee Epsy Campbell.[21][22] He later clarified that he was referring to one particular case of a known female friend of his. He also called for the removal of the prohibition on oil exploitation and gold mining calling those who opposed it "eco-terrorists and extremists".[23] Desanti also said that "extremists should not dictate environmental policies" but mentioned that he opposes oil exploitation. Both Alvarado Quesada and Araya are staunch opponents of all forms of oil exploration and exploitation.[24]

A surprising ruling from the Inter-American Court of Human Rights extending all rights enjoyed by heterosexual couples to same-sex couples made after Costa Rica's government lodged a motion for clarification also had an impact on the campaign. The ruling may require up to 22 signatory countries of the Pact of San José that recognize the contentious authority of the IACHR to change their laws to legalize same-sex marriage (whether by legislative or judicial methods, or both). Most polls show that most Costa Ricans oppose gay marriage albeit with large numbers supporting it (in a general ratio of 60–40%).[25][26][27][28] Opponents of gay marriage were outraged by the ruling, causing an increase in social media support for Christian singer and journalist Fabricio Alvarado Muñoz[29] from the staunchly conservative National Restoration Party (a normally small party with testimonial results mostly supported by the Evangelical Christian minority). Alvarado Muñoz was, for the first time for an Evangelical candidate, attracting Catholic voters.[29] Nevertheless, Alvarado Muñoz' gain also saw a counter-reaction. Social media support for progressive pro-gay marriage candidate Carlos Alvarado Quesada was also notable, particularly among millennials and centennials who mostly support socially liberal policies.[29] Some analysts point to a possible polarization between conservative and progressive voters, or among religious and secular or older and younger generations depending on the measure, which pushed both Alvarados into the second round.[29] At least two homophobic attacks were reported.[30][31]

During the run-off campaign, Alvarado Muñoz’ strategy focused on linking his rival with the somewhat unpopular government at the time by pointing out its flaws, errors and scandals.[32] On the contrary, Alvarado Quesada tried to distance himself from Luis Guillermo Solís’ Administration, but at the same time highlighted its achievements.[33] Muñoz also reinforced his idea of defending "pro-life and family" values, whilst Quesada insisted in wanting an inclusive country with no "second class citizens". Quesada's strategy focused in presenting Muñoz as inexperienced and unprepared, pointing out his delay in presenting his second government program as promised and contradictions between him and some of his close collaborators.[34]

A series of controversies affected Muñoz' presidential run, including accusations of plagiarism on his government program,[35] a delay in the presentation of his party's financial reports, high payments to him and some other high-ranking party members for services during the campaign,[36] etc. But probably one of the most damaging was the content of a book written by pastor and tele-evangelist Ronny Chaves (close collaborator of Fabricio and described by him as "spiritual father") calling "La Negrita" or Virgen de los Angeles (Costa Rica's patron saint) a demon. Something that some analysts highlight as hurtful to many Catholics' feelings causing many of them to switch towards Carlos Alvarado.[37] In fact, the Cartago Province which is Costa Rica's Catholic epicenter and see of the Basílica de Nuestra Señora de los Ángeles is where Quesada's support was higher (75%), on the contrary Fabricio won by wide margin in the mostly Protestant province of Limón.

In the second round Carlos kept San José, Heredia and Cartago Provinces and all of the cantons he won in the first one, and managed to turn Alajuela and Guanacaste on his favor.[38] He also won, again, the foreign vote winning all ballot booths overseas except Singapore were there was a tie. Fabricio kept Puntarenas and Limón as his strongholds and won in all cantons of Limon, most of the Punteranas cantons, four of the northern cantons of Alajuela (San Carlos, Upala, Guatuso and Los Chiles) and Sarapiqui in Heredia.[38] Abstentionism was less during the second round for the first time in history.[38]

Polling and voters' behavior

During pre-campaign Juan Diego Castro emerged as one of the most popular political figures with around 51% of positive opinions, followed by Antonio Álvarez Desanti with 36%, with Libertarian deputy Otto Guevara and former president José María Figueres as the ones with more negative opinions.[39] After the PLN primary in which Desanti won over Figueres by slight margin, Desanti started the campaign as frontrunner for a while with up to 36% support in some early polls.[40] Castro was also among the favorites even before he had a party supporting his candidacy (something required by law in Costa Rica as independent candidates are not allowed). As the campaign continued Desanti suffered a constant decrease in voters' intent.[41] Castro remained as frontrunner for most of 2017, but an erratic and heavily controversial campaign begins to affect him losing support in January. PUSC's Rodolfo Piza remained as second in some polls, later replaced by Castro but still in third place.[42]

The "Cementazo" scandal affected heavily the parties involved (PAC, PLN, PUSC and ML) especially during November and December when the Parliamentary Committee investigating the issue made most of its hearings, with all parties facing a reduction on their support.[43]

The IACHR's ruling on same-sex marriage caused a turmoil in the country, with conservative candidate and staunch opponent Fabricio Alvarado showing a rapid increase in support passing from marginal percentages of around 2–6% to be in the lead with up to 17%. However, Carlos Alvarado's support also started to grow unusually fast especially in mid and late January with the later polls showing him surpassing other candidates including Castro and Piza, passing from sixth to third in a couple of days, and even in a technical tie with Desanti showing possibilities to go into the run-off. Castro appeared in fourth and Piza in fifth place as of late January.[44] PAC's support historically tend to increase in January and after the debates, but it was also possible that its support came from more liberal voters fearful of a religious government.

According to polls Fabricio Alvarado Muñoz took most of his support from Evangelical Christian voters who represented around 70% of his supporters,[45] followed by 20% Roman Catholics and 8% with no religion. Carlos Alvarado Quesada, on the contrary, was mostly supported by Catholics with 52% of his voters belonging to that denomination,[45] followed by 29% non-religious and 13% Protestants.[45] Alvarado Quesada was most popular among urban voters with higher education,[46] whilst Alvarado Muñoz had strong support by those with only elementary or high school levels of education.[46] Also Alvarado Quesada was more popular among voters under 35, whilst Alvarado Muñoz was more popular among women under 35 and voters of both sexes over 55.[46]

A post-election study completed by the University of Costa Rica showed that Alvarado Quesada's success was in part due to his performance in the debates, his campaign and defense of the Rule of law.[47] Whilst Alvarado Muñoz' supporters mentioned defense of the traditional family, the fact that he was a believer and being an alternative to PAC.[47] Religion wasn't such an important factor as originally thought, but 71% of Alvarado Quesada's voters mentioned Ronny Chaves' anti-Catholic statements as something "bad or very bad", against 35% of Fabricio's voters expressing that such thing was indifferent to them.[47] Roman Catholics were 60% more likely to vote for Carlos Alvarado than non-Catholics that were only 30%.[47] Alvarado Quesada had also much more support from middle and High Classes especially from the urban areas and the Central Valley whilst Fabricio's support came from the periphery and coastal areas with higher poverty levels and where the population is lower and less willing to vote at all.[47]

Polling tampering
One day I'll tell you where the fraud was, every Friday we expected a survey that was false.

National Restoration President Carlos Avendaño, October 2018.[48]

The last poll of the second round scheduled for March 28 was canceled due to the fact that OPol Consultores' executives alleged that threats had been made against their collaborators. Shortly before this announcement, social media reported that a vehicle registered in the name of the private limited company to which the pollster belongs and led by the director of the company traveled with flags of National Restoration.[49]

Also the poll published by the Institute of Population Studies (IDESPO) of the National University, the only one that showed a wide advantage on the part of Carlos Alvarado over Fabricio, was questioned almost immediately by the digital newspaper El Mundo questioning its methodology.[50] The Supreme Electoral Tribunal and the University's Council reaffirmed the validity of the poll.[51][52] The IDESPO poll would be the closest to the electoral result of the second round together with an informal poll conducted by the Los Paleteros ice cream company.[53]

After the campaign it was made public that during the second round the Executive Committee of the National Restoration Party had made payments to the polling company OPol according to financial reports submitted to the Supreme Electoral Tribunal. Party officials reported that these were political consultancies unrelated to the polls, however, subsequent investigations by the newspaper La Nación discovered a contract for the payment of the six polls that were carried out during the second round campaign, of which five were published by El Mundo. In all of them Fabricio Alvarado appeared as the winner by a wide margin. They were immediately shared in the social media of the group and the candidate as well as party personalities and allies including deputy-elect and vice presidential candidate Jonathan Prendas and deputy Mario Redondo. Catherina Convertino, general manager of Opinión Política CyC, a private limited company that owns both OPol and El Mundo newspaper, confirmed to La Nación that the second round polls had been requested by Juan Carlos Campos, head of the National Restoration campaign and that they decided to make it public following the debt of the party in the total payment of the contract.[54]

Opinion polls
Main article: Opinion polling for the Costa Rican general election, 2018
Date Source
Carlos Alvarado
(PAC)
Fabricio Alvarado
(PREN)
Antonio Álvarez
(PLN)
Juan Diego Castro
(PIN)
Rodolfo Hernández
(PRSC)
Rodolfo Piza
(PUSC)		 Others None NA Lead
April 19–27, 2017 Cid Gallup[40] 2% – 29% 24% 4% 11% – – 22% 5%
May 25–27, 2017 Opol[55] 0.3% – 20.3% 9.6% 4.4% 9.1% 7.9% 27.5% 16.3% 11%
June 22–24, 2017 Opol[56] 2.55% – 15.35% 9.99% 4.92% 10.76% 5.55% 25.7% 22.2% 5%
July 25–27, 2017 Opol[57] 5.71% – 16.52% 7.66% 5.10% 9.30% 3.81% 25.44% 21.62% 7%
July 17–26, 2017 CIEP[58] 8.0% 5.83% 25.2% 5.8% 1.1% 11.5% 3.2% 0.1% 42.2% 14%
August 29–31, 2017 Opol[59] 2.90% – 18.20% 10.06% 3.19% 6.23% 3.81% 27.48% 23.01% 8%
August 27 – September 2, 2017 Enfoques[60] 2.0% – 23.7% 11.4% 2.9% 10.5% 4.7% 14.6% 22.4% 12%
September 5–13, 2017 Cid Gallup[61] 6% – 23% 16% 2% 13% 1% – 30% 7%
September 25–28, 2017 Opol[62] 3.89% 3% 17.13% 10.28% 4.38% 9.70% 4.07% 31.3% 14.4% 7%
October 3–11, 2017 CIEP[63] 6.3% – 19.6% 12.6% 1.9% 11% 3.2% – 40.3% 7%
October 27–29, 2017 Opol[64] 3.32% 2% 15.65% 11.87% 4.67% 6.46% 4.50% 28.43% 21.61% 4%
November 13–15, 2017 Opol[65] 3.7% 3% 15.1% 12.3% 4.8% 6.0% 5.6% 18.8% 31.0% 3%
November 4–16, 2017 CIEP[66] 4% 2% 15% 15% 5% 11% 8% – 37% Tied
November 19–24, 2017 Cid Gallup[67] 4% 4% 15% 17% 7% 9% 11% – 33% 2%
November 28–29, 2017 Opol[68] 3.6% 0.1% 13.4% 13.3% 3.9% 5.7% 3.30% 23.6% 31.0% Tied
November 20–30, 2017 Idespo[69] 5.8% 2.6% 12.5% 16.4% 4.7% 11.5% 4.10% 2.6% 41.7% 4%
December 2017 CIEP[70] 5% 3% 14% 18% 8% 13% 7% – 42% 4%
December 12–19, 2017 Opol[71] 2.6% 3.3% 17.2% 16.1% 5.9% 10.0% 4.7% 21.0% 19.2% 1.1%
January 2–4, 2018 Opol[72] 2.1% 2.9% 12.2% 12.8% 4.9% 5.6% 4.1% 28.7% 26.7% 0.6%
January 9–11, 2018 Opol[73] 3.1% 4.4% 14.0% 13.5% 6.0% 8.2% 4.3% 18.3% 28.2% 0.5%
January 9–14, 2018 Cid Gallup[74] 5.3% 9.6% 15.5% 16.5% 7.7% 12.2% 15.7% – – 1%
January 12–17, 2018 Demoscopia[75] 4% 3.5% 16.7% 12.4% 9.1% 14.7% 5.7% 11.9% 35% 2%
January 15–17, 2018 CIEP[76] 6% 17% 11% 16% 6% 9% – – 17% 1%
January 15–20, 2018 CID Gallup[77] 6% 14% 16% 12% 7% 12% 3% 20% – 2%
January 22–24, 2018 Opol 5.0% 13.8% 13.4% 10.7% 5.8% 8.1% 3.6% 14.5% 24.1% 0.4%
January 22–24, 2018 Demoscopía[78] 8.3% 10.7% 12.7% 7.3% 4.0% 12.0% 2.0% 14.6% 28.3% 0.7%
January 24–26, 2018 CIEP[79] 10.6% 16.9% 12.4% 8.6% 2.8% 8.2% 1% – 36.5% 4%
January 31, 2018 Opol[80] 12.0% 17.4% 13.8% 8.5% 3.8% 8.3% 2.4% 14.1% 19.1% 4%
February 4, 2018 First round
February 8–9, 2018 Opol[81] 28.0% 37.6% 23.2% 11.3% 9%
February 6–8, 2018 CIEP[82] 42% 45% – 13% 3%
February 15–16, 2018 Opol[83] 29.4% 36.1% 19.7% 14.7% 6.7%
February 21–23, 2018 Opol[84] 29.2% 39.2% 15.4% 16.3% 10%
February 6–17, 2018 Idespo[85] 52% 29% 23%
February 28 – March 2 Opol[86] 31.1% 39.7% 14% 15.2% 8.6%
February 27–28, 2018 CIEP[87] 41% 39% 20% 3%
March 8–9, 2018 Opol[88] 31.4% 38.7% 15.1% 14.8% 7.3%
March 10–15, 2018 CID Gallup[89] 28.4% 32.9% 38% 4.5%
March 12–16, 2018 Opol[90] 27.7% 36.5% 22.2% 13.6% 8.8%
March 19–21, 2018 CIEP[91] 42% 43% 15% 1%
March 19–23, 2018 Opol[92] 28.5% 36.2% 20.9% 14.4% 7.7%

Results

President
Popular vote – First round
Nat. Restoration
 
 24.99%
Citizens' Action
 
 21.63%
Nat. Liberation
 
 18.63%
Soc. Christ. Unity
 
 15.99%
Nat. Integration
 
 9.54%
Republican
 
 4.94%
Lib. Movement
 
 1.02%
Broad Front
 
 0.78%
New Generation
 
 0.76%
Other
 
 1.72%
Popular vote – Runoff
Citizens' Action
 
 60.59%
Nat. Restoration
 
 39.41%
Candidate Party First round Second round
Votes % Votes %
Carlos AlvaradoCitizens' Action Party466,12921.631,322,90860.59
Fabricio AlvaradoNational Restoration Party538,50424.99860,38839.41
Antonio ÁlvarezNational Liberation Party401,50518.63
Rodolfo PizaSocial Christian Unity Party344,59515.99
Juan Diego CastroNational Integration Party205,6029.54
Rodolfo HernándezSocial Christian Republican Party106,4444.94
Otto GuevaraLibertarian Movement21,8901.02
Edgardo ArayaBroad Front16,8620.78
Sergio MenaNew Generation Party16,3290.76
Mario RedondoChristian Democratic Alliance12,6380.59
Stephanie CamposCosta Rican Renewal Party12,3090.57
Óscar LópezAccessibility without Exclusion7,5390.35
Jhon VegaWorkers' Party4,3510.20
Invalid/blank votes28,067–24,260–
Total2,182,7641002,207,556100
Registered voters/turnout3,322,32965.7066.45
Source: TSE, TSE

By province

First round

Province PREN % PAC % PLN % PUSC % PIN % PRSC % ML % FA % PNG % Other %
 San José Province 22.89 23.51 17.98 17.98 9.01 4.59 1.02 0.78 0.85 1.40
 Alajuela 26.76 21.83 18.16 15.23 8.85 5.44 0.91 0.75 0.72 1.34
 Cartago Province 15.02 26.43 20.17 15.06 10.87 6.36 1.03 0.76 0.86 3.45
 Heredia 21.18 27.28 17.68 18.08 8.07 3.72 1.02 0.80 0.93 1.23
 Puntarenas 35.54 12.02 18.50 13.64 11.51 4.85 1.07 0.80 0.56 1.50
 Limón 42.58 10.56 17.56 9.24 10.40 4.59 1.29 0.94 0.43 2.41
 Guanacaste 25.56 15.08 23.56 15.81 11.20 5.20 0.96 0.67 0.49 1.46
Total 24.99 21.63 18.63 15.99 9.54 4.94 1.02 0.78 0.76 1.72
Source: TSE

Abroad vote

Abroad vote

  PAC (37.67%)
  PUSC (22.73%)
  PLN (17.03%)
  PREN (11.66%)
  PIN (5.53%)
  FA (1.82%)
  PRSC (0.98%)
  PNG (0.73%)
  ML (0.71%)
Country PREN % PAC % PLN % PUSC % PIN % PRSC % ML % FA % PNG % Other %
 Germany 1.23 66.87 5.52 17.79 3.07 – – 3.68 1.84 –
 Argentina 3.75 55.00 8.75 15.00 5.00 – 1.25 10.00 1.25 –
 Austria 2.63 57.89 7.89 23.68 7.89 – – – – –
 Belgium – 49.02 21.57 21.57 3.92 1.96 – 1.96 – –
 Belize – 25.00 75.00 – – – – – – –
 Brazil 14.29 33.33 14.29 14.29 4.76 – 4.76 14.29 – –
 Canada 7.64 47.92 11.81 17.36 4.86 2.08 2.08 2.78 2.08 1.39
 Chile 3.70 48.15 19.44 24.07 0.93 – – 1.85 – 1.85
 China 2.27 45.45 22.73 22.73 – – 2.27 2.27 – 2.27
 Colombia 2.78 30.36 36.11 20.83 6.94 1.39 – 1.39 – –
 South Korea 14.29 50.00 14.29 14.29 7.14 – – – – –
 Cuba 4.17 45.83 4.17 – 12.50 – 4.17 8.33 4.17 16.67
 Ecuador 8.00 48.00 4.00 24.00 – – 4.00 12.00 – –
 United States 18.44 30.49 16.06 23.30 7.18 1.70 0.40 0.62 0.79 1.02
 El Salvador 5.97 26.87 23.88 22.39 14.93 1.49 1.49 1.49 – 1.49
 Spain 5.45 51.98 12.87 24.75 1.49 – 0.50 1.98 0.50 0.50
 France 0.71 63.83 14.18 12.77 2.84 – – 4.26 1.42 –
 Guatemala 15.63 23.13 20.63 25.00 10.00 0.63 – 3.13 1.25 0.63
 Honduras 11.84 25.00 19.74 28.95 7.89 1.32 1.32 1.32 1.32 1.32
 Israel 11.84 15.38 30.77 38.46 15.38 – – – – –
 Italy 6.25 45.31 20.31 17.19 4.69 1.56 – – – 4.69
 Japan 7.69 53.85 – 26.92 7.69 – – 3.85 – –
 Mexico 7.45 35.64 12.23 36.17 3.19 – 0.53 2.13 0.53 2.13
 Nicaragua 12.85 20.59 25.49 27.45 3.92 – 2.94 0.98 – 5.88
 Netherlands 7.69 68.81 7.34 15.60 2.75 – 1.83 2.75 – –
 Panama 13.57 23.62 28.64 25.13 5.03 – 2.51 – 0.50 1.00
 Peru 16.28 37.21 20.93 18.60 6.98 – – – – –
 United Kingdom 1.67 44.17 25.83 23.33 0.83 – – 2.50 0.83 0.83
 Dominican Republic 19.15 21.28 17.02 38.30 – – – – 2.13 2.13
 Russia – 64.29 21.43 – 14.29 – – – – –
 Singapore 16.67 41.67 8.33 25.00 – – 8.33 – – –
  Switzerland 7.45 43.62 22.34 21.28 1.06 – – 4.26 – –
 Trinidad and Tobago 33.33 33.33 33.33 – – – – – – –
 Uruguay 14.29 57.14 – 14.29 14.29 – – – – –
 Venezuela 10.00 16.00 42.00 20.00 2.00 6.00 – 4.00 – –
 India – – 100.00 – – – – – – –
 Qatar – 18.75 25.00 43.75 12.50 – – – – –
 Bolivia – 75.00 – 25.00 – – – – – –
 Paraguay 28.57 14.29 28.57 14.29 – 7.14 – – – 7.14
 Australia 8.00 56.00 8.00 14.00 6.00 – 2.00 6.00 – –
 Jamaica – – – – – – – – – –
 Turkey – 100.00 – – – – – – – –
Total 11.66 37.67 17.03 22.73 5.53 0.98 0.71 1.82 0.73 1.12
Source: TSE

Runoff

Province PAC % PREN %
 San José Province 62.26 37.74
 Alajuela 59.77 40.23
 Cartago Province 74.62 25.38
 Heredia 67.28 32.72
 Puntarenas 45.04 54.96
 Limón 36.64 63.36
 Guanacaste 58.58 41.42
Total 60.59 39.41
Source: TSE

Abroad vote

Abroad vote, runoff

  PAC (77.62%)
  PREN (22.38%)
Country PAC % PREN %
 Germany 96.34 3.66
 Argentina 89.86 10.14
 Austria 95.00 5.00
 Belgium 87.23 12.77
 Belize 66.67 33.33
 Brazil 100.00 –
 Canada 83.77 16.23
 Chile 81.00 19.00
 China 90.38 9.62
 Colombia 85.48 14.52
 South Korea 64.29 35.71
 Cuba 78.95 21.04
 Ecuador 90.00 10.00
 United States 72.36 27.64
 El Salvador 76.39 23.61
 Spain 80.33 19.67
 France 94.41 5.59
 Guatemala 71.60 28.40
 Honduras 54.29 45.71
 Israel 66.67 33.33
 Italy 84.91 15.09
 Japan 87.50 12.50
 Mexico 82.67 17.33
 Nicaragua 67.44 32.56
 Netherlands 91.89 8.11
 Panama 73.27 26.73
 Peru 78.18 21.82
 United Kingdom 91.06 8.94
 Dominican Republic 70.00 30.00
 Russia 91.67 8.33
 Singapore 50.00 50.00
  Switzerland 90.24 9.76
 Trinidad and Tobago 66.67 33.33
 Uruguay 60.00 40.00
 Venezuela 67.74 32.36
 India 100.00 –
 Qatar 77.27 22.73
 Bolivia 83.33 16.67
 Paraguay 45.45 54.54
 Australia 79.49 20.51
 Jamaica – –
 Turkey 100.00 –
Total 77.62 22.38
Source: TSE

Legislative Assembly

The National Liberation Party retains its parliamentary plurality despite being third on the presidential ticket with 17 seats (only one less), followed by the National Restoration Party obtaining 14, the first time in Costa Rica's history that a religious party gained such large number.[93] The ruling party Citizens' Action became third with 10, also the first time in history that a ruling party is neither the second nor the third-largest party. However this situation will change after a break-up among the National Restoration deputies causes more than half to split from the party a few months after the election, thus turning PAC back into first minority.[94] The Social Christian Unity Party gained one more seat (9). The left-wing Broad Front suffered a major setback losing most of its seats passing from 9 to 1,[93] whilst right-wing National Integration returns to Congress for the first time in 20 years with 4 seats, but another schism between the party's leadership and the 2018's nominee Juan Diego Castro causes one of PIN's deputies (a Castro loyalist) to separate.[95] The newly formed party Social Christian Republican gains two deputies.

Popular vote
PLN
 
 19.49%
PREN
 
 18.16%
PAC
 
 16.27%
PUSC
 
 14.60%
PIN
 
 7.67%
PRSC
 
 4.21%
FA
 
 3.95%
ADC
 
 2.45%
ML
 
 2.32%
PASE
 
 2.16%
PNG
 
 2.15%
Other
 
 6.59%
Seat allocation
PLN
 
 29.82%
PREN
 
 24.56%
PAC
 
 17.54%
PUSC
 
 15.79%
PIN
 
 7.02%
PRSC
 
 3.51%
FA
 
 1.75%
Party Votes % Seats +/–
National Liberation Party416,63819.4917–1
National Restoration Party388,08618.1614+13
Citizens' Action Party347,70316.2710–3
Social Christian Unity Party312,09714.609+1
National Integration Party163,9337.674+4
Social Christian Republican Party89,9694.212New
Broad Front84,4373.951–8
Christian Democratic Alliance52,3252.450–1
Libertarian Movement49,6592.320–4
Accessibility without Exclusion46,0712.160–1
New Generation Party45,8962.1500
Costa Rican Renewal Party41,8061.960–2
Authenthic Limonense Party13,6610.6400
Liberal Progressive Party12,5370.590New
Workers' Party11,6150.5400
Let's Act Now (Actuemos Ya)9,8980.460New
Let's Go (Vamos) es8,2830.390New
United Forces for Change Party8,2370.390New
Everybody (Todos)8,0620.380New
Guanacastecan Union Party7,9940.370New
United Communal Party6,2700.290New
Transporters' Party es4,8680.2300
Recovering Values Party4,8400.230New
Homeland, Equality & Democracy Party es1,8810.0900
New Socialist Party es7900.0400
Invalid/blank votes40,540–––
Total2,178,096100570
Registered voters/turnout3,322,329–––
Source: TSE

By province
Province PLN PREN PAC PUSC PIN PRSC FA ADC ML PASE PNG Other
% S % S % S % S % S % S % S % S % S % S % S % S
 San José Province 17.96 4 17.59 4 17.45 4 15.21 3 6.90 2 4.09 1 4.97 1 1.67 0 2.24 0 1.93 0 2.02 0 7.97 0
 Alajuela 21.76 3 20.62 2 17.46 2 14.32 2 7.28 1 4.81 1 2.85 0 1.70 0 1.56 0 2.08 0 2.34 0 4.78 0
 Cartago Province 19.86 2 10.52 1 19.88 2 13.31 1 8.19 1 4.72 0 3.55 0 5.65 0 1.83 0 2.59 0 3.19 0 12.36 0
 Heredia 19.05 2 17.77 1 20.95 2 17.98 1 7.06 0 3.45 0 4.86 0 1.20 0 1.98 0 1.42 0 2.18 0 2.19 0
 Puntarenas 21.59 2 24.88 2 9.28 0 14.33 1 9.24 0 4.57 0 3.05 0 1.94 0 3.42 0 1.05 0 2.47 0 5.23 0
 Limón 14.91 2 23.28 3 6.83 0 9.64 0 6.59 0 3.61 0 3.81 0 5.70 0 4.25 0 4.25 0 0.62 0 16.51 0
 Guanacaste 23.36 2 15.72 1 9.94 0 14.85 1 12.29 0 3.51 0 2.27 0 1.83 0 3.21 0 3.03 0 1.41 0 8.56 0
Total 19.49 17 18.15 14 16.26 10 14.63 9 7.67 4 4.21 2 3.95 1 2.45 0 2.32 0 2.26 0 2.15 0 6.46 0
Source: TSE VozyVoto

Reactions

Domestic
  • Opponent candidate Fabricio Alvarado quickly acknowledge defeat and congratulated Carlos Alvarado who he called personally to his phone. He called for the Costa Rican family to be united and for families split by politics to embrace each other.[96]
  • President of the Electoral Court Antonio Sobrado expressed satisfaction with the electoral process and said that "sovereign people has spoken".[97]
  • President of Costa Rica Luis Guillermo Solís congratulated his successor and fellow party member and expressed his wish for Alvarado to accompany him to the Summits of the Americas in mid-April, yet Alvarado declined.[98]
  • Carlos Alvarado spoke to a crowd of followers in Plaza Roosevelt, San Pedro of Montes de Oca thanking the voluntary workers of his campaign, the members of the different parties that supported him and calling for a government of national unity, and for Congress to quickly solve issues like the tax reform and the Legislative bylaw.[99]

International
Supranational
  •  United Nations – Alice Shackelford on behalf of the United Nations congratulated Costa Rica describing the elections as "peaceful and in an environment of respect" and congratulated voters for choosing a more inclusive society.[100]
  •  Organization of American States – Secretary General Luis Almagro congratulated Alvarado Quesada as president elect and Costa Rica's people for what he called "the democratic festivity".[101]
States

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