Summits of the Americas

The Summits of the Americas (SOA) is a series of international summit meetings that bring together the leaders of countries in the Organization of American States (OAS). All countries have sent representatives to every meeting, except for Cuba which was expelled from the OAS under pressure from the United States after the Cuban Revolution of 1959. Cuba participated in the 2015 summit in Panama, and sent its foreign minister to the subsequent 2018 summit in Peru.[1][2] In the early 1990s, the formerly ad hoc summits were institutionalized into a regular "Summit of the Americas" based on the principles of democracy and free trade.[3] The meetings, organized by a number of multilateral bodies led by the OAS, provide an opportunity for discussions about a variety of issues and topics.

List of summits
SummitDatesHost CountryHost CityHost leader
1stDecember 9–11, 1994 United States[4]MiamiBill Clinton
2ndApril 18–19, 1998 Chile[5]SantiagoEduardo Frei Ruiz-Tagle
3rdApril 20–22, 2001 Canada[6]Quebec CityJean Chrétien
4thNovember 4–5, 2005 Argentina[7]Mar del PlataNéstor Kirchner
5thApril 17–19, 2009 Trinidad and Tobago[8]Port-of-SpainPatrick Manning
6thApril 14–15, 2012 Colombia[9]CartagenaJuan Manuel Santos Calderón
7thApril 10–11, 2015 Panama[10]Panama CityJuan Carlos Varela
8thApril 13–14, 2018 Peru[11]LimaMartín Vizcarra

The events that garnered the most general public and media attention were the Quebec City and Mar del Plata summits (3rd and 4th respectively), both of which provoked very large anti-globalization and anti-Free Trade Area of the Americas protests and attendant police response.

OAS member states
Main article: Member states of the Organization of American States

All 35 independent nations of the Americas are members of the OAS.

NationCapital cityHDI
(2019 estimate
for 2018)[12]		Official
language(s)
 Antigua and BarbudaSt. John's0.776English
 ArgentinaBuenos Aires0.830Spanish
 BahamasNassau0.805English
 BarbadosBridgetown0.813English
 BelizeBelmopan0.720English
 BoliviaSucre0.703Spanish
 BrazilBrasília0.761Portuguese
 CanadaOttawa0.922English, French
 ChileSantiago0.847Spanish
 ColombiaBogota0.761Spanish
 Costa RicaSan José0.794Spanish
 CubaHavana0.778Spanish
 DominicaRoseau0.724English
 Dominican RepublicSanto Domingo0.745Spanish
 EcuadorQuito0.758Spanish
 El SalvadorSan Salvador0.667Spanish
 GrenadaSt. George's0.763English
 GuatemalaGuatemala City0.651Spanish
 GuyanaGeorgetown0.670English
 HaitiPort-au-Prince0.503French, Haitian Creole
 HondurasTegucigalpa0.623Spanish
 JamaicaKingston0.726English
 MexicoMexico City0.767Spanish
 NicaraguaManagua0.651Spanish
 PanamaPanama City0.795Spanish
 ParaguayAsuncion0.724Spanish, Guarani
 PeruLima0.759Spanish
 Saint Kitts and NevisBasseterre0.777English
 Saint LuciaCastries0.745English
 Saint Vincent and the GrenadinesKingstown0.728English
 SurinameParamaribo0.724Dutch
 Trinidad and TobagoPort of Spain0.799English
 United StatesWashington D.C.0.920English (de facto)
 UruguayMontevideo0.808Spanish
 VenezuelaCaracas0.726Spanish

Non-members

The following jurisdictions are not members of the OAS as they are dependencies of other nations. They are grouped under the nation that has sovereignty over them.

Sovereign state Jurisdiction Dependency type
 Denmark  Greenland Autonomous country
 France  French Guiana Overseas region
 Guadeloupe Overseas region
 Martinique Overseas region
 Saint Barthélemy Overseas collectivity
 Saint Martin Overseas collectivity
 Saint Pierre and Miquelon Overseas collectivity
 Netherlands  Aruba Constituent country
 Bonaire Public body
 Curaçao Constituent country
 Saba Public body
 Sint Eustatius Public body
 Sint Maarten Constituent country
 United Kingdom  Anguilla Overseas territory
 Bermuda Overseas territory
 British Virgin Islands Overseas territory
 Cayman Islands Overseas territory
 Falkland Islands Overseas territory
Disputed with Argentina
 Montserrat Overseas territory
 South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Overseas territory
Disputed with Argentina
 Turks and Caicos Islands Overseas territory
 United States  Conch Republic Micronation, honorary/unofficial member[13]
 Navassa Island Unincorporated unorganized territory
Disputed with Haiti
 Puerto Rico Unincorporated organized commonwealth
 U.S. Virgin Islands Unincorporated organized territory

References
  1. Prieto, Alfredo. "Everybody But Cuba," Havana Times. April 15, 2009.
  2. http://www.staradvertiser.com/2018/04/13/business/business-breaking/cubas-raul-castro-skips-summit-of-the-americas/
  3. Twaddle, Andrew C. (2002). Health Care Reform Around the World, p. 382.
  4. Summit Americas: I summit (1st)
  5. Summit Americas: II summit (2nd)
  6. Summit Americas: III summit (3rd)
  7. Summit Americas: IV summit (4th)
  8. Summit Americas: V summit (5th)
  9. Summit Americas: VI summit (6th)
  10. Summit Americas: VII summit (7th)
  11. Summit Americas: VIII summit (8th)
  12. Human Development Report 2019 (PDF). New York: United Nations Development Programme. 2019. pp. 300–303. ISBN 978-92-1-126439-5. Retrieved 23 February 2020.
  13. https://keywest.floridaweekly.com/articles/conch-republic-days-2/
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