3 World Trade Center

3 World Trade Center (also known as 175 Greenwich Street) is a skyscraper constructed as part of the rebuilding of the World Trade Center in Lower Manhattan, New York City. The tower is located on the east side of Greenwich Street, on the eastern side of the World Trade Center site.

3 World Trade Center
The tower in August 2018.
Alternative names
  • 3 WTC
  • 175 Greenwich Street
General information
StatusComplete
TypeOffice, Retail
Architectural styleModern
Location175 Greenwich Street, Manhattan, New York City 10007
More information
Coordinates40.710923°N 74.011608°W / 40.710923; -74.011608
Construction started2010
Completed2018
OpenedJune 11, 2018
CostUS$2.75 billion
OwnerPort Authority of New York and New Jersey
Height1,079 ft (329 m)
Technical details
Floor count80
Floor area2,232,984 sq ft (207,451.0 m2)
Lifts/elevators53[1]
Design and construction
Architecture firmRogers Stirk Harbour + Partners
DeveloperSilverstein Properties
Structural engineerWSP Cantor Seinuk
Main contractorTishman Construction
References
[2][3][4][5]
Rebuilding of the
World Trade Center
One WTC
2–7 WTC
Other elements

The current 3 World Trade Center is the second building at the site to bear this name. The original building was the Marriott World Trade Center, a hotel located in the southwest corner of the World Trade Center complex. The hotel was a 22-story steel-framed structure with 825 rooms. It had a roof height of 242 feet (74 m). Construction began in 1979 and it opened in July 1981 as the Vista International Hotel. The entire World Trade Center complex was destroyed during the September 11 attacks in 2001.

Construction originally began in 2010, but was delayed until 2014 because of a lack of an anchor tenant. The building's concrete core was topped out to maximum height in August 2016, with the perimeter steel structure following on October 6, 2016. The building opened on June 11, 2018. The building was designed by Rogers Stirk Harbour + Partners, and is managed by Silverstein Properties through a ground lease with the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, the landowner. It is 1,079 ft (329 m) high, with 80 stories. As of 2021, it is the Ninth-tallest building in the city.[6]

Previous building (1979–2001)
Main article: Marriott World Trade Center

The Marriott World Trade Center was a 22-story[7] steel-framed hotel building with 825 rooms. It had a roof height of 73.7 m (242 ft) and was designed by Skidmore, Owings & Merrill. Its structural engineer was Leslie E. Robertson Associates with Tishman Construction serving as the main contractor. Construction began in 1979. It opened on July 1, 1981 as the Vista International Hotel and was located at the southwest corner of the World Trade Center.[8] It was heavily damaged in the 1993 World Trade Center bombing and was subsequently closed until repairs were completed the following year. Forty people died when the hotel was destroyed during the September 11 attacks. The hotel's remains were later dismantled to make way for construction of the National September 11 Memorial & Museum.[9]

New building

Background

3 World Trade Center was originally planned for a podium of seven stories for trading floors, with a 73-floor office tower rising from it. The diamond braces initially planned for the front and rear faces of the building have been dropped from the design and the tower is to be built without them. However, the diagonal bracing on the sides would remain. The four spires in the original design gave the tower a pinnacle height of 1,240 feet (378 m), meaning it would have become the third-tallest building in New York City by pinnacle height,[10] but the spires were later removed from the design, thus reducing the height by about 88 feet (approximately 26.8 m).[11] The total floor space of the building is planned to include 2,000,000 sq ft (190,000 m2) of office and retail space. The building's groundbreaking took place in January 2008, and at that time it was scheduled to be completed by 2014.[12][13] Unusual for a high-rise, the building's concrete core would be built before the rest of the structure was completed.[14] The structural engineer for the building was WSP.[15] Pritzker Prize-winning architect Richard Rogers, of Rogers Stirk Harbour + Partners, was awarded the contract to design the building.[16]

On May 11, 2009, it was announced that the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey was seeking to reduce 175 Greenwich Street to a "stump" building of approximately four stories.[17] The overall plan, which also called for a similar reduction in height for 2 World Trade Center and the indefinite postponement of 5 World Trade Center, would halve the amount of office space available in the fully reconstructed World Trade Center to 5,000,000 sq ft (460,000 m2). The agency cited the recession and disagreements with developer Larry Silverstein as reasons for the proposed reduction. Silverstein opposed the plan, filing a notice of dispute on July 7, 2009. By doing so, the development firm began a two-week period during which renegotiated settlements and a binding arbitration regarding the construction of the four World Trade Center towers could be made. Silverstein Properties, which has paid the Port Authority over US$2.75 billion in financing, noted the organization's inability to meet construction obligations in its official complaint.

In November 2010, three PureCell fuel cells were delivered at the World Trade Center site which together will provide about 30% of the tower's power.[18]

Delays
Preliminary site plans for the World Trade Center rebuild.

By the beginning of 2012, Silverstein Properties and the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey reached an agreement to only build 3 World Trade Center to seven stories, unless tenants can be found to fund the building.[19] According to a March 2010 agreement between Silverstein Properties and the Port Authority, Silverstein Properties must find tenants to lease 400,000 square feet of the building and it must raise US$300 million in private financing in order to receive additional funding. If Silverstein Properties meets those triggers, then the Port Authority, City of New York, and New York State will provide an additional US$390 million towards the tower's completion. Silverstein Properties also needs to provide financing for the remaining cost of the tower before it can be completed. The existing foundation of the tower was built entirely with insurance proceeds, and until Silverstein Properties meets the requirements.[20] The agreement also implemented a "cash trap" to make sure that public investments are paid off before Silverstein Properties makes any profits from the tower.

The tower portion of 3 World Trade Center was to be fully built after meeting the requirements.[21] A spokesperson speaking on the issue of rebuilding the site commented: "Three WTC should be up by 2015; although; we do have one milestone to hit: We need to get a 400,000-square-foot tenant in order to get a financing backstop that makes sure we will complete that building. So, that's a question mark, and it's a major priority of Silverstein Properties".[22] The Port Authority believes that the 2010 agreement will allow market demand to drive the construction of the towers and help to limit public investment since the Port Authority has other projects that need attention in the region.

By February 2012, the ground floor concrete was almost done and the lower podium had reached the 5th floor. On May 18, 2012 a construction update was released which stated that the superstructure work was continuing, and that forms, rebar, and concrete placement work was also continuing. Additionally, utilities for the site were being installed. The construction agency expected the lower podium to reach a capped height of 7 stories by September 2012.[23] In late June 2012, David Zalesne, president of Owen Steel, confirmed that construction of the tower would continue and that Owen Steel has been selected to provide the structural steel for the building.[24]

On October 2, 2012, the large advertising and media company GroupM was confirmed by several sources to be in the preliminary negotiations to anchor 3 World Trade Center in a deal that would allow construction to begin on the planned 80-story office tower. The lease would be about 550,000 square feet in size, a large enough commitment to qualify the project for up to $600 million in public benefits in the form of a mix of equity and loan guarantees from the city, the state, and the Port Authority.[25] In December 2013, GroupM was signed on as anchor tenant.[26] This allowed the tower to resume construction in late 2013.[27] In January 2014, Senator Chuck Schumer negotiated a $340 million round of financing through federal Recovery Zone bonds to finance the project's construction.[28] A subsidy, which would have doubled the loan given to the construction of 3 World Trade Center, was postponed by the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey in April 2014 until June 2014.[29][30]

Resumption of construction

On June 25, 2014, the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey reached an agreement with Larry Silverstein to finance the completion of 3 World Trade Center, and construction of the tower resumed. The financing included the sale of $1.6 billion of tax-exempt bonds, the largest-ever unrated bond deal in the municipal bond market. Other sources of funding included $600 million in insurance proceeds, $210 million in cash contributions from the New York City and State governments, and $55 million in cash from Silverstein Properties itself.[28] Following the financing, the tower crane returned and a new anticipated completion of late 2017 was announced.[31]

In 2015, the design was modified and the height reduced by 89 feet (27 m), from 1,168 feet (356 m) to its current height of 1,079 feet (329 m).[32] As of June 2015, 3 World Trade Center's core had risen to the 19th floor and steel to the 14th floor. On June 28, 2015, one more tower crane was built on the site. Another crane arrived in July, bringing the total to four cranes. On May 20, 2016, the tower's concrete core reached the symbolic height of 1,000 feet (300 m), thus officially reaching supertall status and exceeding the roof height of neighboring 4 World Trade Center.[33]

On June 23, 2016, 3 World Trade Center's core was topped out. In a ceremony held at the base of the building, a 2-ton bucket of concrete was signed by workers, and executives, including developer Larry Silverstein, and was hoisted up with an American flag, which was also used with the topping out of 7 and 4 World Trade Center, to the top of the tower.[34] On the evening of August 11, 2016, a construction crane struck one of 3 World Trade Center's windows. There was a heavy wind gust at the time,[35] and construction workers were securing the crane when it veered into a 12th-story glass panel, cracking it. No one was injured.[36]

On October 6, 2016, the last steel beam was lifted and installed on top.[37] The glass facade was completed in August 2017, at which point several retailers had signed leases for the atrium retail space. GroupM, an advertising company, had also signed a lease for some 700,000 square feet (65,000 m2) of office space in the tower.[38] The building officially opened on June 11, 2018, with the buildings tenants so far being GroupM, McKinsey & Company, Tradenda Capital, and IEX.[39][40][41]

  • Construction of Three World Trade Center as of May 2012. A portion of the National 9/11 Memorial's South Pool can be seen in the foreground.
  • Construction of Three World Trade Center as of April 2014.
  • 3 World Trade Center under construction on June 10, 2015. The PATH station is visible to the right.
  • The PATH Station, 3, and 4 World Trade Center at night in May 2016.
  • Developer Larry Silverstein and construction workers sign the last bucket of concrete during the topping-off ceremony on June 23, 2016.
  • 3 World Trade Center under construction on January 26, 2017.
  • 3 World Trade Center under construction on May 8, 2017.

See also

References
  1. GmbH, Emporis. "Three World Trade Center, New York City | 252968 | EMPORIS". emporis.com. Retrieved June 13, 2018.
  2. "Three World Trade Center". CTBUH Skyscraper Center.
  3. 3 World Trade Center at Emporis
  4. "3 World Trade Center". SkyscraperPage.
  5. 3 World Trade Center at Structurae
  6. "12 tallest skyscrapers in New York City". am New York. Retrieved October 17, 2017.
  7. Lew, H. S.; Richard W. Bukowski; Nicholas J. Carino. "Design, Construction, and Maintenance of Structural and Life Safety Systems (pdf)" (PDF). National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST).
  8. Lew, H. S.; Richard W. Bukowski; Nicholas J. Carino. "Design, Construction, and Maintenance of Structural and Life Safety Systems (pdf)" (PDF). National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST).
  9. Dwyer, Jim; Fessenden, Ford (September 11, 2002). "One Hotel's Fight to the Finish; At the Marriott, a Portal to Safety as the Towers Fell". The New York Times.
  10. "Designs for three World Trade Center Towers Unveiled" (Press release). Lower Manhattan Development Corporation. September 7, 2006. Retrieved February 19, 2011.
  11. "Silverstein's 3 WTC gets height chop". The Real Deal. August 12, 2015. Retrieved January 25, 2016.
  12. "Tower 3 Schedule". Silverstein Properties, Inc. Archived from the original on June 14, 2009. Retrieved April 18, 2009.
  13. Pogrebin, Robin (May 3, 2006). "Richard Rogers to Design Tower at Ground Zero". The New York Times. Retrieved February 19, 2011.
  14. Dunlap, David (May 26, 2016). "Skyscraper at Trade Center Rises From the Inside Out". nytimes.com. The New York Times. Retrieved June 1, 2016.
  15. "Ground Zero Office Designs Hailed as Hopeful Symbols" Engineering News-Record, September 18, 2006, pg. 12
  16. Rosenberg, Zoe (January 27, 2017). "3 World Trade Center's glass facade has come a long way". Curbed NY. Retrieved June 6, 2018.
  17. "Port Authority wants to dump three of five proposed skyscrapers for WTC site". NY Daily News. May 10, 2009. Retrieved April 24, 2014.
  18. Troianovski, Anton (November 1, 2010). "WTC Taps Fuel Cells". The Wall Street Journal.
  19. "Press Release Article – Port Authority of NY & NJ". Panynj.gov. Retrieved April 24, 2014.
  20. "Silverstein to call a halt at 3 WTC | Crain's New York Business". Crainsnewyork.com. Retrieved November 3, 2013.
  21. "Silverstein still hopes to land 3 WTC tenant | Crain's New York Business". Crainsnewyork.com. January 23, 2012. Retrieved November 3, 2013.
  22. "The Newspaper of Lower Manhattan". Downtown Express. Retrieved August 20, 2012.
  23. "Lower Manhattan : 3 World Trade Center (175 Greenwich Street)". Lowermanhattan.info. September 8, 2006. Archived from the original on August 28, 2012. Retrieved August 20, 2012.
  24. "Business Notebook – Business". TheState.com. Archived from the original on June 28, 2012. Retrieved August 20, 2012.
  25. "Journalists comments on: GroupM Considers Huge Lease to Anchor 3 WTC from commercialobserver.com". Muck Rack. Retrieved April 24, 2014.
  26. "Tenant deal caps 3 WTC construction". NY Daily News. December 23, 2013. Retrieved April 23, 2018.
  27. "The Real Deal – Major tenant deal will allow Silverstein's 3 WTC to rise". New York City Real Estate News. Retrieved July 9, 2013.
  28. Ghigliotty, Damian (November 28, 2014). "With 3 WTC Financing Finally a Done Deal, What Comes Next?". Commercial Observer. Retrieved June 24, 2019.
  29. Hutchins, Ryan. "Future of 3 W.T.C. up in the air as P.A. debates subsidy". Capital New York. Retrieved April 24, 2014.
  30. "Port Authority Board Puts Off Vote On Loan For 3 World Trade Center « CBS New York". Newyork.cbslocal.com. April 11, 2014. Retrieved April 24, 2014.
  31. Porter, Dave (June 25, 2014). "Deal Reached to Finish 3 World Trade Center Tower". Associated Press. Archived from the original on July 6, 2014. Retrieved August 2, 2014.
  32. YIMBY, New York (August 12, 2015). "Three World Trade Center Gets Height Cut, Will Stand 1,079 Feet Tall". New York YIMBY. New York. Retrieved February 5, 2016.
  33. Bindelglass, Evan. "3 World Trade Center Reaches Supertall Territory". New York YIMBY. Retrieved May 26, 2016.
  34. "3 World Trade Center Marks Milestone With Topping Out Ceremony". CBS New York. June 23, 2016. Retrieved September 28, 2017.
  35. "Crane accident smashes 12th-story window at WTC". nydailynews.com. New York Daily News. August 12, 2016. Retrieved August 13, 2016.
  36. Bowerman, Mary (August 12, 2016). "Crane breaks window at 3 World Trade Center". usatoday.com. USA Today. Retrieved August 13, 2016.
  37. Warerkar, Tanay (June 24, 2016). "3 World Trade Center finally tops out at 1,079 Feet". Curbed NY. Retrieved September 28, 2017.
  38. Warerkar, Tanay (August 1, 2017). "3 World Trade Center nears the finish line in the Financial District". Curbed NY. Retrieved September 28, 2017.
  39. "3 WTC, NYC's fifth tallest tower, will debut next week". Curbed NY. Retrieved June 8, 2018.
  40. "3 World Trade Center to open with nearly half of tower leased". New York Post. June 6, 2018. Retrieved June 6, 2018.
  41. "3 World Trade Center Opens Today: Here's a Look Inside". Commercial Observer. June 11, 2018. Retrieved June 11, 2018.
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