Achomi language

Lari (Persian: لاری), also known as Khodmooni (Persian: خودمونی),[3] Larestani (Persian: لارستانی)[4] or Achomi (Persian: اَچُمی) is an Iranian language spoken in the south of Iran, mostly in Fars Province by people of south of Fars, in Hormozgan province, Bushehr, and Kerman, a Shia and Sunni Persian ethnic group. Cities that speak this dialect include Lar, Gerash, Juyom, Evaz, Khonj, Bastak, Khour, Kowreh, Fedagh, Fishvar, along with many others. The language is mainly spoken by the Lari people, but also by some Huwala. The majority of Larestani people are Sunni Muslims.[5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12]

Lari
Khodmooni / Larestani / Achomi
Native toIran, Qatar, Bahrain, UAE, Kuwait, and Oman
RegionFars Province, Hormozgan province, Bushehr province, Kerman province
Native speakers
200,000 (2014)[1]
Persian alphabet (Nastaʿlīq)[2]
Language codes
ISO 639-3lrl
Glottologlari1253

Etymology

There are different ways to refer to this language.

  • Lari: Native speakers often refer to their language as Lari.[13]There are different reasons for this name. One of them is the language's frequent usage of the [tf] consonant.[14]The second reason originates from when Arabs began trading with Larestanis.[14]This because Arabs called Larestanis 'Ajam', which means non-Arab.[14]Therefore, Lari is a variation of Ajam.[14]Additionally, Lari can be linked to Achom, which means 'I go'.[13]
  • Khodmooni: In Arab states surrounding the Persian Gulf, Larestanis are referred to as Khodmooni'.[3]This translates to "of our own kind".[3]
  • Larestani: UNESCO mentions Larestani as a name for Lari.[15]This name comes from Larestan, where the language's speakers reside.[3] Etymologically, 'Lar' comes from 'Lad' which means "the origin of everything".[16]
  • Lari: This language is commonly referred to as Lari.[15][17] To reiterate, 'Lar' originates from 'Lad' which means "the origin of everything".[16]It is also important to note that Lari can be used to refer to a dialect or a language.[13]

History

The Lari language can be considered a descendant of the Sassanid Persian language or Middle Persian.[18]

Larestani language and its various local dialects such as Lari, Evazi, Khonji, Gerashi, Bastaki, etc., is the branch of the Middle Persian (Pahlavi) language of the Sassanid Empire.

Today, the language is known as an endangered language.[15]In particular, UNESCO refers to it as a "definitely endangered" language with approximately 80,000 speakers.[15]It also does not have official language status in Iran.[19]This is because Iran only recognizes Persian as an official language.[19]However, Iran allows the use of minority languages, such as Lari, in the media and the education system (alongside Persian and Arabic).[19]Nevertheless, Lari remains an endangered language with many dialectal differences gradually disappearing because of the domination of Persian.[15][20]

Many Iranians moved to Arab States in order to pursue better economic opportunities.[21]This included Larestanis.[3] These Larestanis are often multilingual.[3]Larestani migrants still speak this language in their homes, however, this variety has been influenced by the Arabic language a little but is mutually intelligible with standard Persian.

Classification

The language is a branch of the Pahlavi language.[22]This means that it shares the ergative structure of Pahlavi.[22]It is also an analytical language.[13]This can be linked back to its membership in the southwestern branch of Middle-Iranian languages.[13][22]

With the exception of the regional accent, pronunciation of certain words, and a slight variation in grammar, this old language has been the common language of the Southwestern Pars Province and parts of Hormozgan Province for nearly 1,800 years despite the various conquests of the region since the fall of the Sassanid Empire.

Dialects

Lari has many dialects.[20][14][22]These dialects correspond to Larestan's different towns.[22] Examples of these dialects include Evazi, Lari, Gerashi, Khonki and Bastaki.[20]These dialectical variations may present themselves through pronunciation.[22][14]There may also be grammatical and word differences between the dialects.[20]Hence, if the speaker is from Evaz, they are referred as speaking Evazi, and if they are from Bastak their dialect is known as Bastaki.[3]

An example of a dialectal variation: in some places people say raftom for "I went" (very similar to the Persian raftam), but in some other places like Lar people say chedem instead (Kurdish: dichim or dechim).

Verbs

To make simple past verbs

The ids (om / ot / osh / mo / tosho) + The simple past root of the first type

Example:

Omgot: I said

oshbu: you (You could be referring to one or more) won

Tokha: You (has to be more than two people) ate

And ...

The root of the past simple second type + ids (am / esh / ruleless / em / eh / et) Example:

Chedam: a to be shortened! I went

Khatesh: Sleep

bodem: we got

And...

Passive

To create a passive verb in past tense we can use the verb root plus its proper prefix. For example, in Lari (Larestani), the root for the verb "to tell" is got (gota equals "tell").

omgot (om+got), Kurdish (migot or min got) = I told ...

otgot (om+got), Kurdish (tugot or tegot) = You told...

oshgot (osh+got), Kurdish (wigot) = He told...

mogot (mo+got), Kurdish (megot) = We told...

togot (to+got), Kurdish pl (wegot) = You (pl) told

shogot (sho+got), Kurdish (wa-n got) = They told

Another example: "deda" means "see," and "dee" Kurdish (Deed or dee) is the root verb. So:

omdee = I saw, Kurdish (mideed, midee, min deed, min dee)

otdee= you saw, Kurdish (tu-te dee)....

To create a simple present or continued present tense of a passive verb, here's another example:

agota'em (a+got+aem):I am telling...

agota'esh (a+got+aesh): You are telling...

agotay (a+got+ay): He is telling...

agota'am (a+got+a'am): We are telling...

agotay (a+got+ay): You (pl) are telling...

agota'en (a+got+a'en): They are telling...

For the verb "see" ("deda"):

adead'em, adeda'esh, adeaday,...

References

  1. "larestani". EveryTongue. 22 March 2014. Retrieved March 22, 2014.
  2. "Ethnologue report for language code: lrl". Ethnologue.
  3. Halkias, Daphne; Adendorff, Christian (2016-04-22). Governance in Immigrant Family Businesses: Enterprise, Ethnicity and Family Dynamics. Routledge. p. 10. ISBN 9781317125952.
  4. "The copy is not equal to the original". Jam-e Jam.
  5. "Larestani, Lari in Iran".
  6. "Larestani people of Iran". The Larestani people are predominantly Sunni Muslims.
  7. "Larestani". While most people in Iran are Shi’ite Muslims, the Larestani are Sunnis.
  8. Van Donzel, E. J. (January 1994). Islamic Desk Reference. E. J. Van Donzel. p. 225. ISBN 9004097384.
  9. "Information of the people of Bushehr province".
  10. "Bushehr Governor's Website".
  11. "Bushehr Province Justice Website".
  12. "Cyrus The Great International Open Academy".
  13. Moridi, Behzad (2009). "The Dialects of Lar (The State of Research)". Iran & the Caucasus. 13 (2): 335–340. doi:10.1163/157338410X12625876281389. ISSN 1609-8498. JSTOR 25703812.
  14. Rahimi, Ali; Tayebeh Mansoori (2016). "A Study of Personal Pronouns of Larestani Language as an Endangered Iranian Language". doi:10.13140/RG.2.1.1342.0566. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  15. "UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in danger". www.unesco.org. Retrieved 2020-12-10.
  16. "ICEHM: International Centre of Economics, Humanities and Management" (PDF). icehm.org. doi:10.15242/icehm.ed0115115. Retrieved 2020-12-10.
  17. "Lari". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-12-10.
  18. گويش مردم اوز. نسرين انصاف پور و محمد رفيع ضيايى 1396
  19. "Islamic Parliament of Iran - Constitution". en.parliran.ir. Retrieved 2020-12-10.
  20. Moridi, Behzad (2009). "The Dialects of Lar (The State of Research)". Iran & the Caucasus. 13 (2): 335–340. doi:10.1163/157338410X12625876281389. ISSN 1609-8498. JSTOR 25703812.
  21. Worrall, James; Saleh, Alam (2019). "Persian Pride and Prejudice: Identity Maintenance and Interest Calculations among Iranians in the United Arab Emirates". International Migration Review. 54 (2): 496–526. doi:10.1177/0197918319860154. ISSN 0197-9183. S2CID 203427429.
  22. "ICEHM: International Centre of Economics, Humanities and Management" (PDF). icehm.org. doi:10.15242/icehm.ed0115115. Retrieved 2020-12-10.
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