Northern Pashto

Northern Pashto (Pashto: شمالي پښتو) comprises the North Western (Pashto: شمال لويديزه پښتو) and North Eastern (Pashto: شمال ختيځه پښتو) dialects.[3]

Part of a series on
Pashto language
Writing systems
Dialects
Language regulation
Academy of Sciences of Afghanistan
Pashto Academy
Native to
Northern Pashto
Native toPakistan, Afghanistan
EthnicityPashtun
Native speakers
21 million (2013)[1]
Pashto alphabet
Official status
Regulated byPashto Academy (Peshawar, Pakistan)[2]
Language codes
ISO 639-3pbu
Glottolognort2646

North Eastern

Northeastern Pashto,[4] sometimes known as Yusufzai Pashto after its principal subdialect,[5] is a Northern dialect of Pashto spoken in northern Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan.

Comparison:

Dialects[6] ښ ږ څ ځ ژ
North Western (e.g. Wardak) [ç] [ʝ] [t͡s] [d͡z] [ʒ, z]
North Eastern (e.g. Yusapzai) [x] [ɡ] [s] [z] [d͡ʒ]
North Western (e.g Jalalabad) [x] [ɡ] [s] [z] [ʒ]

Lexical Variation

Even within the Yusupzai dialect; regional lexical variation is noted; as pointed out by Dr. Muhammad Ali Kaleem:[7]

Meaning Mardan Swat
Ring ګتمه

gʊ́tma

 ګوتۍ

gwә́təi

Spinach ساګ

sāg

 سابه

sābә́

Cup پيالۍ

pyālә́i

 پياله

pyālá

Puppy کوتری

kutré

 کوکری

kukré

North Western

The North Western is spoken in the east and northeast Afghanistan.[8]

Phonological Variation

There is regional difference in North Western Pashto in pronunciation of words:[9]

Meaning Wardak Jalalabad Bati Kot
دوی they deɪ ˈduwi ˈduwi
راکړه give [imperative of راکول] ˈrɑka ˈrɑka ˈrɑkɽa
پوهېدل to know [infinitive] pijeˈdəl pojeˈdəl pojidəl
شپږ six ʃpaʝ ʃpag ʃpiʒ
وريځ cloud wərˈjed͡z wrez wəˈred͡z
ښځه woman ˈçəd͡za ˈxəza
اوبه water oˈbə uˈbə oˈbə

References
  1. Northern Pashto at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)
  2. Sebeok, Thomas Albert (1976). Current Trends in Linguistics: Index. Walter de Gruyter. p. 705.
  3. "Glottolog 4.3 - Northern Pashto". glottolog.org. Retrieved 2020-10-16.
  4. Prods Oktor Skjærvø, P.O. 1989. Pashto. In "Compendium Linguarum Iranicarum", R. Schmitt (ed.), 384-410.
  5. https://www.ethnologue.com/19/language/pbu/
  6. Hallberg, Daniel G. 1992. Pashto, Waneci, Ormuri. Sociolinguistic Survey of Northern Pakistan, 4.
  7. Kaleem, Muhammad (2015). "Lexical Variation in Pashto: A Comparative Study Conducted in Mardan and Swat , in Pashto" (PDF). Pashto. Vol. 44 (650): 21–52.
  8. Anna B. David (2014). A Descriptive Grammar of Pashto and its Dialects. De Gruyter Mouton. p. 36. ISBN 978-1-61451-303-2.
  9. Coyle, Dennis (2014-01-01). "Placing Wardak Among Pashto Varieties". Theses and Dissertations.
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