Aladdin

Aladdin and the Wonderful Lamp
	Aladdin finds the wonderful lamp inside the cave.
Folk tale
Name	Aladdin and the Wonderful Lamp
Data
Aarne-Thompson grouping	ATU 561 (Aladdin)
Region	Persia, China, Arab
Published in	The One Thousand and One Nights, translated by Antoine Galland

Aladdin (/əˈlædɪn/ ə-LAD-in; Arabic: علاء الدين‎, ʻAlāʼu d-Dīn/ ʻAlāʼ ad-Dīn, IPA: [ʕalaːʔ adˈdiːn], ATU 561, ‘Aladdin') is the eponymous character in Aladdin and the Wonderful Lamp (simply Aladdin), a folk tale from Baghdad associated with the One Thousand and One Nights.

Despite the story of Aladdin not being part of the original Arabic text of One Thousand and One Nights, it is one of the best known tales associated with the whole collection.[1] (The tale was actually interpolated by French translator Antoine Galland, who acquired it from Syrian Maronite storyteller Hanna Diyab.)[1]

Sources

Known along with Ali Baba as one of the 'orphan tales', Aladdin was not part of the original Nights collection and has no authentic Arabic textual source; rather, it was incorporated into the French version, Les mille et une nuits, by its translator, Antoine Galland.[2]^:280

Poet John Payne quoted passages from Galland's unpublished diary, recording Galland's encounter with a Syrian Maronite storyteller from Aleppo, named Hanna Diyab.[1] According to the diary, Galland met with Hanna, who had travelled from Aleppo to Paris with celebrated French traveller Paul Lucas, on 25 March 1709. Galland's diary further reports that his transcription of "Aladdin" for publication occurred in the winter of 1709–10. It was included in the 9th and 10th volumes of his Nights, published in 1710, without any mention or published acknowledgment of Hanna's contribution. Paulo Lemos Horta, in the introduction to his translation of Aladdin, speculates that Diyab might even be the original author of at least some of the 'orphan tales', including Aladdin.[3]^:8–10

In Paris' Bibliothèque Nationale, Payne also records the discovery of two Arabic manuscripts containing Aladdin (with two more of the "interpolated" tales): one written by Dionysios Shawish (alias Dom Denis Chavis), a Syrian-Christian priest living in Paris; the other supposedly being a copy, made by Mikhail Sabbagh, of a manuscript written in Baghdad in 1703.[4]^:13–5 The manuscripts were purchased by the Bibliothèque Nationale at the end of the 19th century.[4] As part of his work on the first critical edition of The Nights, Iraq's Muhsin Mahdi has shown that both these manuscripts are "back-translations" of Galland's text into Arabic.[5]^:57–8[6]^:51–71[7]^:36

Plot summary

The Sorcerer traps Aladdin in the magic cave.

Aladdin is often retold with variations. The following is a précis of the 1885 translation by Richard Burton.[8]

Aladdin is an impoverished young ne'er-do-well, dwelling in "one of the cities of China." He is recruited by a sorcerer from the Maghreb, who passes himself off as the brother of Aladdin's late father, Mustapha the tailor, convincing Aladdin and his mother of his goodwill by pretending to set up the lad as a wealthy merchant. The sorcerer's real motive, however, is to persuade young Aladdin to retrieve a wonderful oil lamp from a booby-trapped magic cave. After the sorcerer attempts to double-cross him, Aladdin finds himself trapped in the cave, still wearing the magic ring that the sorcerer lent him. When Aladdin rubs his hands in despair, he inadvertently rubs the ring and a jinnī (or 'genie') appears, releasing him from the cave and allowing him to return to his mother while in possession of the lamp. When his mother tries to clean the lamp, hoping to sell it to buy food for their supper, a second, far more powerful genie appears who is bound to do the bidding of the person holding the lamp.

With the aid of the genie of the lamp, Aladdin becomes rich and powerful, and marries Princess Badroulbadour, the Sultan's daughter (after magically foiling her marriage to the vizier's son). The genie builds Aladdin and his bride a wonderful palace, far more magnificent than the Sultan's.

The sorcerer hears of Aladdin's good fortune, and returns; he gets his hands on the lamp by tricking Aladdin's wife (who is unaware of the lamp's importance) by offering to exchange "new lamps for old." He orders the genie of the lamp to take the palace, along with all its contents, to his home in the Maghreb. Aladdin still has the magic ring and is able to summon the lesser genie. The genie of the ring cannot directly undo any of the magic of the genie of the lamp, but he is able to transport Aladdin to the Maghreb where, with the help of the "woman's wiles" of the princess, he recovers the lamp and slays the sorcerer, returning the palace to its proper place.

The sorcerer's more powerful and evil brother plots to destroy Aladdin for killing his brother by disguising himself as an old woman known for her healing powers. Badroulbadour falls for his disguise and commands the "woman" to stay in her palace in case of any illnesses. Aladdin is warned of this danger by the genie of the lamp and slays the impostor.

Aladdin eventually succeeds to his father-in-law's throne.

Setting

The opening sentences of both the Galland and Burton versions set the story in "one of the cities of China."[9] However, there is practically nothing in the rest of the story that is inconsistent with a Middle-Eastern setting. For instance, the ruler is referred to as "Sultan" rather than "Emperor" (as in some retellings), and the people in the story are Muslims whose conversations are larded with devout Muslim platitudes. A Jewish merchant buys Aladdin's wares (and incidentally cheats him), but there is no mention of either Buddhists, Confucians, or other distinctively Chinese people.

Notably, ethnic groups in Chinese history have long included Muslim groups, including large populations of Uighurs, and the Hui people whose origins go back to Silk Road travelers. Islamic communities have been known to exist in the region since the Tang Dynasty. Some have suggested that the intended setting may be Turkestan (encompassing Central Asia and the modern Chinese province of Xinjiang in Western China).[10]

For all this, speculation about a 'real' Chinese setting depends on a knowledge of China that the teller of a folktale (as opposed to a geographic expert) might well not possess.[11] In early Arabic usage, China is known to have been used in an abstract sense to designate an exotic, faraway land.[12][13]

Motifs and variants

In the Aarne-Thompson-Uther Index, the story of Aladdin is classified as tale-type ATU 561, "Aladdin", after the character. In the Index, the Aladdin story is situated next to two similar tale types: ATU 560, The Magic Ring, and ATU 562, The Spirit in the Blue Light. All stories deal with a down-on-his-luck and impoverished boy or soldier, who finds a magical item (ring, lamp, tinderbox) that grants his wishes. The magical item is stolen, but eventually recovered thanks to the use of another magical object.[14]

A South Asian variant has been attested, titled The Magic Lamp and collected among the Santal people.[15][16] Western variants of the Aladdin tale have replaced the lamp with a tinderbox.

Adaptations

Adaptations vary in their faithfulness to the original story. In particular, difficulties with the Chinese setting are sometimes resolved by giving the story a more typical Arabian Nights background.

Books and comics

In 1962 the Italian branch of Walt Disney Productions published the story Paperino e la grotta di Aladino (Donald and Aladdin's Cave), written by Osvaldo Pavese and drawn by Pier Lorenzo De Vita. As in many pantomimes, the plot is combined with elements of the Ali Baba story: Uncle Scrooge leads Donald Duck and their nephews on an expedition to find the treasure of Aladdin and they encounter the Middle Eastern counterparts of the Beagle Boys. Scrooge describes Aladdin as a brigand who used the legend of the lamp to cover the origins of his ill-gotten gains. They find the cave holding the treasure—blocked by a huge rock requiring a magic password ("open sesame") to open.[17]
One of the many literary retellings of the tale appears in A Book of Wizards (1966) and A Choice of Magic (1971), by Ruth Manning-Sanders.
"The Nobility of Faith" by Jonathan Clements in the anthology Doctor Who Short Trips: The Ghosts of Christmas (2007) is a retelling of the Aladdin story in the style of the Arabian Nights, but featuring the Doctor in the role of the genie.
The original version of the comic book character Green Lantern was partly inspired by the Aladdin myth; the protagonist discovers a "lantern-shaped power source and a 'power ring'" which gives him power to create and control matter.[18]

While not a direct adaptation, the Japanese manga series Magi: The Labyrinth of Magic features Aladdin as the main character of the story and includes many characters from other Arabian Nights stories. An adaptation of this comic to an anime television series was made in October 2012, in which Aladdin is voiced by Kaori Ishihara.

Musical theatre

New Crowns for Old, a 19th-century British cartoon based on the Aladdin story (Disraeli as Abanazer from the pantomime version of Aladdin offering Queen Victoria an Imperial crown (of India) in exchange for a Royal one)

The New Aladdin was a successful Edwardian musical comedy in 1906.
In 1805, Adam Oehlenschläger wrote his verse drama Aladdin, for which Carl Nielsen would write the incidental music in 1918–19. Ferruccio Busoni set some verses from the last scene of Oehlenschläger's Aladdin in the last movement of his Piano Concerto, Op. 39.
In 1958, a musical comedy version of Aladdin was written especially for US television with a book by S. J. Perelman and music and lyrics by Cole Porter. A 1959 London stage production followed, in which a 30-year-old Bob Monkhouse played the part of Aladdin at the Coliseum Theatre.[19]
Broadway Junior released Aladdin Jr., a children's musical based on the music and screenplay of the Disney animation.
Disney's Aladdin: A Musical Spectacular was a musical stage show that ran in Disney California Adventure from January 2003 to January 2016.[20]
Starkid Productions released the musical Twisted on YouTube in 2013, an Aladdin spin-off that is told from the royal vizier's point of view.
A Disney Theatrical Production of Aladdin opened in 2011 in Seattle, in Toronto in 2013, and on Broadway at the New Amsterdam Theatre on March 20, 2014.
The Prince Street Players version of Aladdin included music by Jim Eiler and Jeanne Bargy, with lyrics by Eiler, who also wrote the book for the production.[21]

Pantomimes

An 1886 theatre poster advertising a production of the pantomime Aladdin.

In the United Kingdom, the story of Aladdin was dramatised in 1788 by John O'Keefe for the Theatre Royal, Covent Garden.[22] It has been a popular subject for pantomime for over 200 years.[23]

The traditional Aladdin pantomime is the source of the well-known pantomime character Widow Twankey (Aladdin's mother). In pantomime versions, changes in the setting and story are often made to fit it better into "China" (albeit a China situated in the East End of London rather than Medieval Baghdad), and elements of other Arabian Nights tales (in particular Ali Baba) are often introduced into the plot. One version of the "pantomime Aladdin" is Sandy Wilson's musical Aladdin, from 1979.

Since the early 1990s, Aladdin pantomimes have tended to be influenced by the Disney animation. For instance, the 2007/8 production at the Birmingham Hippodrome starring John Barrowman featured songs from the Disney movies Aladdin and Mulan.

Animated films

The Adventures of Prince Achmed (1926), the earliest surviving animated feature film, combined the story of Aladdin with that of the prince. In this version, the princess who Aladdin pursues is Achmed's sister and the sorcerer is his rival for her hand. The sorcerer steals the castle and the princess through his own magic and then sets a monster to attack Aladdin, from which Achmed saves him. Achmed then informs Aladdin he requires the lamp to rescue his own intended wife, Princess Pari Banou, from the demons of the Island of Wak Wak. They convince the Witch of the Fiery Mountain to defeat the sorcerer, and then all three heroes join forces to battle the demons.
In Have You Got Any Castles? (1938), Aladdin makes a brief appearance asking for help but gets punched by one of the Three Musketeers.
Aladdin and His Wonderful Lamp is a 1939 Popeye the Sailor cartoon.
1001 Arabian Nights (1959), produced by UPA, stars Mr. Magoo as Aladdin's uncle.
Released in France, Jean Image's Aladdin et la lampe merveilleuse (1970) contains many of the original elements of the story as compared to the Disney version.
A Thousand and One Nights (1969) is a Japanese adult anime feature film directed by Eiichi Yamamoto, conceived by Osamu Tezuka. The film is a first part of Mushi Production's Animerama, a series of films aimed at an adult audience.
Aladdin and the Magic Lamp (1982) was a rendition in Japanese directed by Yoshikatsu Kasai, produced in Japan by Toei Animation, and released in United States by The Samuel Goldwyn Company.
Golden Films' Aladdin (1992) is a 48-minute animated film based on Aladdin and the Magic Lamp, translated by Antoine Galland. Like all other Golden Films productions, the film featured a single theme song, "Rub the Lamp", written and composed by Richard Hurwitz and John Arrias. It was released directly to video on 27 April 1992 by GoodTimes Home Video (months before Disney's version was released) and was reissued on DVD in 2002 as part of the distributor's "Collectible Classics" line of products.
Walt Disney's Aladdin (1992), possibly the best-known retelling of the story (spawning a franchise of the same name), includes several characters who are renamed or amalgamated, and have new motivations for their actions. For instance, the Sorcerer and the Sultan's vizier become one character named Jafar, while the Princess is renamed Jasmine; the Genie of the Lamp only grants three wishes and desires freedom from his role; and a sentient magic carpet replaces the Genie of the Ring, while Jafar uses a royal magic ring to find Aladdin. Moreover, the names "Jafar" and "Abu", the Sultan's delight in toys, and charactres' physical appearances are borrowed from the 1940 film, The Thief of Bagdad. The setting is moved from China to the fictional Arabian city of Agrabah and the structure of the plot is simplified.
The Return of Jafar (1994), direct-to-video sequel to the 1992 Walt Disney movie.
Aladdin and the King of Thieves (1996), direct-to-video second and final sequel to the 1992 Walt Disney movie.

Live-action films

Aladdin and the Wonderful Lamp (1917), directed by Chester M. Franklin and Sidney A. Franklin and released by the Fox Film Corporation, tells the story using child actors.[24][25][26] It is the earliest-known filmed adaptation of the story.
The 1940 British movie The Thief of Bagdad borrows elements of the Aladdin story, although it also departs from the original story fairly freely. For instance, the genie grants only three wishes and the minor character of the Emperor's vizier is renamed Jaffar and becomes the main villain, replacing the sorcerer from the original plot.
Arabian Nights is a 1942 adventure film directed by John Rawlins and starring Sabu, Maria Montez, Jon Hall and Leif Erickson. The film is derived from The Book of One Thousand and One Nights but owes more to the imagination of Universal Pictures than the original Arabian stories. Unlike other films in the genre (The Thief of Bagdad), it features no monsters or supernatural elements.[27]
A Thousand and One Nights (1945) is a tongue-in-cheek Technicolor fantasy film set in the Baghdad of the One Thousand and One Nights, starring Cornel Wilde as Aladdin, Evelyn Keyes as the genie of the magic lamp, Phil Silvers as Aladdin's larcenous sidekick, and Adele Jergens as the princess Aladdin loves.
In 1957, the story of Aladdin was produced as an Indian film titled Alladin and the Wonderful Lamp (Hindi Alladdin Ka Chirag; Telugu: Allauddin Adhbhuta Deepam; Tamil: Allavudeenum Arputha Vilakkum), directed by T. R. Raghunath and produced by T. S. Balaiah.

In the 1960s, Bollywood produced Aladdin and Sinbad, very loosely based on the original stories, in which the two eponymous heroes get to meet and share in each other's adventures. In this version, the lamp's jinni (genie) is female who Aladdin marries (after becoming a mortal woman for his sake) rather than the princess.
The Wonders of Aladdin is a 1961 film directed by Mario Bava and Henry Levin and starring Donald O’Connor as Aladdin.
A Soviet film Volshebnaia Lampa Aladdina ('Aladdin's Magic Lamp') was released in 1966.
The Mexican-produced Pepito y la Lampara Maravillosa (1972) stars comedian Chabelo in the role of the Genie, who grant wishes to a young kid named Pepito in 1970s Mexico City.
Adventures of Aladdin (1978), a Bollywood film.
Allauddinum Albhutha Vilakkum (1979) was a Malayalam film that was remade in Tamil as Allaudinaum Arputha Vilakkum the same year.
Superfantagenio (1986), an Italian production (under supervision of Golan-Globus) of a modern-day Aladdin, was filmed in Miami starring actor Bud Spencer as the genie and Spencer's daughter Diamante as the daughter of a police sergeant.
A Kid in Aladdin's Palace (1998) is a direct-to-video film directed by Robert L. Levy.
Aladin (2009) is a Bollywood fantasy-action film directed by Sujoy Ghosh, starring Ritesh Deshmukh, Amitabh Bachchan, Jacqueline Fernandez (in her film debut), and Sanjay Dutt.
The New Adventures of Aladdin (2015) is a modern retelling of the tale of Aladdin in France .
Ashchorjyo Prodeep (2013) is a Bengali film directed by Anik Dutta and inspired by Aladdin, telling the story of a middle-class man (played by Saswata Chatterjee) who accidentally finds a magic lamp containing a Jinn (played by Rajatava Dutta). This film is also based on a Shirshendu Mukhopadhyay novel of the same name and deals with the issues of consumerism.
Alad’2 (2018) is a sequel to the 2015 French film, New Adventures of Aladdin.
Aladin Saha Puduma Pahana (2018) was released in Sri Lanka in Sinhala language.[28]
Adventures of Aladdin (2019) is a mockbuster produced by The Asylum.[29][30]
Aladdin, a Disney live-action remake of the 1992 animated film, released in 2019. It stars Mena Massoud as the title character, Naomi Scott as Jasmine, Marwan Kenzari as Jafar, and Will Smith as the Genie.

Television

Aladdin –Naam Toh Suna Hoga (2018 - present) - An Indian Television series revolves around Aladdin, a kind-hearted thief, as he falls in love with Princess Yasmine, befriends the wish-granting Genie of the Lamp, and battles Zafar and later the evil enchantress Mallika, and again with Sultan Aiyyar Zafar after his rebirth.

Animation

Aladdin is a 1958 musical fantasy written especially for television with a book by S.J. Perelman and music and lyrics by Cole Porter, telecast in color on the DuPont Show of the Month by CBS.
"Aladdin and the Magic Lamp" (1991),[31] an episode of Rabbit Ears Productions' We All Have Tales series, televised on PBS, featuring John Hurt as the narrator, with illustrations by Greg Couch and music by Mickey Hart. This version is set in Isfahan, Persia, and closely follows the original plot, including the origin of the sorcerer. The audiobook version was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album for Children in 1994.
Aladdin (1994-1995), an animated series produced by Walt Disney Television Animation based on their movie adaptation.
Aladdin was featured in an episode of Happily Ever After: Fairy Tales for Every Child. The story was set in "Ancient China", but otherwise had a tenuous connection with the original plot.
In October 2012, the Japanese manga series Magi: The Labyrinth of Magic, which features Aladdin as the main character, was adapted into an anime television series.

Live-action

Aladdin appeared in episode 297 of Sesame Street performed by Frank Oz. This version was made from a large lavender live-hand Anything Muppet.
A segment of the Marty Feldman episode of The Muppet Show retells the story of Aladdin with The Great Gonzo in the role of Aladdin and Marty Feldman playing the Genie of the Lamp.
A 1967 TV movie was based on the Prince Street Players stage musical.
In 1986, the program Faerie Tale Theatre based an episode on the story called "Aladdin and His Wonderful Lamp", directed by Tim Burton and starring Robert Carradine as Aladdin and James Earl Jones as both the ring Genie and the lamp Genie.
A 1990 TV movie was based on the Prince Street Players stage musical.
Aladdin features as one of five stories in the Hallmark Entertainment TV miniseries Arabian Nights in 2000, featuring Jason Scott Lee as Aladdin and John Leguizamo as both of the genies.
In Kyōryū Sentai Zyuranger (1992–1993), the 16th installment of the long-running Super Sentai metaseries, the Djinn (voiced by Eisuke Yoda) that appears in the 11th episode ("My Master!"; Japanese: "ご主人さま!", Goshujin-sama!) reveals that he was the genie from the tale of "Aladdin and the Magic Lamp", which did take place.
The story of Aladdin was featured in Alif Laila, a TV series directed by Ramanand Sagar in 1994 and telecasted on DD National.
Bangladeshi novelist, writer and film director Humayun Ahmed directed and wrote a series of three television dramas featuring Aladdin's Djinn as the main character. The dramas are: Cherager Doitto,[32] Nogore Doitto[33] and Nitu'r Ghore Fera.[34] In all of the dramas, Jayanta Chattopadhyay portrays the Djinn.
Aladdin (2007–2009), also known as Aladdin - Jaanbaaz Ek Jalwe Anek, was an Indian television show on Zee TV starring Mandar Jadhav and Nazea Hasan Sayed as Aladdin and Jasmine respectively.
The characters of Aladdin, Jasmine, Jafar and the Sultan, along with Agrabah as the setting and the genie (jinn) of the lamp were adapted into the sixth season of TV series Once Upon a Time and into Once Upon a Time in Wonderland, both produced by ABC Television Studios and based on the Disney version of the story.*Characters based on Disney's Aladdin appeared in ABC TV show Once Upon a Time's sixth season, with Aladdin portrayed by Deniz Akdeniz, Jasmine portrayed by Karen David, and Jafar portrayed by Oded Fehr. Jafar also appeared in the spin-off, Once Upon a Time in Wonderland, portrayed by Naveen Andrews
Syfy released a made-for-TV horror adaptation called Aladdin and the Death Lamp on September 15, 2012.
Aladdin - Naam Toh Suna Hoga (2018–21) is a live-action Indian television show on SAB TV starring Siddharth Nigam as Aladdin and Avneet Kaur/Ashi Singh as Princess Jasmine (Princess Yasmine).
In Kamen Rider Saber, there is a Wonder Ride Book known as Lamp Do Alangina (based on Aladdin).

Games

A number of video games were based on the Disney movie:
- The Genesis version (also on Amiga, MS-DOS, NES, Game Boy, and Game Boy Color) by Virgin Games.
- The SNES version (also on Game Boy Advance) by Capcom.
- The Master System version (also on Game Gear) by SIMS.
- Nasira's Revenge for the PlayStation and Windows by Argonaut Games.
- The Disney version of Aladdin appears throughout the Disney/Square Enix crossover series Kingdom Hearts, with Agrabah being a visitable world.
The video game Sonic and the Secret Rings is heavily based on the story of Aladdin, and both genies appear in the story. The genie of the lamp is the main antagonist, known in the game as the Erazor Djinn, and the genie of the ring, known in the game as Shahra, appears as Sonic's sidekick and guide through the game. Furthermore, the ring genie is notably lesser than the lamp genie in the story.
In 2010, Anuman Interactive launched Aladin and the Enchanted Lamp, a hidden object game on PC and Mac.[35]
In 2016 Saturn Animation Studio has produced an interactive adaptation of The Magical Lamp of Aladdin for mobile devices.
Sega Sammy have released a line of pachinko machines based on Aladdin since 1989. Sega Sammy have sold over 570,000 Aladdin pachinko machines in Japan, as of 2017.[36] At an average price of about $5,000,[37] this is equivalent to approximately $2.85 billion in pachinko sales revenue.

Gallery

Aladdin trades the silver plates to a Jew for a piece of gold
The Sorcerer tricks a handmaiden and offers "new lamps for old lamps".
Aladdin in Disney's stage show.

References

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Moon, Krystyn (2005). Yellowface. Rutgers University Press. p. 23. ISBN 0-8135-3507-7.
Payne, John (1901). Aladdin and the Enchanted Lamp and Other Stories. London.
Plotz, Judith Ann (2001). Romanticism and the vocation of childhood. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 0-312-22735-3.
Razzaque, Arafat A. (10 August 2017). "Who wrote Aladdin?". Ajam Media Collective. Retrieved 25 February 2019.
Witchard, Anne Veronica (2017). Thomas Burke's Dark Chinoiserie. Routledge. ISBN 9780754658641.

External links

The Arabian Nights by Andrew Lang at Project Gutenberg
Aladdin, or, The wonderful lamp, by Adam Gottlob Oehlenschläger, William Blackwood & Sons, 1863
"Alaeddin and the Enchanted Lamp", in John Payne, Oriental Tales vol. 13
Alaeddin, by Sir Richard Francis Burton. (in HTML and annotated)
The Thousand Nights and a Night in several classic translations, with additional material, including Payne's introduction and quotes from Galland's diary.

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