Alan Deere

The Battle of France had commenced on 10 May 1940 and saw the gradual retreat of the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) to the French coast at Dunkirk and Calais. With the British squadrons already operating in France struggling to cope, from 16 May, No. 54 Squadron began to provide extra air cover over the Allied positions there. Deere was involved with the first, uneventful, patrol, and over the coming days flew several more such patrols across the English Channel to Dunkirk.[16][18]

On 23 May Deere and another pilot were detailed to escort Flight Lieutenant James Leathart, flying a Miles Magister, a two-seat trainer, over to Calais to rescue No. 74 Squadron's commanding officer, Squadron Leader Laurie White, who had made a forced landing at an airfield there. During this mission, and in sight of Leathart, Deere claimed his first combat victories, shooting down two of several Messerschmitt Bf 109s fighters that had approached while the Magister was still on the airfield. He damaged a third Bf 109 but ran out of ammunition and had to return to England. The mission was a success, for Leathart was able to collect White and fly back to Hornchurch.[19][20] The action gave Deere an insight into the qualities of the Bf 109; he considered that "in the hands of a good pilot was a tough nut to crack. Initially, it was faster in the dive, but slower in the climb; the Spitfire could out-turn but it was at a disadvantage in manoeuvres that entailed negative G forces [sic]. Overall, there was little to choose between the two fighters."[21]

The following day, while the squadron was flying near Saint-Omer in the Calais region, a formation of Heinkel He 111s bombers accompanied by Bf 109s and Messerschmitt Me 110s, a type of heavy fighter, was spotted. An attempt to attack the bombers was disrupted by the Bf 109s. During the resulting melee, Deere shot down an Bf 109.[22] On 26 May, with the squadron at 17,000 feet (5,200 m) over Gravelines covering a convoy of ammunition ships, he shot down two Me 110s. These had disrupted his attempt to intercept some German bombers that were attacking a British destroyer off Calais. His aircraft was badly damaged during this action, with part of one wing shot away.[23][24]

Operation Dynamo, the British effort to evacuate the BEF from Dunkirk, commenced in the evening of 26 May. The RAF efforts now shifted to tightly covering Dunkirk and the English Channel, protecting the ships of the evacuation fleet as much as possible.[24] Accordingly, No. 54 Squadron would fly several times a day to Dunkirk during the evacuation. On an afternoon patrol on 27 May, Deere destroyed a Junkers Ju 88 dive bomber attacking a hospital ship, and shared in the destruction of another.[25] The next day, Deere led the squadron, now down to eight serviceable aircraft, on its final dawn patrol before it was withdrawn for a rest. Coming across a Dornier Do 17 light bomber, he led a section of his flight in pursuit while the rest the squadron continued with its patrol. In making an attack on the Do 17, his own Spitfire was damaged by machine-gun fire from its rear gunner. This forced him to make an emergency landing on a Belgian beach, during which he was knocked unconscious. After coming to, he made his way on foot to a nearby town where his head injuries were dressed. He hitched a ride on a British Army lorry to Dunkirk, and boarded a boat to Dover from where he took a train back to London, and then travelled to Hornchurch, from where he had taken off some 19 hours earlier. During his boat ride to Dover, he was subject to scathing comments from soldiers about the effectiveness of the RAF's fighter cover.[26][27]

Deere being presented with his DFC by King George VI, 27 June 1940

For its rest, No. 54 Squadron had moved to RAF Catterick in Yorkshire. Afer ten days of non-stop flying over Dunkirk, it had been depleted in both pilots and aircraft and needed to rest and re-equip. It returned to Hornchurch on 4 June 1940, with new Spitfires and replacement pilots, and began flying reconnaissance missions to northern France and Belgium. On one such mission in the Abbeville area, Deere and Leathart between them badly damaged a Ju 88, counting it as a probable. Later in the month Deere's award of the Distinguished Flying Cross (DFC) was announced and this was presented to him by King George VI at a ceremony at Hornchurch on 27 June.[28][29] His citation for the DFC read:

During May 1940, this officer has, in company with his squadron, taken part in numerous offensive patrols over Northern France, and has been engaged in seven combats often against superior numbers of the enemy. In the course of these engagements he has personally shot down five enemy aircraft and assisted in the destruction of others. On one occasion, in company with a second aircraft, he escorted a trainer aircraft to Calais Marck aerodrome, for the purpose of rescuing a squadron commander who had been shot down there. The trainer aircraft was attacked by twelve Messerschmitt 109s whilst taking off at Calais, but Pilot Officer Deere, with the other pilot, immediately attacked, with the result that three enemy aircraft were shot down, and a further three severely damaged. Throughout these engagements this officer has displayed courage and determination in his attacks on the enemy.

— London Gazette, No. 34873, 14 June 1940.[30]

By July, No. 54 Squadron was back to flying convoy and coastal patrols.[31] In the afternoon of 9 July while leading a patrol between Deal and Dover, a Heinkel He 59 seaplane was sighted along with an escort of several Bf 109s. Ordering one section to pursue the seaplane, Deere took another section to deal with the escort. He shot down one Bf 109 but then collided with a second, flown by Oberfeldwebel Johann Illner of Jagdgeschwader 51. As a result of the glancing blow with the Bf 109, the propeller blades of Deere's Spitfire were bent backwards, his cockpit hood partially stove in, the engine disabled, and much of the fin and rudder lost. Already heading inland prior to the collision, he glided to a forced landing in a paddock near Manston, in Kent. The hood, damaged in the collision, proved difficult to open but he was able to escape before his burning aircraft was destroyed by flames. He spent the night at the nearby RAF airbase before returning to Hornchurch the next day. In the meantime, Illner was able to return to France in his own badly damaged aircraft.[32][33]

The first phase of the Battle of Britain commenced on 10 July 1940, when Luftwaffe attacks on targets along the coast of England and on shipping were stepped up in the Kanalkampf (Channel war). These were designed to draw out and destroy RAF Fighter Command, necessary for the proposed invasion of Britain.[31][34][35] As part of No. 11 Group, tasked with the defence of southeast England, Deere's squadron was to be heavily involved in the Battle of Britain.[36][37]

Deere on the right, standing alongside fellow Battle of Britain pilot Denis Crowley-Milling, 1940

Poor weather conditions meant that No. 54 Squadron saw little action until 24 July, when the Luftwaffe mounted several large bombing raids against convoys in the Thames Estuary. With one raid in the morning having been disrupted by Deere and his flight, during a second raid at midday that included at least 20 bombers and 30 fighters, he destroyed a Bf 109.[38][39] This was his first victory of the Battle of Britain[40] and by the end of the action, the squadron had accounted for 16 Bf 109s for the loss of two pilots.[41] A few days later, Deere was promoted to the rank of flying officer[42] and the squadron, having flown more sorties than any other during July, was sent back to Catterick for a rest.[43]

No. 54 Squadron returned to Hornchurch on 8 August 1940 and flew an uneventful patrol later that day.[44] On 12 August, Deere, while leading the squadron, pursued and shot down a Bf 109 that broke up his section's attack on a group of bombers off the Kent coast, near North Foreland. While returning to Hornchurch, he encountered a group of Me 110s, one of which he shot down.[45] On 15 August, during an attempt by the squadron to intercept a bombing raid they encountered 40 Bf 109s. Deere destroyed one and damaged another. On another interception mission that evening, the squadron engaged a group of Bf 109s escorting Do 17 bombers flying towards London. He pursued one Bf 109 and shot it down over the English Channel. A second was also destroyed, Deere having pursued it inland of the French coast. Heading back to England, he encountered five Bf 109s which attempted to block his flight path. Despite repeated attacks by the Bf 109s, he was able to make the English coast although with his Spitfire badly damaged with its engine on fire. He bailed out at low altitude and as he exited the cockpit, he struck the tailplane which injured his wrist. Initially taken to RAF Kenley, at which time he discovered his watch had been damaged by a German bullet, he was admitted to Victoria Hospital for treatment.[46][47] He discharged himself the following day and was back on operations on 17 August.[48] Deere was shot down again on 28 August, this time by a Spitfire in an incidence of friendly fire, but parachuted to safety. He had earlier scored hits on a pair of Bf 109s, but not being able to see either one crash and thus only claimed one probable.[49][50] His abandoned Spitfire went on to crash at Boreham, in Essex, and in 1973, its engine and other remnants were recovered. On 30 August, a quieter day for the squadron with only two patrols, he engaged a Do 17 but was not able to physically confirm its destruction, and claimed it as a probable.[51]

The following day the Luftwaffe raided Hornchurch, which had been caught unawares. The squadron was scrambled, with Deere leading a section of three Spitfires as they taxied down the runway. The German bombers in the meantime released their munitions onto the runway. All three aeroplanes of Deere's section were destroyed with his Spitfire was blown on its back, trapping him. With injuries to his scalp, he was extracted by another pilot of his section.[52][53] Instructed to rest for three days, he disregarded this and started flying again on 2 September. [54] He only had two more days of operations before the squadron moved back to Catterick for yet another period of rest and recovery.[55] It would play no further role in the Battle of Britain.[56] Since the beginning of 1940, its pilots had accounted for the destruction of at least 92 enemy aircraft.[37]

Shortly after the squadron's return to Yorkshire, Deere's award of a bar to his DFC was announced.[57] The published citation read:

Since the outbreak of war this officer has personally destroyed eleven, and probably one other, enemy aircraft, and assisted in the destruction of two more. In addition to the skill and gallantry he has shown in leading his flight, and in many instances his squadron, Flight Lieutenant Deere has displayed conspicuous bravery and determination in pressing home his attacks against superior numbers of enemy aircraft, often pursuing them across the Channel in order to shoot them down. As a leader he shows outstanding dash and determination.

— London Gazette, No. 34940, 6 September 1940.[58]

No. 54 Squadron remained in Yorkshire for the remainder of 1940, classified as a training unit.[59] Deere was one of a few pilots to remain as an instructor with most of the squadron's experienced aircrew being posted to other units.[60] Consequently, he was involved in practice flights with new pilots, bringing them up to speed with combat tactics. On one such flight in December 1940, he collided with a trainee's aircraft, which saw his Spitfire losing most of its tail and going into a spin. Bailing out with some difficulty due to the centrifugal forces of the spinning aircraft, he became trapped against the remnants of the tailplane. He was finally able to break free as the Spitfire approached the ground, but his parachute, which had been damaged, failed to fully open. Deere landed in a pool of farm sewerage which broke much of his fall. As a result of this incident he was rested from active flying.[61]

In January 1941 Deere was promoted to acting squadron leader and tasked as an operations room controller at Catterick. Due to weather conditions, flying was limited and No. 54 Squadron shifted back to Hornchurch in February. The squadron's role was now to conduct offensive sweeps, codenamed Rhubarbs, over France.[62] Deere soon tired of his controller duties and sought a return to flying operations. In May 1941, he was posted to No. 602 Squadron, which operated Spitfires from Ayr, in Scotland, as one of its flight commanders. This move saw him return to the rank of flight lieutenant.[63]

A sketch of Deere, made by Cuthbert Orde, 1941

When Deere arrived at No. 602 Squadron, he was already well known for his reputation both as a fighter ace and for narrow escapes.[64] On an early practice flight over the North Sea with the squadron, his Spitfire developed engine trouble. He only just made the Scottish coast and crash landed in a potato field, flipping his aircraft onto its back, temporarily trapping him. He was able to wriggle free and make his way back to Ayr. In May 1941, the squadron provided air cover for the battleship HMS Prince of Wales, which was returning to Scotland after its involvement in the Battle of the Denmark Strait.[65]

In July, No. 602 Squadron was transferred to Kenley, operating with No. 452 and 485 Squadrons as part of the fighter wing flying from Kenley. The Kenley wing, as it was known, was to conduct operations over northern France, escorting bombers and carrying out fighter sweeps, which commenced following a period of familiarisation with the area.[66] Later in the month, his rank of flight lieutenant was made substantive,[67] and at the beginning of August, Deere took over leadership of the squadron while its regular commander was in hospital. The same day, he claimed an Bf 109 shot down. Although officially credited with this kill, his biographer considers it a possibility that this was in fact a friendly fire incident, and the aircraft destroyed may have been a Hawker Hurricane of No. 242 Squadron.[66]

On one sweep over Béthune, on 9 August 1941, Deere, unable to see them go down, claimed three Bf 109s as damaged. A fellow pilot noted Deere had a high level of integrity when it came to claiming enemy aircraft shot down.[68] A few days later, near Lille, he encountered difficulty on a mission escorting Handley Page Hampden bombers, when his Spitfire was damaged by an unobserved Bf 109 that had surprised him. Enemy cannon tore a large hole in his wing and there were over 30 bullet holes through the fuselage. Despite leaking glycol, he was able to cross the English Channel and land at Manston airfield.[69] Deere claimed two more Bf 109s as damaged during the period from September to November 1941.[70] During this time, his flight lieutenant rank was made permanent.[71] By this stage of the year, high losses among fighter pilots and bomber crews saw the RAF reduce its offensive operations to Belgium and France over the winter months.[72]

In January 1942, No. 602 Squadron was taken over by Squadron Leader Brendan Finucane while Deere was sent on a lecturing and public relations trip to America. Arriving in early March, he taught American pilots fighter tactics learnt in the Battle of Britain and the later fighting over France. He was also able to fly American aircraft. After six weeks in the United States, he returned to England.[73] He found that he had been assigned to a staff post in the Far East but preferred to remain in Europe. He arranged a meeting with the commander of No. 11 Group, Air Vice-Marshal Trafford Leigh-Mallory, who gave him command of No. 403 Squadron, of the Royal Canadian Air Force, instead. He took up his command, based at North Weald in Essex, on 30 April.[74]

Prior to his arrival, the morale of No. 403 Squadron was low to due to losses earlier in the month, including its former commander, and it had been taken off operations.[74] Deere quickly brought the squadron back to operational status, flying on an uneventful sweep over the Belgian coastline on 5 May 1942. It undertook further operations of this nature for the rest of the month[75] and the intensity increased in June; on one mission, on 2 June, when flying as cover for the North Weald wing, the squadron encountered around 40 to 50 Focke-Wulf Fw 190 fighters and half of its participating 12 aircraft were lost. Deere used up all his ammunition but the hectic nature of the engagement meant that he was unable to observe whether any of his strikes were successful.[76][77] Due its losses, the squadron moved to Martlesham Heath to carry out convoy patrols and was scheduled for a rest period later in the month. Deere felt this move unnecessary as morale among the remaining pilots remaining high despite the losses of 2 June and met with Leigh-Mallory in an attempt to have the squadron remain on operations. To his dismay, he found that Leigh-Mallory held him partially responsible for the losses due to his aggressive leadership and did not retract his orders for the squadron to have a rest.[76]

From 18 June, No. 403 Squadron was based at Catterick[78] and it was still there in August, performing local patrols and working on practicing formation flying, when Deere was posted to the headquarters of No. 13 Group on staff duties. He was only briefly in this role before he was sent to the RAF Staff College for a three-month course. This was completed in late January 1943 and he returned to No. 13 Group. He desired a return to flying duties and soon engineered a return to operations for two weeks as a supernumerary with No. 611 Squadron at Biggin Hill.[79] During his time with the squadron, he shot down an Fw 190, on 16 February. When he went back to No. 13 Group, he was surprised with news that he was to be wing leader of the Kenley wing. However, this posting was changed at the last minute and instead he was to command the fighter wing at Biggin Hill, whose previous commander had just been shot down over the English Channel.[80]

Biggin Hill station commander, Sailor Malan, on the left, with Alan Deere, on the right, 1943

In being based at Biggin Hill, Deere became reacquainted with Sailor Malan, the station's commander, who had been helpful when he was first posted to No. 54 Squadron in 1938.[80] By this stage of the war, Fighter Command's daytime operations were increasingly focused on escorting bombers on raids into France, often operating as two-squadron wings.[81] This meant the fighter pilots needed to learn new techniques of operating, which Deere had to impart in his role as wing leader.[82] Malan supported Deere as he introduced new tactics to the wing's operations when escorting bombers; in particular, he emphasized the need for independence for squadrons and sections when flying as a wing and to not be tied too closely to the speed of the bombers. The latter had been an issue during the Battle of Britain, for the Luftwaffe's tactics of providing a close escort to bombers meant that fighters lost their advantage of speed.[83] His first operation as wing leader was on 4 April 1943, escorting bombers to Abbeville, but he had to return prematurely when his Spitfire developed engine trouble. Similar missions followed in April and May,[84] during which time the Biggin Hill wing claimed its 1000th victory, on 15 May. The following month, on 4 June, Deere's award of the Distinguished Service Order (DSO) was announced,[85] the published citation reading:

This officer has displayed exceptional qualities of skill which have played a large part in the successes of formations he has led. His fearlessness, tenacity and unswerving devotion to duty have inspired all with whom he has flown. Wing Commander Deere has destroyed 18 enemy aircraft.

— London Gazette, No. 36041, 4 June 1943.[86]

Later that month, Deere claimed a damaged Fw 190 during a melee with 50 German fighters as his wing escorted a bombing raid to France. On 23 June he claimed a Fw 190 as destroyed when he forced it into an unrecoverable spin when taking avoidance action over the Pas de Calais. At the start of July, No. 485 Squadron, which had mainly New Zealand flying personnel, joined the Biggin Hill wing.[87] It was commanded by Squadron Leader Johnny Checketts, who Deere had recommended for the post.[88] Checketts had to twice take over command of the wing as Deere encountered further reliability issues with his aircraft, having to turn back early on two occasions in early July. On 14 July, he shot down a Fw 190, claiming it as a probable.[89]

By late September 1943, Deere had become fatigued, not helped by a bout of dysentery.[90] He had lost a number of close friends in recent months; René Mouchotte, the commander of the Free French No. 341 Squadron, which was part of the Biggin Hill wing, had been killed in late August[91] and Checketts was shot down over France in early September although he was to make it back to England seven weeks later with the assistance of the French resistance.[90] Deere had an incident where he crashed his Spitfire during takeoff.[91] After Deere recovered from his illness, Malan took him off flying duties and placed him on leave.[92] During his time as commander of the Biggin Hill wing, he had flown on 42 operations and it had accounted for sixty destroyed enemy aircraft.[93][94]

While on leave, and in recognition of his leadership of the Biggin Hill wing when it escorted bombers of the Eighth Air Force, Deere was awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross by the United States.[92] On 21 October 1943 he was sent to RAF Sutton Bridge, where he was to be the chief instructor at the Fighter Wing of the Central Gunnery School. While he was there, he encountered Checketts, who had been placed in command of one of the squadrons there after his return from France. In November, he went to Buckingham Palace to be invested with the DSO that he had been awarded earlier in the year.[95]

Deere was given a staff role at the headquarters of No. 11 Group in March 1944, under Group Captain Cecil Bouchier. Shortly afterwards, he received the Croix de Guerre from the Free French forces; this was in recognition of his role in leading the French squadrons that were part of the Biggin Hill wing.[96] Then on 1 May 1944, at the request of the Chief of Staff of the Free French Air Force, Général de division (General) Martial Valin, Deere took command of No. 145 Wing, which comprised two French squadrons operating Spitfires. Part of the 2nd Tactical Air Force, the wing provided air cover over the beaches on D-Day.[97] Deere went with the wing to France when it began operating from continental Europe but in late July 1944, he was posted to the headquarters of No. 84 Group. He acted in a co-ordination role, moving with ground forces and calling in air strikes on ground targets.[98] When the war in Europe ended in May 1945, he was at Celle, in Germany, with a joint planning team.[99]

Deere was one of New Zealand's best known fighter pilots of the war, due his fighter ace status and the number of close encounters he experienced.[100][101] He had 22 confirmed victories, one of which was shared, 10 probables and 18 damaged. Of the several New Zealanders who achieved the status of a fighter ace, he was second only to Colin Gray.[102][103] However, recent research by aviation historians Christopher Shores and Clive Williams suggests that he actually destroyed 17 enemy aircraft, with a share in the destruction of one more, plus four probables and a share in another, and seven damaged with one shared.[102][104]