Harwich

Harwich /ˈhærɪ/ is a town in Essex, England and one of the Haven ports, located on the coast with the North Sea to the east. It is in the Tendring district. Nearby places include Felixstowe to the northeast, Ipswich to the northwest, Colchester to the southwest and Clacton-on-Sea to the south. It is the northernmost coastal town within Essex.

Harwich

Harwich in late-May 2004
Harwich
Location within Essex
Population17,684 (2011)[1]
OS grid referenceTM243313
District
Shire county
Region
CountryEngland
Sovereign stateUnited Kingdom
Post townHARWICH
Postcode districtCO12
Dialling code01255
PoliceEssex
FireEssex
AmbulanceEast of England
UK Parliament

Its position on the estuaries of the Stour and Orwell rivers and its usefulness to mariners as the only safe anchorage between the Thames and the Humber led to a long period of maritime significance, both civil and military. The town became a naval base in 1657 and was heavily fortified,[2] with Harwich Redoubt, Beacon Hill Battery, and Bath Side Battery.

Harwich is the likely launch point of the Mayflower which carried English Puritans to North America, and is the presumed birthplace of Mayflower captain Christopher Jones.

Harwich today is contiguous with Dovercourt and the two, along with Parkeston, are often referred to collectively as Harwich.

History

An 1804 chart of Harwich from a survey by Graeme Spence

The town's name means "military settlement", from Old English here-wic.[3]

The town received its charter in 1238, although there is evidence of earlier settlement – for example, a record of a chapel in 1177, and some indications of a possible Roman presence.

The town was the target of an abortive raid by French forces under Ayton Doria on 24 March 1339 during the Hundred Years' War.[4]

Because of its strategic position, Harwich was the target for the invasion of Britain by William of Orange on 11 November 1688. However, unfavourable winds forced his fleet to sail into the English Channel instead and eventually land at Torbay. Due to the involvement of the Schomberg family in the invasion, Charles Louis Schomberg was made Marquess of Harwich.

Writer Daniel Defoe devotes a few pages to the town in A tour thro' the Whole Island of Great Britain. Visiting in 1722, he noted its formidable fort and harbour "of a vast extent".[5] The town, he recounts, was also known for an unusual chalybeate spring rising on Beacon Hill (a promontory to the north-east of the town), which "petrified" clay, allowing it to be used to pave Harwich's streets and build its walls. The locals also claimed that "the same spring is said to turn wood into iron", but Defoe put this down to the presence of "copperas" in the water. Regarding the atmosphere of the town, he states: "Harwich is a town of hurry and business, not much of gaiety and pleasure; yet the inhabitants seem warm in their nests and some of them are very wealthy".[5]

Harwich played an important part in the Napoleonic and more especially the two world wars. Of particular note:

1793-1815—Post Office Station for communication with Europe, one of embarkation and evacuation bases for expeditions to Holland in 1799, 1809 and 1813/14; base for capturing enemy privateers. The dockyard built many ships for the Navy, including HMS Conqueror which captured the French Admiral Villeneuve at the Battle of Trafalgar. The Redoubt and the now-demolished Ordnance Building date from that era.

1914-18—base for the Royal Navy's Harwich Force light cruisers and destroyers under Commodore Tyrwhitt, and for British submarines. In November 1918 the German U-boat fleet surrendered to the Royal Navy in the harbour.

1939-1945—one of main East Coast minesweeping and destroyer bases, at one period base for British and French submarines; assembled fleets for Dutch and Dunkirk evacuations and follow-up to D-Day; unusually, a target for Italian bombers during the Battle of Britain.

Royal Naval Dockyard

Harwich Dockyard was established as a Royal Navy Dockyard in 1652. It ceased to operate as a Royal Dockyard in 1713 (though a Royal Navy presence was maintained until 1829). During the various wars with France and Holland, through to 1815, the dockyard was responsible for both building and repairing numerous warships. HMS Conqueror, a 74-gun ship completed in 1801, captured the French admiral Villeneuve at Trafalgar. The yard was then a semi-private concern, with the actual shipbuilding contracted to Joseph Graham, who was sometimes mayor of the town.[6] During World War II parts of Harwich were again requisitioned for naval use and ships were based at HMS Badger; Badger was decommissioned in 1946, but the Royal Naval Auxiliary Service maintained a headquarters on the site until 1992.[7]

Transport

Harwich 'Navyard' and Harwich seen from the river

The Royal Navy no longer has a presence in Harwich but Harwich International Port at nearby Parkeston continues to offer regular ferry services to the Hook of Holland (Hoek van Holland) in the Netherlands. Mann Lines operates a roll-on roll-off ferry service from Harwich Navyard to Bremerhaven, Cuxhaven, Paldiski and Turku. Many operations of the Port of Felixstowe and of Trinity House, the lighthouse authority, are managed from Harwich.

The Mayflower railway line serves Harwich and there are three operational passenger stations: Harwich International, Dovercourt and Harwich Town. The line also allows freight trains to access the Port.

The port is famous for the phrase "Harwich for the Continent", seen on road signs and in London & North Eastern Railway (LNER) advertisements.[8][9]

From 1924 to 1987 (with a break during the second world war), a train ferry service operated between Harwich and Zeebrugge. The train ferry linkspan still exists today and the rails leading from the former goods yard of Harwich Town railway station are still in position across the road, although the line is blocked by the Trinity House buoy store.

Lighthouses

Harwich High Lighthouse
Range rear
The Harwich High Lighthouse of 1818
LocationHarwich
Essex
England
Coordinates51.944468°N 1.288553°E / 51.944468; 1.288553
Year first constructed1665 (first)
Year first lit1818 (current)
Deactivated1863
Constructionbrick tower
Tower shapetapered enneagonal prism with light shown from the top window and tented roof[10]
Markings / patternunpainted tower
Tower height21 metres (69 ft)
ARLHS numberENG-093
Managing agentThe Harwich Society[11]

At least three pairs of lighthouses have been built over recent centuries as leading lights, to help guide vessels into Harwich. The earliest pair were wooden structures: the High Light stood on top of the old Town Gate, whilst the Low Light (featured in a painting by Constable) stood on the foreshore. Both were coal-fired.

In 1818 these were replaced by the two brick-built structures, which still stand today. The project was overseen by John Rennie, Senior; Rennie himself designed the Low Lighthouse, while the taller High Lighthouse was designed by Daniel Asher Alexander in a complementary style.[12] Each was lit using oil lamps and reflectors.[13] They were owned by General Rebow of Wivenhoe Park, who was able to charge 1d per ton on all cargo entering the port, for upkeep of the lights. In 1836 Rebow's lease on the lights was purchased by Trinity House.

In 1863 the Harwich lights were declared redundant due to a change the position of the channel used by ships entering and leaving the port, caused by shifting sands.[14] They were replaced by the pair of cast iron lights at nearby Dovercourt; these were decommissioned (again due to shifting of the channel) in 1917.

The two Harwich lighthouses can still be seen today (though they no longer function as lighthouses: one houses the town's maritime museum, the other was (in 2015) also being converted into a museum).[15] The two Dovercourt lights also remain in situ.

Architecture

The Halfpenny Pier

Despite, or perhaps because of, its small size Harwich is highly regarded in terms of architectural heritage, and the whole of the older part of the town, excluding Navyard Wharf, is a conservation area.[16]

The regular street plan with principal thoroughfares connected by numerous small alleys indicates the town's medieval origins, although many buildings of this period are hidden behind 18th century facades.

King's Head Street

The extant medieval structures are largely private homes. The house featured in the image of Kings Head St to the left is unique in the town and is an example of a sailmaker's house, thought to have been built circa 1600. Notable public buildings include the parish church of St. Nicholas (1821)[17] in a restrained Gothic style, with many original furnishings, including a somewhat altered organ in the west end gallery. There is also the Guildhall of 1769, the only Grade I listed building in Harwich.[18]

Pier Hotel

The Pier Hotel of 1860 and the building that was the Great Eastern Hotel of 1864 can both been seen on the quayside, both reflecting the town's new importance to travellers following the arrival of the Great Eastern Main Line from Colchester in 1854. In 1923, The Great Eastern Hotel was closed[19] by the newly formed LNER, as the Great Eastern Railway had opened a new hotel with the same name at the new passenger port at Parkeston Quay, causing a decline in numbers. The hotel became the Harwich Town Hall, which included the Magistrates Court and, following changes in local government, was sold and divided into apartments.

Also of interest are the High Lighthouse (1818), the unusual Treadwheel Crane (late 17th century), the Old Custom Houses on West Street, a number of Victorian shopfronts and the Electric Palace Cinema (1911), one of the oldest purpose-built cinemas to survive complete with its ornamental frontage and original projection room still intact and operational.

The Trinity House offices

There is little notable building from the later parts of the 20th century, but major recent additions include the lifeboat station and two new structures for Trinity House. The Trinity House office building, next door to the Old Custom Houses, was completed in 2005. All three additions are influenced by the high-tech style.

Notable residents

Harwich has also historically hosted a number of notable inhabitants, linked with Harwich's maritime past.[20]

Politicians

Sport

Harwich is home to Harwich & Parkeston F.C.; Harwich and Dovercourt RFC; Harwich Rangers FC; Sunday Shrimpers; Harwich & Dovercourt Sailing Club; Harwich, Dovercourt & Parkeston Swimming Club; Harwich & Dovercourt Rugby Union Football Club; Harwich & Dovercourt Cricket Club; and Harwich Runners who with support from Harwich Swimming Club host the annual Harwich Triathlons.

See also

Notes

  1. "Town population 2011". Retrieved 25 September 2015.
  2. Trollope, C., "The Defences of Harwich", Fort (Fortress Study Group), 1982, (10), pp5-31
  3. Adrian Room, Placenames of the World (2003), "Harwich". Retrieved 20 December 2010
  4. Sumption, Jonathan. Trial by Battle: The Hundred Years War, Vol. 1. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 978-0571200955.
  5. Daniel Defoe, A tour thro' the Whole Island of Great Britain (1724-1726) Available online here
  6. Foynes, Julian (2016). East Anglia Against the Tricolor. Poppyland Press.
  7. "www.harwichanddovercourt.co.uk".
  8. 'Harwich for the Continent', LNER poster
  9. 'Harwich for the Continent ', LNER poster, 1934
  10. High Lighthouse, Harwich British Listed Buildings. Retrieved May 2nd, 2016
  11. Harwich High The Lighthouse Directory. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Retrieved May 2nd, 2016
  12. "Harwich Low Lighthouse". Historic England. Retrieved 9 February 2021.
  13. "Lighthouse management : the report of the Royal Commissioners on Lights, Buoys, and Beacons, 1861, examined and refuted Vol. 2". pp. 75–76.
  14. "Harwich Society website". Archived from the original on 4 December 2015.
  15. "Local newspaper report".
  16. Harwich Society, 2008.
  17. UK Attraction: St. Nicholas Church.
  18. Harwich Society, 2008.
  19. Hughes, Geoffrey (1986). LNER. Shepperton: Ian Allan Ltd. p. 157. ISBN 0-7110-1428-0.
  20. "Vision of Britain". visionofbritain.org. Retrieved 27 March 2012.
  21. Captain Christopher Newport website, Biography retrieved January 2018
  22. The Harwich Society, archive, Christopher Jones and the Mayflower Expedition 1620-1621 retrieved January 2018
  23. Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900, Volume 52, Shearman, William retrieved January 2018
  24. Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900, Volume 20, Francillon, James retrieved January 2018
  25. Arthur Balfour's comments on Fryatt's execution, firstworldwar.com retrieved January 2018
  26. IMDb Database retrieved January 2018
  27. Geraldton Regional Library, archive, Randolph Stow - Writer retrieved January 2018
  28. IMDb Database retrieved January 2018
  29. IMDb Database retrieved January 2018
  30. The History of Parliament Trust, JACOB, John (1597-1666) retrieved January 2018
  31. The History of Parliament Trust, LUCKYN, Capel (1622-80) retrieved January 2018
  32. The History of Parliament Trust, PEPYS, Samuel (1633-1703) retrieved January 2018
  33. The History of Parliament Trust, DEANE, Sir Anthony (1633-1721) retrieved January 2018
  34. BBC News, 26 March 2012 retrieved January 2018
  35. East Anglian Daily Times, 20 July 2017, .....five new Deputy Lieutenants retrieved January 2018
  36. TheyWorkForYou website, Bernard Jenkin, MP, Harwich and North Essex retrieved January 2018
  37. TheyWorkForYou website, Andrew Murrison, MP, South West Wiltshire retrieved January 2018

References

  • Pevsner, Nikolaus; Radcliffe, Enid (2002). The Buildings of England: Essex. Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-09601-1.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.