Alexander White (Virginia politician)

White was elected as a member of the House of Burgesses in Williamsburg from 1772 to 1773, representing Hampshire County.[12][13][15] White served with Patrick Henry; Henry reportedly never cast his vote without first consulting with White.[2] White was an eloquent public speaker, and due to his Scottish Presbyterian background, he was strongly opposed to the colonial government's preferential support of the Church of England in Virginia.[2] Because of this stance, White presented a resolution before the House of Burgesses regarding the separation of church and state.[2] According to historians Hu Maxwell and Howard Llewellyn Swisher, White is the first man in what is now the United States to present a resolution to a legislature regarding the freedom of religion.[2]

During his tenure in the House of Burgesses, White served alongside James Mercer, who was also representing Hampshire County.[15] Following his term, White was succeeded by Joseph Neville.[15] Upon the convening of the first court of Berkeley County on May 19, 1772, White served as the King's attorney for the county.[16] White served one term in the House of Burgesses; he was then appointed the deputy King's attorney for the Colony of Virginia in 1773.[13]

While White did not engage in military service during the American Revolutionary War, he remained active in the practice of law in Winchester throughout the war's duration.[3][13] According to tradition, White facilitated the release of Quaker and Hessian civilian prisoners held by American Revolutionary patriots in a building in the southern part of Winchester.[14][17][18] The Quakers and Hessians were imprisoned under the suspicion of their perceived support of British forces.[14][17][18] The prisoners asked White to assist them with their release, and they paid him 100 Virginia pounds.[14][17][18] Following the British retreat from the Philadelphia campaign, White traveled to Philadelphia to negotiate with the "executive authority" concerning the prisoners' release to Pennsylvania, where public sentiment demanded their return.[17][18] White successfully secured their release upon the condition that they affirm that "they would henceforth live by their creed and be at peace with all men."[14][17]

From 1782 to 1786, White was elected annually and served in the Virginia House of Delegates, representing Frederick County, a multi-member electoral district, and began his first term one month after the Virginia General Assembly began its first legislative session. He served another term in the Virginia House of Delegates in 1788.[1][10][13][19]

In 1788, White participated in the Virginia Ratifying Convention, in which Virginia ratified the United States Constitution.[1][2][3][13] White is believed to have used the pseudonym "An Independent Freeholder" to author a series of essays written in support of the Constitution's ratification.[20][21] The essays were published in the January 18 and 25, 1788, issues of the Winchester Virginia Gazette newspaper.[20][21] White served two additional terms in the Virginia House of Delegates from 1799 to 1801, representing Berkeley County, where he owned a significant amount of land.[1][13][19]

White served two terms as the inaugural member to represent Virginia's 1st congressional district in the United States House of Representatives during the 1st United States Congress and the 2nd United States Congress (March 4, 1789 – March 3, 1793).[1][3][19] White was the first person residing in West Virginia to occupy a seat in the United States Congress.[16] During his tenure, White's congressional district spanned from Harpers Ferry to the Ohio River.[22] As he was previously known in the House of Burgesses, White was reportedly one of the more eloquently spoken members in the first Congress and was known for his "remarkable punctuality".[2][16]

White voted in favor of the Residence Act, the United States federal law that settled the question of locating the capital of the United States along the Potomac River in Maryland and Virginia.[23] Three days after the Residence Act became law, the United States House of Representatives agreed upon the Funding Act as part of the Compromise of 1790, to address the issue of funding domestic debt.[24] On August 9, 1790, the Funding Act became law.[24] White voted in support of the Funding Act; however, according to Thomas Jefferson, White's vote was the result of an argument that occurred at a dinner hosted by Jefferson, after which White and Richard Bland Lee changed their votes in favor of the Funding Act.[22][24] Jefferson stated that White reluctantly supported the bill "with a revulsion of stomach almost convulsive".[22][24] The votes of both White and Lee carried the Funding Act measure, making the enactment of the Residence Act possible.[25]

White was re-elected to his seat in 1791 after defeating his opponents, William Darke and General James Wood.[16][19] According to GovTrack, from May 1789 to March 1793, White missed 26 of 211 recorded votes (or 12.3%).[26] White's voting participation was higher than the median of 14.6% among the lifetime records of representatives serving in March 1793.[26] Following the adjournment of the 2nd United States Congress, and the completion of his term in 1793, White retired from public life and went to his estate, "Woodville", in Frederick County near Winchester.[2][13]

On May 18, 1795, White was appointed by United States President George Washington to serve as one of the three commissioners responsible for supervising the raising of funds, planning, design, and acquisition of property and the erection of public buildings in the city of Washington and the federal district.[1][13][23][27] White had been selected to replace Daniel Carroll on the board following Carroll's resignation.[23][27] While on the board, White was paid a salary of $1,600 per year for his services;[23] White continued to serve on the board until May 1, 1802, when it was abolished.[1] He concurrently served as one of the directors of the Potomac Company, which made improvements to the Potomac River and improved its navigability for commerce.[23]