August 1901

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The following events occurred in August 1901:

August 6, 1901: Scott leads RRS Discovery on the British Antarctic Expedition
August 15, 1901: SS Islander sinks in Alaskan waters
August 11, 1901: Drygalski leads the Gauss on the German Antarctic Expedition
August 3, 1901: World's fastest ship, HMS Viper, wrecked
August 14, 1901: The alleged flight of the Condor 21

August 1, 1901 (Thursday)
  • Voters in Maryland approved a constitutional change that disenfranchised most African-American voters.[1]
  • W. F. Wright, a farmer and a former official with the Nebraska Department of Agriculture, ended his experiment at bring a rainfall by firing cannons at a clear sky after two days.[2] Starting the previous afternoon, Wright and his assistants lined up 24 mortars at his farm near Lincoln, Nebraska, loaded them with gunpowder, and fired them once a minute until his supply of several thousand pounds of gunpowder was exhausted, to test Wright's own theory of "special vibration".[3] Wright explained his theory that clouds were not formed from evaporation of water and that hydrogen and oxygen in the atmosphere could only combine to form water if "outside force is brought to bear upon them", and that the force was atmospheric electricity. The concussion from firing a cannon, Wright told reporters, created friction that would produce the atmospheric electricity necessary to form water.[4] The next day, the area around Lincoln steadily cooled off and temperatures dropped 41 degrees over a period of 38 hours, and on August 3, heavy rain came down "throughout the northern portion of Nebraska, southern South Dakota and the northern portion of Iowa",[5] and Wright declared that he had been the person responsible.[6][7]
  • Born: Francisco Guilledo, Filipino professional boxer who competed under the name "Pancho Villa" and was the one time world flyweight boxing champion; in Ilog, Negros Occidental (d. 1925)

August 2, 1901 (Friday)

August 3, 1901 (Saturday)

August 4, 1901 (Sunday)
  • Prime Minister Katsura Tarō of Japan convened a secret meeting of the genrō, the empire's group of elder statesmen, and discussed an alliance with the British Empire. Former Prime Minister Itō Hirobumi, who had advocated an alliance with the Russian Empire as a means of averting the conflict over the control of the Korean peninsula, agreed with the rest of the elders that an alliance with Britain would be in Japan's best interests.[14] and volunteered to prepare a draft proposal for negotiating with the British.[15] With the possibility of an agreement with Russia no longer under consideration, relations between the Japanese and Russian Empires would continue to deteriorate and the two would go to war within two and a half years.
  • Born: Louis Armstrong, American jazz musician, in New Orleans (d. 1971) During his lifetime, Louis Armstrong believed that he had been born on July 4, 1900. In 1988, seventeen years after Armstrong's death, however, biographer Gary Giddins located the record of the musician's 1901 baptism at the Sacred Heart of Jesus Church and found the true birthdate.[16][17]

August 5, 1901 (Monday)
  • Peter O'Connor of Ireland set a new world record for the long jump, leaping almost 25 feet to 24'11¾" and gaining recognition from the International Association of Athletics Federations. O'Connor's mark would stand for 20 years.
  • King Edward VII and Queen Alexandra came aboard RRS Discovery on the eve of its departure. Dr. Edward Wilson, the ship's surgeon, noted in his diary that "The King shook hands with us all round when he came on board, and again when he left. The Queen also. The King gave the Victorian Order of the Fourth Class to Captain Scott before leaving, having with great difficulty fished it out of his tail-coat pocket, which was a long way round on the wrong side of his stout figure." [18]
  • Robbers dug a tunnel underneath the vault of the Selby Smelting and Lead Company in Vallejo, California, and escaped with 1,200 pounds of gold, worth $280,000 at the time.[19] The equivalent of $280,000 in 2016 would be over $7.5 million, but at more than $1,300 for an ounce of gold in 2016, the value of the haul would be more than $25 million. Most of the loot would be recovered four days later after a former employee confessed to the crime and led investigators to the hiding place.[20]
  • Died: Victoria, Empress of Germany, 60, the daughter of Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom, sister of King Edward VII, wife of Kaiser Friedrich III, and the mother of Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany.[21]

August 6, 1901 (Tuesday)
  • Captain Robert Falcon Scott of the Royal Navy and the research ship RRS Discovery, set sail from the port of Cowes on the Isle of Wight and departed the United Kingdom to start the British National Antarctic Expedition. Besides Scott, the Discovery carried with it five scientists, eleven other Royal Navy officers, and a 36-man crew.[22] The ship would reach Antarctica on January 8, and anchor at McMurdo Sound on February 3.[23]
  • The Monacan steam yacht Princess Alice II, owned by Prince Albert of Monaco and loaned out by him for scientific exploration, set a record for the greatest depth, up that time, at which bottom trawling had ever taken place, collecting plankton and other undersea life at a depth of 6,035 meters (19,800 ft), at a location southwest of the Cape Verde Islands. The depth would not be exceeded until 1947, when the Swedish vessel Albatross trawled in the Puerto Rico Trench.[24]
  • The town of Lawton, Oklahoma, came into being as the United States Land Office began auctioning lots divided from a 320-acre townsite located near the U.S. Army's Fort Sill. The auction "drew an overnight population of ten thousand. Mostly it was made up of men, with their families, who had failed to secure 160-acre homesteads in the lottery of August 1 and came to the townsite in the hope of bidding successfully at the sale of lots. By August 3, in anticipation of the sale, four hundred temporary business structures, nearly all tents, had been raised; a newspaper, the Lawton State Democrat, was being printed; and three streets had been laid out." [25][26]

August 7, 1901 (Wednesday)
Kitchener
Barton
  • Field Marshal Herbert Kitchener of the British Army issued a proclamation giving all Boer soldiers until September 15 to surrender, or to be exiled permanently from South Africa if captured and to have their property confiscated at war's end.[27] "He was disappointed that it had no effect," an historian would write later, "for he was anxious to leave South Africa so that he could take up the post of Commander-in-Chief in India, an office that he had been promised by the Viceroy, Lord Curzon." [28][29]
  • Prime Minister Edmund Barton introduced the Immigration Restriction Act 1901 into the Australian House of Representatives as the Federation's first legislation to further the "White Australia policy". Barton informed his fellow MPs "We are guarding the last part of the world in which the higher races can live and increase freely for the higher civilization. I place before the House a measure of definite and high policy." [30]
  • Within Britain's Uganda Protectorate, the Uganda Agreement of 1900 was ratified by the Kingdom of Ankole and its King, the Omugabe Kahaya II. The pact outlined Ankole's boundaries within southwest Uganda and defined British jurisdiction over its relations with the other kingdoms.[31]
  • The British House of Commons enacted an amendment to its cloture rule, reducing the number of votes necessary to end a filibuster against legislation. The rule was used the next day for the first time.[1]
  • The U.S. Navy gunboat Machias was dispatched to Colon on the isthmus of Panama, at that time still part of Colombia, in order to be on standby during the war between Colombia and Venezuela.[32]
  • The White Star ocean liner RMS Oceanic rammed and sank an Irish freight ship, the Kincorn off of the coast of Tuskar Rock in Ireland. Seven of the Kincorn crew were drowned as the steamship went down, while 14 others were rescued.[33]
  • Future Baseball Hall of Fame inductee and Milwaukee Brewers manager Hugh Duffy punched an American League umpire, Al Mannassau, in the jaw after Mannassau's controversial call led to the team's 5–4 loss to the Cleveland Bluebirds. In the final inning, Milwaukee had a 4–3 lead in the final inning when Cleveland's Jack Bracken (who was playing his first major league game) hit the ball deep into left field along the foul line. Duffy thought the ball was foul, and Mannassau ruled that it was safe, allowing two runs to come in and ending the game.[34] Despite the magnitude of his offense, Duffy was suspended for 12 days rather than being banned for life from the American League, and would go on to a long career.[35]
  • Born: Ann Harding, American stage and film actress, as Dorothy Walton Gatley at Fort Sam Houston near San Antonio, Texas (d. 1981)
  • Died:

August 8, 1901 (Thursday)
  • Alberto Santos-Dumont was nearly killed on his third attempt at flying a dirigible around the Eiffel Tower to win the Deutsch Prize 100,000 French francs. As before, his task was to depart the Longchamp Racecourse, fly to the Tower and circle it three times, then return to his starting point in less than half an hour. Departing at 6:12 in the morning, he reached the Tower and completed the circuits within nine minutes, but then lost control of the airship on his way back. The balloon deflated, and several of the wires connecting the framework and Santos-Dumont were severed by the turning screw that propelled the ship forward, sending the Brazilian-born aviator skimming over rooftops before wrecking on the roof of the Exposition Trocadro hotel. A team of firemen rescued him after the frame became wedged between two buildings.[36][37] Asked what he would do now that his airship was wrecked, Santos-Dumont reportedly said, "Why begin again, of course. One has to have patience." [38]
  • Born: Ernest Lawrence, American physicist and 1939 Nobel Prize laureate for his invention of the cyclotron; in Canton, South Dakota (d. 1958)
  • Died:

August 9, 1901 (Friday)
  • U.S. President William McKinley made arrangements to attend the Pan-American Exposition in Buffalo, New York on September 5, after meeting at his summer home in Canton, Ohio with the president and the director of the exposition, who designated the 5th as "President's Day". The original plan was for the presidential party to visit the event, then to "spend a day at Niagara Falls before returning to Cleveland" to attend an encampment of American Civil War veterans, the Grand Army of the Republic.[40] Instead of returning home, however, the President would visit the Pan-American event a second day, and would be fatally wounded by on September 6.
  • The city of Rantoul, Illinois, which would later serve the nearby Chanute Air Force Base, was destroyed by a fire that had been ignited by an Illinois Central Railroad train passing through downtown. Hot cinders from the locomotive set fire to the contents of a grain elevator during a heat wave and drought, and strong winds spread the blaze through the business district, destroying 54 businesses and nine homes, at an estimated loss of $314,000 (equivalent to $8.4 million).[41][42]

August 10, 1901 (Saturday)
  • Members of the Amalgamated Association of Iron, Steel, and Tin Workers began a strike against United States Steel Corporation after failing to reach a settlement of their demands, and 14,000 employees walked off of the job.[43][44]
  • King Edward VII and Queen Alexandra departed the United Kingdom for six weeks, sailing to Germany, sailing on the yacht Victoria to attend the memorial service for the King's sister at Kronberg.[45]
  • The U.S. Department of Agriculture announced that the drought of summer had destroyed at least half of the American corn crop for the year, a greater loss than the USDA had anticipated.[46] Nationwide, food prices showed an unprecedented increase from the year before, with potatoes and corn more than doubled; tomatoes and onions tripled; and a sixfold increase in the price of peas, carrots, beets, cucumbers and radishes. Meat prices increased between 35 and 60 percent, as did many fruits, but the price of apples had tripled.[47]
  • Following his celebrated return visit to the United Kingdom, British colonial administrator Alfred Milner departed on a 17-day voyage back to South Africa, to begin his work as the Governor of the new Orange River Colony and Transvaal Colony.[48]
  • The "Moberly–Jourdain incident" gave rise to one of the more famous "ghost stories" of the early 20th Century, which Charlotte Anne Moberly and Eleanor Jourdain would recount a decade later in their bestselling book An Adventure. Both of them were administrators at St Hugh's College, Oxford, a women's college associated with the University of Oxford. While in France visiting the Palace of Versailles, they walked into the Petit Trianon, a château on the grounds of the former French royal palace. According to the 1911 book, they not only saw the ghost of Marie Antoinette (who had been arrested at that location on August 10, 1792), but her companions as well.[49] After researching the era, they would conclude that they had witnessed the area as it had looked exactly 109 years earlier, by experiencing the memories that two different people had had in 1792, with Jourdain seeing from the point of view of the doomed Queen of France, and Moberly watching through the eyes of one of the Queen's escorts.[50][51][52]
  • France withdrew all of its forces from China, with the exception of the legation guard that protected the French diplomatic mission in Beijing.[53]
  • Born: Franco Dino Rasetti, Italian scientist (died 2001)

August 11, 1901 (Sunday)
  • The German Antarctic Expedition, led by Professor Erich von Drygalski began with the departure of the ship Gauss from Kiel. Guided by Captain Hans Ruser, the ship had a crew of five officers, 27 crew, and the Drygalski's five-member team.[54] After reaching the previously-unexplored area of Antarctica between 60° E and 100° E, the ship would come within 46 miles of the coast of what Drygalski would claim for Germany as Kaiser Wilhelm II Land, but would be trapped in an icefield on February 22, 1902, and be unable to depart for 14 months. After getting free, the Gauss would successfully return to Kiel on November 24, 1903.[55]
  • Venezuela and Colombia severed diplomatic relations following the second of two invasions from Colombia by Venezuelan exiles. Colombia authorized the American chargé d'affaires in Caracas to act on its behalf.[1]

August 12, 1901 (Monday)
  • Cotton manufacturers in Fall River, Massachusetts, voted unanimously to enact a 14% cut in wages, effective September 3.[1]
  • Two men became the first persons to take an automobile to the summit of Pikes Peak. Driver William B. Felker, Jr. and mechanic Charles A. Yont took a steam-powered Locomobile along a treacherous road used for horse-drawn carriages, an found the descent even more dangerous. No other attempt to ascend Pikes Peak until nearly 12 years later.[56]
  • Born: Robert Francis, American poet, in Upland, Pennsylvania (d. 1987)
  • Died:

August 13, 1901 (Tuesday)
Jolly Jane Toppan
  • Serial killer Jane Toppan claimed her last victim, with the death of Minnie Davis Gibbs. During the summer of 1901, the nurse nicknamed "Jolly Jane" because of her cheerful disposition had come to work for the Davis family in Boston, and within the space of six weeks, Minnie's mother, father and two sisters had passed away.[57] When Minnie died, the cause of death was listed as "exhaustion", blamed on her grief from losing her family, but her father-in-law was suspicious and sought the help of Dr. Edward S. Wood of Harvard University's College of Medicine.[58] Minnie's body would be exhumed for an autopsy, which would show high levels of arsenic, morphine and atropine, and Toppan would be arrested on October 29.[59]

August 14, 1901 (Wednesday)
  • German-born American aviator Gustave Whitehead drove the Condor 21 along a road in Bridgeport, Connecticut, pulled its canvassed wings taut, and flew for fifty feet, banked sharply to avoid hitting a stand of chestnut trees, and continued "through the air for more than a mile" before landing again, according to his own account and that of a reporter for the Bridgeport Herald. However, no photograph was ever taken of the Condor 21 in flight, nor of even longer flights that the newspaper reported to have been made in the two years before the Wright Brothers flew at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina.[60] Reproductions of the Condor, constructed from Whitehead's blueprints, would be flown in 1986 and in 1997.[61] More than 35 years after the event, on April 2, 1937, one of the persons identified as a Whitehead assistant in the Herald articles, James Dickie, would write, "I believe the entire story in the Herald was imaginary, and grew out of comments of Whitehead in discussing what he hoped to get from his plane. I was not present and did not witness any airplane flight on August 14, 1901." [62][63]
  • Russia declared its right of suzerainty over the Chinese port of Nuzhuang (now Yingkou).[1]
Clara Maass
  • In Havana, American nurse Clara Maass, who had already survived allowing herself to be bitten by an infected mosquito on June 24 for the cause of discovering a vaccine against yellow fever, volunteered for the experiment a second time, "hoping to prove that her earlier case of yellow fer had immunized her against the disease." [64] Instead, she would become even more severely ill, and die ten days later. The Las Animas Hospital would be renamed in her honor, and she would be honored decades later as a martyr to the cause of medicine, on postage stamps issued in Cuba in 1951, and in the United States in 1979.
  • Born:

August 15, 1901 (Thursday)

August 16, 1901 (Friday)
  • The population of Canada was announced as 5,338,883 people, an increase of ten percent in the previous decade.[69]

August 17, 1901 (Saturday)

August 18, 1901 (Sunday)
  • The murder of Gisella Wild, a 24-year old white woman in Pierce City, Missouri, triggered a riot by white residents who banded together as a mob, invaded the black section of the segregated town, burned and looted houses, and ordered all the African-American residents (between 200 and 300) to leave by train and never return, or risk being killed. Other rural towns and counties in southwestern Missouri would follow Pierce City's example, including neighboring Barry County, Monett and Neosho. Stroud, Oklahoma followed the Pierce City example two weeks later. Miss Wild's murderer was never convicted, but one black suspect was taken from jail by the mob and lynched, while another was tried and acquitted, and two others were released without being indicted.[73][74][75] The 2010 census for Pierce City would show two African-American residents (0.22%) among its population of 1,292 people.[76] Disgusted by the mob mentality in his home state of Missouri, author Mark Twain would write an essay, "The United States of Lyncherdom", commenting on "man's commonest weakness, his aversion to being unpleasantly conspicuous, pointed at, shunned, as being on the unpopular side. Its other name is Moral Cowardice, and is the commanding feature of the make-up of 9,999 men in the 10,000." He added that in the case of a lynching, most of the vast majority of people were "right-hearted and compassionate, and would be cruelly pained by such a spectacle— and would attend it, and let on to be pleased with it, if the public approval seemed to require it." [77]
  • Born:
  • Died: Edmond Audran, 59, French composer

August 19, 1901 (Monday)

August 20, 1901 (Tuesday)
"Umpire" Al Orth
  • In the years when only one umpire was provided for a major league baseball game, it wasn't unusual for players not in the lineup to handle the officiating if the regular umpire failed to show up, in which case the procedure was for the opposing managers to select each select a player to handle officiating duties. Al Orth of the Philadelphia Phillies earned the distinction of umpiring and playing in the same game, when he was put in as a pinch hitter in the ninth inning, and hit a single to drive in a run in a 3–2 loss to the Brooklyn Dodgers.[81] Orth's feat would later be described as "the first instance on record where an umpire was called to bat to win a game." [82]
  • The battleship USS Iowa was dispatched to the Pacific coast of the Isthmus of Panama as the third U.S. Navy ship to monitor fighting between Colombia and Venezuela.[80]
  • The constitutional convention of Alabama closed, with authorization for new laws disenfranchising African-American voters.[80]
  • Born: Salvatore Quasimodo, Italian writer, Nobel Prize laureate (died 1968)

August 21, 1901 (Wednesday)
  • Five hundred and nine American schoolteachers (368 men and 141 women) [83] arrived in Manila after being recruited to teach throughout the U.S. territory of the Philippines as employees of the Department of Public Instruction.[84] Teaching Filipino students in English, preparing many of them for the prospect of attending college in the United States, and instructing all children in the American way of life, the new teachers and their successors would become known as "the Thomasites" because the 509 had arrived on the United States Army transport ship USAT Thomas.[85][86]
  • Representatives from Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Norway, Sweden and the United Kingdom met in Copenhagen and founded the International Federation of Trade Unions (IFTU), the oldest international organization of labor unions, originally called the International Secretariat of National Trade Union Centres.[87]
  • Gus Weyhing, the last major league baseball pitcher who refused to wear a baseball glove while on the mound [88] pitched his final game, making his first (and last) appearance for the Cincinnati Reds in a 9–1 loss to the Chicago Cubs.[89]
  • France and the Ottoman Empire severed diplomatic relations after the French Ambassador said that the Ottoman Sultan had broken his promise to settle disputed French claims.[90] The French cruiser '"Cussard was dispatched to get Ambassador J.A.E. Constans, who would depart Constantinople on August 26.
  • U.S. President William McKinley issued a proclamation inviting "all the Nations of the Earth" to participate in the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, scheduled to be held in St. Louis starting May 1, 1903, encouraging them to send exhibits "as will most fitly illustrate their resources, their industries and their progress in civilization." [91]
  • Died: Adolf Eugen Fick, German-born physician and physiologist (born 1829)

August 22, 1901 (Thursday)
  • Wilbur Wright and Orville Wright departed from Kitty Hawk, North Carolina after the failure of their experiments with a glider that could be adapted to become a heavier-than-air flying machine. Their design for a wing provided only one-third of the lift that they had predicted from their calculations. Wilbur would recount later that on the train back to Dayton, Ohio, he told Orville, "Not within a thousand years will man ever fly!" [92] Upon their arrival, however, they concluded that the problem lay in the data gathered by Otto Lilienthal and John Smeaton was incorrect and "they decided to recheck all the earlier data, taking nothing as proven until they proved it themselves." [93]

August 23, 1901 (Friday)
Morant
  • Reverend Daniel Heese, a German missionary assigned by the Basel Missionary Society, was shot to death along with a young black child, on orders of Lt. Harry "Breaker" Morant of the Bushveldt Carbineers, an Australian infantry division fighting on the British side of the Second Boer War. Heese had been working along with British missionaries in evangelical activities, and he and the child had been the only surviving witnesses to the Carbineers' murder the day before of four Boer schoolteachers and four Afrikaner soldiers. The missionary's murder would expose the atrocities that had been committed by British forces against civilians during the Boer War. Morant and Lt. Peter Handcock would be convicted of numerous murders in their court martial, and executed on February 27, 1902.[94]
Fawcett
  • Led by Millicent Fawcett, the "Ladies' Commission" appointed by the British government began its inspection tour of the civilian internment camps set up in South Africa by the British Army during the Boer War, starting with the one at Vryburg. On the first camp on the list, they noted that the majority of the 458 internees were living in tents without beds and that there was no school for the children, but concluded that the food and fuel rations were adequate, and advised the superintendent.[95]
  • Born:
    • John Sherman Cooper, U.S. Senator for Kentucky between 1946 and 1973, first United States Ambassador to East Germany (1974 to 1976) and member of the Warren Commission; in Somerset, Kentucky (d. 1991)
    • Karl Bechert, German theoretical physicist and political activist, in Nuremberg (d. 1981)

August 24, 1901 (Saturday)
  • A war between the Ottoman Empire and the British Empire seemed imminent after the Ottoman gunboat Zuhaf was turned back by a British warship as it attempted to enter the harbor of Kuwait City. Concerned that the Ottomans would attempt to take the port, the British government ordered the Royal Navy to prevent any Ottoman soldiers from debarking. The captain of the British ship warned the Zuhaf captain that any attempt to land men or supplies at Kuwait would be resisted by force, and the Ottoman captain misunderstood and telegraphed a report to Istanbul that Britain had conquered the Kuwaiti emirate as a colony. The German Empire, alarmed over the perceived change of the balance of power in the Middle East, would join the Ottomans in accusing the British Foreign Office of reneging on its previous pledges. In clearing up the misunderstanding the powers would come to a new agreement that Britain would permit the Kuwait's right to self-rule (suzerainty) but not to the extent that Kuwait would have control over its foreign relations (sovereignty).[96]
  • Died: Clara Maass, 25, American nurse who sacrificed her life in an attempt to contribute to a cure for yellow fever.[97]

August 25, 1901 (Sunday)
  • The diplomatic crisis between France and the Ottoman Empire appeared settled when the Turkish government agreed to pay 700,000 French francs (equivalent to 150,000 American dollars) to the Quays Company of France as compensation for a breach of contract.[98] Two days later, however, came word that Sultan had changed his mind, and Ambassador Costans left Constantinople, while Turkey's Ambassador to France, Munir Bey, was sent a request by the French Foreign Ministry to not return to Paris.[99]
  • Born:

August 26, 1901 (Monday)
American version

August 27, 1901 (Tuesday)
  • In the Congo Free State, a column of Belgian and Congolese soldiers invaded the Kasai region, where the Batetela tribesmen and their leader, King Kabongo, had been conducting raids against the Luba people for the previous four years. The two sides, both armed with rifles, fought a pitched battle at the village of Kakipango, and the Belgians defeated the Batetela, although small groups would continue to make sporadic raids for another ten years.[102]

August 28, 1901 (Wednesday)
  • Twenty-four people were killed when a boiler on board the steamer City of Trenton exploded. The ship was racing up the Delaware River toward Philadelphia with 150 passengers on board, and was ten minutes behind schedule when the ship's captain ordered it to move full steam. Reports the next day speculated that Captain Worrell had been attempting to catch up to the Twilight, a steamer from a rival company, which began speeding up as the Trenton approached it. At about 2:00 in the afternoon, the explosion of the port side boiler caused the ship to list and threw passengers from upper decks into the river, while others were scalded by clouds of escaping steam.[103][104] The final death toll was reported on September 4 to be 24.[105]
  • Silliman University, the first American private school in the Philippines, was founded by Presbyterian missionaries David Sutherland Hibbard and his wife, Laura Crooks Hibbard, as the Silliman Institute, a primary school for Filipino boys, with money given by a New York City philanthropist, Dr. Horace Silliman. It would become a university in 1938.[106][107]
  • Voters in Los Angeles approved a bond issue to purchase the privately owned Los Angeles Water Company.[108] The final vote was 6,284 in favor, 1,267 against, well above the necessary two-thirds majority required to allow the city to borrow two million dollars for the purchase.[109] Control of the distribution of water would help the city of 103,000 people triple in size by 1910, and surpass one million residents by the end of the 1920s.[110]
  • Born::
  • Died::
    • Zina Huntington Young, 80, Mormon religious leader who had been President of the Church's women's auxiliary, the Relief Society, since 1888. Mrs. Young had been married to the Church's first President, Joseph Smith, until his death in 1844, and to its second President, Brigham Young, until he died in 1877.

August 29, 1901 (Thursday)
  • The British concentration camp at Standerton, in South Africa, became the first to be completely enclosed by barbed wire fences. With 3,329 inmates occupying 550 tents, the camp was surrounded by two rows of fences, by order of the British superintendent, Frank Winfield, who had ordered the inmates to erect the enclosure. On August 11, a party of Boer soldiers had raided the camp and stolen 157 cattle, and the ostensible purpose was to keep in the livestock and keep the enemy from making further raids. However, as author Reviel Netz would note later, this was "a new phenomenon: a human settlement whose boundaries are defined by barbed wire... while raised to prevent motion of Boer men from outside the camp to its inside, the fence immediately served also to prevent the motion of Boer women inside the camp to its outside. They were no longer under curfew; they were now imprisoned." [111]
  • The German passenger liner SS Deutschland set a new record for the fast crossing of the Atlantic Ocean, steaming into Lower New York Bay at 1:20 in the morning, only 5 days, 12 hours and 5 minutes after its departure from Liverpool on Friday evening, August 23. The new mark was 24 minutes faster than the previous record, set by the Deutschland on September 1, 1900.[112]

August 30, 1901 (Friday)
  • British inventor Hubert Cecil Booth patented the first motorized vacuum cleaner, after concluding that if a motor could blow air to disperse dust, it could also be reversed to suck dust into a container. Booth originally used his invention as part of his cleaning service "using a large horse-drawn, petrol-driven unit, which was parked outside the building to be cleaned, with hoses stretching through the windows." [113]
  • Commanded by Eduard Toll, the Russian Polar Expedition resumed after the ship Zarya was able to free itself from the ice of the Kara Sea, outside of Nansen Island, located at a latitude of 76°'30" N.[114]
  • Thirty-six workers who were riding on the Great Northern Railroad through Montana were killed when freight cars from one train crashed into the one on which they were riding.[115] According to reports at the scene, a line of 18 railcars broke loose from a freight train that was climbing a grade near Essex, Montana, and headed downhill toward the station at Nyack, colliding with Great Northern's Passenger Train No. 3 at almost 9:00 in the evening.[116]
  • Born:

August 31, 1901 (Saturday)
  • Leon Czolgosz, a 28-year old former millworker from northern Ohio, arrived in Buffalo, New York by train from Chicago, after learning that President William McKinley was going to be visiting the Pan-American Exposition September 5. Czolgosz rented a hotel room above John Nowak's Saloon at 1078 Broadway Street at the corner of Broadway and Loepere, and perfected his plan to shoot the President.[117][118][119]

References
  1. The American Monthly Review of Reviews (September 1901) pp283-286
  2. "Bombardment of Sky Fails to Bring Rain, But Keeps Up", Chicago Daily Tribune, August 2, 1901, p2
  3. "Bombards Sky with Mortars to Get Rain in Nebraska", Chicago Daily Tribune, August 1, 1901, p5
  4. "Goes Gunning for Rain— W. F. Wright Opens up his Battery of Mortars, Nebraska State Journal (Lincoln NE), August 1, 1901, p2
  5. "Heavy Rain in the West— Relief Comes for Crops in Nebraska, South Dakota and Iowa", Philadelphia Times, August 4, 1901, p2
  6. "Did Rainmaker Do It?— Whether or Not, Nebraska Got a Wetting", Saint Paul (MN) Globe, August 4, 1901, p1
  7. "'Rainmaker' Claims All the Credit", Des Moines Register, August 4, 1901, p5
  8. Select Documents Relating to the Unification of South Africa, Arthur Percival Newton, ed. (Routledge, 2013) p190
  9. John Boje, An Imperfect Occupation: Enduring the South African War (University of Illinois Press, 2015) p86
  10. Eric W. Osborne, Destroyers: An Illustrated History of Their Impact (ABC-CLIO, 2005) p37
  11. "Viper Sinks in Mimic Battle— British Torpedo Boat Destroyer Wrecked Off Alderney During Fleet Maneuvers", Chicago Daily Tribune, August 5, 1901, p1
  12. W.G.S Scaife, From Galaxies to Turbines: Science, Technology and the Parsons Family (CRC Press, 1999) p338
  13. Robert W. Sandford, Ecology & Wonder in the Canadian Rocky Mountain Parks World Heritage Site (Athabasca University Press, 2010) p61
  14. Haru Matsukata Reischauer, Samurai and Silk: A Japanese and American Heritage (Harvard University Press, 1986) p131
  15. Steven J. Ericson and Allen Hockley, The Treaty of Portsmouth and Its Legacies (University Press of New England, 2008) p29
  16. Terry Teachout, Pops: A Life of Louis Armstrong (Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2009)
  17. Dan Rather and Walter Isaacson, People of the Century: One Hundred Men and Women Who Shaped the Last One Hundred Years (Simon & Schuster, 1999), p204
  18. Ann Savours, The Voyages of the Discovery: An Illustrated History of Scott's Ship (Seaforth Publishing, 2013) p18
  19. "Robbers Secure $280,000 in Gold", Chicago Daily Tribune, August 7, 1901, p1
  20. "Stolen Gold Is Found", Chicago Sunday Tribune, August 11, 1901, p2
  21. "Kaiser's Mother Dies at Cronberg— Dowager Empress Frederick Passes Away After Long Period of Suffering", Chicago Daily Tribune, August 6, 1901, p2
  22. "Scott, Robert Falcon", in Historical Dictionary of the British Empire, by Kenneth J. Panto (Rowman & Littlefield, 2015) p465
  23. Satya S. Sharma, Breaking the Ice in Antarctica: The First Indian Wintering in Antarctica (New Age International, 2001) p19
  24. Gilbert T. Rowe, Deep-Sea Biology (Harvard University Press, 2005) p50
  25. The WPA Guide to Oklahoma: The Sooner State (Federal Writers Project, 1939; reprinted by Trinity University Press, 2013) pp142-143
  26. "Town of Lawton Springs from Prairie in a Night", Chicago Daily Tribune, August 3, 1901, p1
  27. John Boje, An Imperfect Occupation: Enduring the South African War (University of Illinois Press, 2015) p30
  28. Christopher Wilkinson-Latham, The Boer War (Bloomsbury Publishing, 2012)
  29. "Threat of Exile for Boer Chiefs— All Who Do Not Surrender Before Sept. 15 Will Be Banished", Chicago Daily Tribune, August 10, 1901, p4
  30. Laura Tingle, Great Expectations: Government, Entitlement and an Angry Nation (Black Inc., 2013)
  31. Amii Omara-Otunnu, Politics and the Military in Uganda, 1890–1985 (Springer, 1987) p27
  32. "Hurry Gunboat to the Isthmus", Chicago Daily Tribune, August 8, 1901, p1
  33. "Oceanic Sinks Irish Steamer, Chicago Daily Tribune, August 9, 1901, p1
  34. "Manager Duffy Strikes Umpire", Chicago Daily Tribune, August 8, 1901, p4
  35. "Hugh Duffy", in The New Biographical History of Baseball, by Donald Dewey and Nicholas Acocella (Triumph Books, 2002)
  36. "Bad Wreck Stops Airship's Test— Santos-Dumont Has Narrow Escape from Death on the Housetops of Paris", Chicago Daily Tribune, August 9, 1901, p1
  37. Illustration, Chicago Daily Tribune, August 20, 1901, p5
  38. Ray Stannard Baker, et al., Modern Inventions and Discoveries (J. A. Hill and Company, 1904) pp70-71
  39. "Seneca Indian Chief Is Killed in Ugly Fight", August 9, 1901, p1
  40. "M'Kinley to Visit Exposition— Chief Executive Sets Date of 'President's Day' at Pan-American for Sept. 5", Chicago Daily Tribune, August 10, 1901, p1
  41. Mark D. Hanson, Rantoul and Chanute Air Force Base (Arcadia Publishing, 2011) p8
  42. "Town Hard Hit by Fire— Rantoul, Ill., Loses Every Business House but One", Chicago Daily Tribune, August 10, 1901, p2
  43. "Order out for All to Strike", Chicago Daily Tribune, August 7, 1901, p1
  44. "Strike Order Is in Full Effect", Chicago Sunday Tribune, August 11, 1901, p1
  45. "King Goes to Germany", Chicago Daily Tribune, August 10, 1901, p1
  46. "Half of Corn Crop Is Lost", Chicago Sunday Tribune, August 11, 1901, p1
  47. "Record Prices for Food", Chicago Sunday Tribune, August 11, 1901, p1
  48. J. Lee Thompson, A Wider Patriotism: Alfred Milner and the British Empire (Routledge, 2015) p69
  49. Antonia Fraser, Marie Antoinette: The Journey (Knopf Doubleday, 2002) p448
  50. Russell Breighner, Memory, Fear and Ghosts: A Scientific Analysis of Ghost Stories
  51. Juanita Rose Violini, Almanac of the Infamous, the Incredible, and the Ignored (Weiser Books, 2009) pp171-172
  52. An adventure, with appendix and maps, by C.A.E. Moberly and Eleanor F. Jourdain (Macmillan, 1913)
  53. "French Troops Leave Pekin", Chicago Sunday Tribune, August 11, 1901, p1
  54. "Gauss Expedition", in Antarctica and the Arctic Circle: A Geographic Encyclopedia of the Earth's Polar Regions, Andrew J. Hund, ed. (ABC-CLIO, 2014) p298
  55. Peter FitzSimons, Mawson and the Ice Men of the Heroic Age: Scott, Shackleton and Amundsen (Random House Australia, 2013) pp32-33
  56. Tim Blevins, Enterprise & Innovation in the Pikes Peak Region (Pikes Peak Library District, 2011) p214
  57. "Jane Toppan", in The A to Z Encyclopedia of Serial Killers, by Harold Schechter (Simon and Schuster, 2012) p283
  58. Katherine Ramsland, The Human Predator: A Historical Chronicle of Serial Murder and Forensic Investigation (Penguin, 2013)
  59. Peter Vronsky, Female Serial Killers: How and why Women Become Monsters (Penguin, 2007) p131
  60. Andrew Glass, Flying Cars: The True Story (Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2015) pp8-10
  61. E. H. Hirschel, et al., Aeronautical Research in Germany: From Lilienthal until Today (Springer, 2012) p139
  62. Peter L. Jakab, The Published Writings of Wilbur and Orville Wright (Smithsonian Institution, 2016) p71
  63. Bob Rickard and John Michell, The Rough Guide to Unexplained Phenomena (Penguin, 2007) p39
  64. "Maass, Clara Louise", in The Encyclopedia of the Spanish-American and Philippine-American Wars: A Political, Social, and Military History, Spencer Tucker, ed. (ABC-CLIO, 2009) p351
  65. "Ship Crashes into Iceberg; Seventy Die", Chicago Daily Tribune, August 19, 1901, p1
  66. Peter Pigott, From Far and Wide: A Complete History of Canada's Arctic Sovereignty (Dundurn, 2011) p99
  67. Richard Kaczynski, Perdurabo, Revised and Expanded Edition: The Life of Aleister Crowley (North Atlantic Books, 2012) p117
  68. Peter Berresford Ellis, Celtic Dawn: The Dream of Celtic Unity (Constable and Company, 1993) p95
  69. "Canada's Census Is Out", Chicago Daily Tribune, August 17, 1901, p13
  70. "Plaza Ecuador's President", Chicago Sunday Tribune, August 18, 1901, p6
  71. Fran Capo, Myths and Mysteries of New York: True Stories of the Unsolved and Unexplained (Rowman & Littlefield, 2011) p160
  72. "Start Riot on Steamer's Deck", Chicago Sunday Tribune, August 18, 1901, p4
  73. Elliot Jaspin, Buried in the Bitter Waters: The Hidden History of Racial Cleansing in America (Basic Books, 2008) pp67-78
  74. "Southwest Missouri Riots (1894–1906)", in Encyclopedia of American Race Riots, Walter Rucker and James Nathaniel Upton, eds. (Greenwood Publishing, 2007) pp603-609
  75. "Negroes Killed or Driven Away— Pierce City, Mo., Mob Hangs, Shoots and Burns Three Colored Men and Exiles All Others", Chicago Daily Tribune, August 21, 1901, p1
  76. Zip-Codes.com
  77. "The United States of Lyncherdom". Archived from the original on 2016-08-18. Retrieved 2016-08-17.
  78. "Ohio River Steamer Lost", Chicago Daily Tribune, August 20, 1901, p1
  79. Annual Report of the Supervising Inspector General, Steamboat Inspection Service to the Secretary of Commerce (Government Printing Office, 1902) p62
  80. The American Monthly Review of Reviews (October 1901) pp408-413
  81. Mark S. Halfon, Tales from the Deadball Era: Ty Cobb, Home Run Baker, Shoeless Joe Jackson, and the Wildest Times in Baseball History (Potomac Books, 2014) p65
  82. "Another Hard Blow for the Phillies", Brooklyn Daily Eagle, August 21, 1901, p12
  83. Christian Huck and Stefan Bauernschmidt, Travelling Goods, Travelling Moods: Varieties of Cultural Appropriation (1850–1950) (Campus Verlag, 2012)
  84. "Philippines" in Colonialism: An International, Social, Cultural, and Political Encyclopedia, Penny M. Sonnenburg, ed. (ABC-CLIO, 2003) p469
  85. Teresa Brawner Bevis and Christopher J. Lucas, International Students in American Colleges and Universities: A History (Springer, 2007) p75
  86. "Teachers Arrive at Manila", Chicago Daily Tribune, August 22, 1901, p6
  87. "International Federation of Trade Unions", in Historical Dictionary of Organized Labor, by James C. Docherty (Scarecrow Press, 2012) p142
  88. Charles F. Faber, Baseball Prodigies: Best Major League Seasons by Players Under 21 (McFarland, 2014) p227
  89. "Three Hits Off Waddell", Chicago Daily Tribune, August 22, 1901, p5
  90. "French Cruisers Menace Turkey— Diplomatic Relations Between the Ottoman Empire and the Republic Are Severed", Chicago Daily Tribune, August 22, 1901, p1
  91. Harper Barnes, Standing on a Volcano: The Life and Times of David Rowland Francis (Missouri History Museum, 2001) p115
  92. Alan Axelrod, Profiles in Audacity: Great Decisions and how They Were Made (Sterling Publishing, 2006) p100
  93. "Light at the End of the Tunnel", Flying magazine (June 2003) p108
  94. Graham Jooste and Roger Webster, Innocent Blood: Executions During the Anglo-Boer War (New Africa Books, 2002) p214
  95. Birgit Seibold, Emily Hobhouse and the Reports on the Concentration Camps during the Boer War, 1899–1902: Two Different Perspectives (Columbia University Press, 2011) p140
  96. Frederick F. Anscombe, The Ottoman Gulf: The Creation of Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, and Qatar (Columbia University Press, 1997) pp122-123
  97. "Nurse Tests Theory, Dies— Yellow Fever Experiment in Cuba Kills Clara Maas", Chicago Sunday Tribune, August 25, 1901, p5
  98. "Sultan Comes to French Terms", Chicago Daily Tribune, August 27, 1901, p5
  99. "Relations with Turkey Severed— France Recalls Envoy from Constantinople; Tells Abdul's Minister Not to Return", Chicago Daily Tribune, August 28, 1901, p1
  100. V. George Shillington, 30 years of work Reading the Sacred Text: An Introduction in Biblical Studies (A&C Black, 2002) p192
  101. Greg Kowalski, Hamtramck: The Driven City (Arcadia Publishing, 2002)
  102. Thomas Q. Reefe, The Rainbow and the Kings: A History of the Luba Empire to 1891 (University of California Press, 1981) p192
  103. "Fatal Explosion Sinks Steamer City of Trenton", Philadelphia Times, August 29, 1901, p1
  104. "Steamer Horror Due to Racing", Chicago Daily Tribune, August 30, 1901, p2
  105. "Byerson to Tell Story at Inquest— Coroner Issues Subpoena for Oiler of City of Trenton Who Survived Explosion", Philadelphia Times, September 4, 1901, p4
  106. Cristina Pantoja-Hidalgo, Over a Cup of Ginger Tea: Conversations on the Literary Narratives of Filipino Women (University of the Philippines Press, 2006) p22
  107. "NHI Resolution No.7, Series 2002" Archived 2011-07-21 at the Wayback Machine. National Historical Institute. Retrieved 2010-03-30.
  108. "Today Will Decide Water Campaign", Los Angeles Times, August 28, 1901, p5
  109. "Bonds Carried by about Five to One— Water Question Happily Settled; Opposition Defeated in Every Precinct in the City", Los Angeles Times, August 29, 1901, p10
  110. Kevin Starr, Material Dreams: Southern California Through the 1920s (Oxford University Press, 1991) p47
  111. Reviel Netz, Barbed Wire: An Ecology of Modernity (Wesleyan University Press, 2004) p141
  112. "Deutschland Again Sets New Record for Speed", Chicago Daily Tribune, August 29, 1901, p1
  113. Gilly Pickup, What the British Invented: From the Great to the Downright Bonkers (Amberley Publishing, 2015)
  114. JaapJan Zeeberg, Into the Ice Sea: Barents' Wintering on Novaya Zemlya, a Renaissance Voyage of Discovery (Rozenberg, 2005) p151
  115. "Many Killed in Western Wreck", Chicago Sunday Tribune, September 1, 1901, p2
  116. "Thirty-Six Were Killed", Minneapolis Journal, August 31, 1901, p1
  117. "Leon F. Czolgosz, Cowardly Assassin, Makes Statement", Buffalo Evening News, September 7, 1901, p9, in McKinleyDeath.com]
  118. "Assassination", in The Great Pictorial History of World Crime, by Jay Robert Nash (Scarecrow Press, 2004) p56
  119. "Confession of the Assassin; His Almost Toy Pistol", Chicago Tribune, September 7, 1901, p4
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