Aves in the 10th edition of Systema Naturae

In the 10th edition of Systema Naturae, published in 1758, the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus described 554 species of bird and gave each a binomial name.

Linnaeus had first included birds in the 6th edition of his Systema Naturae, which was published in 1748. In it he listed 260 species arranged into 51 genera, in turn divided amongst six orders. The entries for each species were very brief; rather than including a description, he gave a citation to an earlier publication — often to his own Fauna suecica, which had been published in 1746.[1][2] Linnaeus generally followed the classification scheme (introduced by the English parson and naturalist John Ray) which grouped species based on the characteristics of each species’ bill and feet.[3]

The 10th edition appeared in 1758 and was the first in which Linnaeus consistently used his binomial system of nomenclature. He increased the number of birds to 554 species, collectively filling 116 pages (contrasting with a mere 17 in the 6th edition).[Note 1] For each species he included both a brief description and also citations to earlier publications.[1][6] He maintained 6 orders as in the 6th edition but renamed Scolopaces to Grallae. He rearranged some of the genera, dropping several and adding others to bring the total to 63.[5][Note 2][Note 3]

The International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature chose 1 January 1758 as the "starting point" for zoological nomenclature, and asserted that the 10th edition of Systema Naturae was to be treated as if published on that date.[11] In 2016 the list of birds of the world maintained by Frank Gill and David Donsker on behalf of the International Ornithologists' Union included 448 species for which Linnaeus's description in the 10th edition is cited as the authority. Of the species 101 have been retained in their original genus and 347 have been moved to a different genus. In addition, there are five species on Linnaeus's 1758 list that are now considered as subspecies. Of Linnaeus's 63 genera, only Tantalus and Colymbus are not now used.[10]

In the 12th edition of his Systema Naturae published in 1766, Linnaeus described many additional birds that had not been included in the 10th edition. The 12th edition included 931 bird species divided into 6 orders and 78 genera.[5][12] The 12th edition is cited as the authority for 257 modern species of which only 25 have been retained in their original genus.[10] There are now believed to be around 10,000 extant species.[13][14]

Linnaeus described the class Aves as:

A beautiful and cheerful portion of created nature consisting of animals having a body covered with feathers and down; protracted and naked jaws (the beak), two wings formed for flight, and two feet. They are aereal, vocal, swift and light, and destitute of external ears, lips, teeth, scrotum, womb, bladder, epiglottis, corpus callosum and its arch, and diaphragm.[15]

Linnaean Characteristics [15]

  • Heart: 2 auricles, 2 ventricles. Warm, dark red blood
  • Lungs: respires alternately
  • Jaw: incombent, naked, extended, without teeth
  • Eggs: covered with a calcareous shell
  • Organs of Sense: tongue, nostrils, eyes, and ears without auricles
  • Covering: incumbent, imbricate feathers
  • Supports: 2 feet, 2 wings; and a heart-shaped rump. Flies in the Air & Sings

In the list below, the binomial name is that used by Linnaeus.

Accipitres

The turkey vulture was named Vultur aura in 1758
Vultur (vultures & condors)
The swallow-tailed kite was named Falco forficatus in 1758.
The snowy owl was named Strix scandiaca and Strix nyctea in 1758
Falco (falcons, eagles, & kin)
Strix (owls)
The eastern kingbird was named Lanius tyrannus in 1758
Lanius (shrikes)
The bohemian waxwing was named Lanius garrulus in 1758

Picae

The grey parrot, Psittacus erithacus, is the only species to remain in the genus Psittacus
Psittacus (parrots)
The scarlet macaw was named Psittacus macao in 1758.
Ramphastos (toucans) [43]
The white throated toucan.
Buceros (hornbills)
The rhinoceros hornbill.
Crotophaga (anis)
The smooth billed ani.
The common raven was named Corvus corax in 1758
Corvus (crows & ravens)
Coracias (rollers & orioles)
The common european roller.
The common hill myna was named Gracula religiosa in 1758
Gracula (mynas)
Paradisaea (birds-of-paradise)
The greater bird of paradise.
The yellow-billed cuckoo was named Cuculus americanus in 1758
Cuculus (cuckoos)
Jynx (wrynecks)
Picus (woodpeckers)
The Eurasian nuthatch was named Sitta europaea in 1758
Sitta (nuthatches)
Alcedo (kingfishers)
Merops (bee-eaters)
The Hoopoe, Upupa epops, is now the only species in the genus Upupa and the family Upupidae
Upupa (hoopoes)
Certhia (treecreepers)
The ruby-throated hummingbird was named Trochilus colubris in 1758
Trochilus (hummingbirds)

Anseres

The king eider was named Anas spectabilis in 1758
The Eurasian wigeon was named Anas penelope in 1758
Anas (ducks, geese, & swans)
Mergus (mergansers)
The little auk was named Alca alle in 1758
Alca (auks)
Procellaria (petrels)
The African penguin was named Diomedea demersus in 1758
Diomedea (albatrosses & penguins)
Pelecanus (pelicans & kin)
Phaethon (tropicbirds)
The horned grebe, or Slavonian grebe, was named Colymbus auritus in 1758
Colymbus (grebes & loons)[Note 4][Note 5]
Larus (gulls)
Sterna (terns)
Rynchops (skimmers)

Grallae

The American flamingo was named Phoenicopterus ruber in 1758
Phoenicopterus (flamingoes)
Platalea (spoonbills)
Mycteria (storks)
Tantalus
Ardea (herons, cranes & kin)
Scolopax (godwits, ibises & kin)
The bar-tailed godwit was named Scolopax lapponica in 1758
Tringa (phalaropes and sandpipers)
The ruff (shown here in breeding plumage) was named Tringa pugnax in 1758
Charadrius (plovers)
The European golden plover was named Charadrius apricarius and Charadrius pluvialis in 1758
Recurvirostra (avocets)
Haematopus (oystercatchers)
Fulica (coots & kin)
Rallus (rails)
Psophia (trumpeters)
Otis (bustards)
Struthio (ratites)

Gallinae

Pavo (peafowl)
Meleagris (turkeys)
Crax (curassows)
Phasianus (pheasants & chickens)
Tetrao (grouse & kin)

Passeres

Columba (pigeons & doves)
Alauda (larks & pipits)
Sturnus (starlings)
Turdus (thrushes & kin)
Loxia (cardinals, bullfinches & kin)
Emberiza (buntings)
Fringilla (finches & kin)
Motacilla (wagtails)
Parus (tits & manakins)
Hirundo (swallows & swifts)
Caprimulgus (nightjars)

Notes

  1. The number of 554 reflects the numbered species contained in Linnaeus's book; all these species are listed below. Ernst Mayr claimed that Linnaeus listed 564 species[4] while Joel Allen claimed that Linnaeus listed 545 species.[5]
  2. W. L. McAtee mistakenly claims that Linnaeus in his 10th edition lists 102 genera of birds.[7] In fact Linnaeus numbered his bird genera from 40 to 102.
  3. For the 10th edition of his Systema Naturae Linnaeus dropped six genera that he had introduced in the 6th edition. These were Ispida, Ortygometra, Numenius, Casuarius, Gallus and Ampelis. He reintroduced the genus Ampelis in the 12th edition.[8] The French scientist Mathurin Jacques Brisson based some of the genera in his Ornithologie on those introduced by Linnaeus in his 6th edition and adopted Ispida, Numenius, Casuarius and Gallus. As Ornithologie was published in 1760, after the I.C.Z.N. cutoff date of 1758, Brisson and not Linnaeus is considered as the authority for the last three of the above genera.[5][9][10]
  4. The genus Colymbus was mis-spelt "Columbus" in the list of bird genera on p. 84, but appears as Colymbus elsewhere.
  5. The genus Colymbus was suppressed by the I.C.Z.N. in 1956.[83]
  6. Linnaeus mixed the two species Turdus iliacus and Turdus musicus in the 10th edition of Systema Naturae. Under Turdus iliacus, he gave a description of the song thrush, but cited references referring to the redwing; under Turdus musicus, he gave a description of the redwing, but cited referenced referring to the song thrush. The confusion was partly clarified in the 1766 12th edition. The name Turdus musicus was suppressed after a 1957 appeal to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature by Ernst Mayr and Charles Vaurie.[137][138]
  7. For the second occurrence of Frigilla zena Linnaeus cites Plate 37 in Volume 1 of Mark Catesby's The natural history of Carolina, Florida and the Bahama Islands (1729-1732).[152][153] In the 12th edition of his Systema Naturae Linnaeus cites the same plate for the Fringilla bicolor, now Tiaris bicolor, the black-faced grassquit.[154]

References

  1. Linnaeus, Carl (1748). "Aves". Systema Naturae sistens regna tria naturae, in classes et ordines, genera et species redacta tabulisque æneis illustrata (in Latin) (6th ed.). Stockholmiae (Stockholm): Godofr, Kiesewetteri. pp. 16–32.
  2. Linnaeus, Carl (1846). Fauna suecica, sistens animalia Sueciae regni. Stockholmiae: Sumtu & literis Laurentii Salvii. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.63899.
  3. Newton, Alfred (1893–1896). A Dictionary of Birds. London: Adam and Charles Black. p. 8.
  4. Ernst Mayr (1946). "The number of species of birds" (PDF). The Auk. 63 (1): 64–69. doi:10.2307/4079907. JSTOR 4079907.
  5. Allen, J.A. (1910). "Collation of Brisson's genera of birds with those of Linnaeus". Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 28: 317–335 [324]. hdl:2246/678.
  6. Linnaeus 1758.
  7. W. L. McAtee (1957). "The North American birds of Linnaeus". Journal of the Society for the Bibliography of Natural History. 3 (5): 291–300. doi:10.3366/jsbnh.1957.3.5.291.
  8. Linnaeus, Carl (1766). Systema naturae : per regna tria natura, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis (in Latin). Volume 1, Part 1 (12th ed.). Holmiae (Stockholm): Laurentii Salvii. p. 119.
  9. Brisson, Mathurin Jacques (1760). Ornithologie, ou, Méthode contenant la division des oiseaux en ordres, sections, genres, especes & leurs variétés (in French and Latin). (Volumes 1-6 and Supplement). Paris: Jean-Baptiste Bauche. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.51902.
  10. Gill, Frank; Donsker, David, eds. (2016). "World Bird List Version 6.4". International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 20 November 2017.
  11. "Article 3". International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (4th ed.). 1999. ISBN 0-85301-006-4.
  12. Linnaeus, Carl (1766). Systema naturae : per regna tria natura, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis (in Latin). Volume 1, Part 1 (12th ed.). Holmiae (Stockholm): Laurentii Salvii. p. 109.
  13. James F. Clements (2007). The Clements Checklist of Birds of the World (6th ed.). Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-4501-9.
  14. Frank Gill (2006). Birds of the World: Recommended English Names. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-12827-6.
  15. Carl von Linné, translated by William Turton (1802). A general system of nature: through the three grand kingdoms of animals, vegetables, and minerals, systematically divided into their several classes, orders, genera, species, and varieties. Volume 1. London: Lackington, Allen, and Co. p. 131.
  16. Linnaeus 1758, p. 86.
  17. Linnaeus 1758, p. 87.
  18. Linnaeus 1758, p. 88.
  19. Chernél, I. (1918). "Nomenclator Avium Regni Hungariae / A Magyar Birodalom Madarainak Névjegyzéke". Aquila (in German and Hungarian). 25 (suppl. 1): 41.
  20. Mayr, Ernst; Cottrell, G. William, eds. (1979). Check-list of Birds of the World. Volume 1 (2nd ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Museum of Comparative Zoology. p. 381.
  21. Linnaeus 1758, p. 89.
  22. Mayfield, H.F. (2001). "Early Works on Ohio Birds by J. P. Kirtland" (PDF). The Ohio Cardinal. 24 (4): 189–212. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-27.
  23. Linnaeus 1758, p. 90.
  24. "Laughing Falcon, Herpetotheres cachinnans". World Bird Info. Archived from the original on July 21, 2011. Retrieved October 1, 2010.
  25. Linnaeus 1758, p. 91.
  26. Banks, Richard C.; Browning, M. Ralph (1995). "Comments on the status of revived old names for some North American birds" (PDF). The Auk. 112 (3): 633–648.
  27. Mayfield, H.F. (2001). "Early Works on Ohio Birds by J. P. Kirtland" (PDF). The Ohio Cardinal. 24 (4): 189–212. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-27.
  28. Linnaeus 1758, p. 91.
  29. Linnaeus 1758, p. 92.
  30. Linnaeus 1758, p. 93.
  31. Peters, James Lee, ed. (1937). Check-list of Birds of the World. Volume 4. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 156.
  32. Linnaeus 1758, p. 94.
  33. Linnaeus 1758, p. 95.
  34. Linnaeus 1758, p. 96.
  35. Linnaeus 1758, p. 97.
  36. Linnaeus 1758, p. 98.
  37. Stone, Witmer (1913). "On a collection of birds obtained by the Francis E. Bond Expedition in the Orinoco Delta and Paria Peninsula, Venezuela". Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. 65: 189–212 [196].
  38. Linnaeus 1758, p. 99.
  39. Linnaeus 1758, p. 100.
  40. Linnaeus 1758, p. 101.
  41. Linnaeus 1758, p. 102.
  42. Linnaeus 1758, p. 103.
  43. James L. Peters (1930). "The identity of the toucans described by Linnaeus in the 10th and 12th editions of the Systema Naturae" (PDF). The Auk. 47 (3): 405–408. doi:10.2307/4075491. JSTOR 4075491.
  44. Piacentini, V. de Q.; Pacheco, J.F.; Whitney, B.M. (2010). "The name Ramphastos piperivorus Linnaeus revisited". Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club. 130 (2): 141–143.
  45. Linnaeus 1758, p. 104.
  46. Linnaeus 1758, p. 105.
  47. Linnaeus 1758, p. 106.
  48. Biswamoy Biswas (1961). "Proposal to designate a neotype for Corvus benghalensis Linnaeus, 1758 (Aves), under the plenary powers Z.N. (S) 1465". Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature. 18 (3): 217–219.
  49. Linnaeus 1758, p. 107.
  50. Linnaeus 1758, p. 108.
  51. James L. Peters (1921). "A review of the grackles of the genus Holoquiscalus" (PDF). The Auk. 38 (3): 435–453. doi:10.2307/4073768. JSTOR 4073768.
  52. Linnaeus 1758, p. 109.
  53. "Sturnidae" (PDF). Check-list of North American Birds (7th ed.). American Ornithologists' Union. 1998. pp. 523–524. ISBN 1-891276-00-X.
  54. Linnaeus 1758, p. 110.
  55. Linnaeus 1758, p. 111.
  56. Linnaeus 1758, p. 112.
  57. Linnaeus 1758, p. 113.
  58. H. E. Strickland; J. S. Henslow; J. Phillips; W. E. Shuckard; J. B. Richardson; G. R. Waterhouse; R. Owen; W. Yarrell; L. Jenyns; C. Darwin; W. J. Broderip; J. O. Westwood (1843). "Series of propositions for rendering the nomenclature of zoology uniform and permanent, being a report of a Committee for the consideration of the subject appointed by the British Association for the Advancement of Science". Annals and Magazine of Natural History. 11: 259–275. doi:10.1080/03745484309445300. Cited in: Alessandro Minelli (2008). "Zoological vs. botanical nomenclature: a forgotten 'BioCode' experiment from the times of the Strickland Code" (PDF). Zootaxa. 1950: 21–38. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.1950.1.5.
  59. Linnaeus 1758, p. 114.
  60. Linnaeus 1758, p. 115.
  61. Linnaeus 1758, p. 116.
  62. Linnaeus 1758, p. 117.
  63. Linnaeus 1758, p. 118.
  64. Linnaeus 1758, p. 119.
  65. Linnaeus 1758, p. 120.
  66. Linnaeus 1758, p. 121.
  67. Linnaeus 1758, p. 122.
  68. Linnaeus 1758, p. 123.
  69. Linnaeus 1758, p. 124.
  70. Linnaeus 1758, p. 125.
  71. Linnaeus 1758, p. 126.
  72. Linnaeus 1758, p. 127.
  73. Linnaeus 1758, p. 128.
  74. Linnaeus 1758, p. 129.
  75. Linnaeus 1758, p. 130.
  76. Linnaeus 1758, p. 131.
  77. Linnaeus 1758, p. 132.
  78. Denis Lepage. "Jackass Penguin (Spheniscus demersus) (Linnaeus, 1758)". AviBase. Retrieved August 31, 2010.
  79. Linnaeus 1758, p. 133.
  80. Linnaeus 1758, p. 134.
  81. Allen, J.A. (1904). "The case of Megalestris vs. Catharacta". The Auk. 21 (3): 345–348. doi:10.2307/4070197. hdl:2027/hvd.32044107327124. JSTOR 4070197.
  82. Linnaeus 1758, p. 135.
  83. I.C.Z.N. (1956). "Opinion 401: Suppression under the Plenary Powers of the generic name Colymbus Linnaeus, 1758, and addition to the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology of the generic names Gavia Forster, 1788, and Podiceps Latham, 1787 (class Aves)". Opinions and Declarations Rendered by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. 13: 1–64.
  84. Linnaeus 1758, p. 136.
  85. Linnaeus 1758, p. 137.
  86. Linnaeus 1758, p. 138.
  87. Linnaeus 1758, p. 139.
  88. Linnaeus 1758, p. 140.
  89. Allen, J.A. (1908). "The generic names Mycteria and Tantalus of Linnaeus, 1758" (PDF). The Auk. 25 (1): 37–38. doi:10.2307/4070247. hdl:2027/hvd.32044107327066. JSTOR 4070247.
  90. Linnaeus 1758, p. 141.
  91. Linnaeus 1758, p. 142.
  92. Linnaeus 1758, p. 143.
  93. Linnaeus 1758, p. 144.
  94. Linnaeus 1758, p. 145.
  95. John Penhallurick. "White Ibis". World Bird Info. Archived from the original on July 24, 2011. Retrieved November 13, 2010.
  96. Linnaeus 1758, p. 146.
  97. John Penhallurick. "Common Greenshank". World Bird Info. Archived from the original on July 21, 2011. Retrieved November 13, 2010.
  98. Linnaeus 1758, p. 147.
  99. John Penhallurick. "Bar-tailed Godwit". World Bird Info. Archived from the original on July 21, 2011. Retrieved November 13, 2010.
  100. Linnaeus 1758, p. 148.
  101. John Penhallurick. "Common Redshank". World Bird Info. Archived from the original on July 24, 2011. Retrieved November 13, 2010.
  102. Linnaeus 1758, p. 149.
  103. John Penhallurick. "Common Greenshank". World Bird Info. Archived from the original on July 21, 2011. Retrieved November 13, 2010.
  104. Linnaeus 1758, p. 150.
  105. Peters, James Lee, ed. (1934). Check-list of Birds of the World. Volume 2. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 244.
  106. Linnaeus 1758, p. 151.
  107. Linnaeus 1758, p. 152.
  108. Linnaeus 1758, p. 153.
  109. Linnaeus 1758, p. 154.
  110. Linnaeus 1758, p. 155.
  111. Linnaeus 1758, p. 156.
  112. Linnaeus 1758, p. 157.
  113. Linnaeus 1758, p. 158.
  114. Linnaeus 1758, p. 159.
  115. Linnaeus 1758, p. 160.
  116. Linnaeus 1758, p. 161.
  117. Linnaeus 1758, p. 162.
  118. https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Willughby-1676-1678-plate-33-Columba-gutturosa-A-Cropper-dove-A-domestic-pigeon_fig32_299372617
  119. http://boc-online.org/bulletins/downloads/BBOC1361-Donegan.pdf
  120. http://eol.org/pages/1050069/details
  121. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2018-08-20. Retrieved 2018-08-20.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  122. https://maps-prints.com/antique-prints-of-birds/5124-columba-turbita-sepp-nozeman-1829.html
  123. https://www.researchgate.net/figure/M-Willughby-1676-1678-plate-34-Columba-tremula-laticauda-A-broad-tailed-Shaker-A_fig33_299372617
  124. Rutty, John (1772). "An Essay Towards a Natural History of the County of Dublin, Accommodated to the Noble Designs of the Dublin Society".
  125. Linnaeus 1758, p. 163.
  126. "Encyclopaedia Londinensis, Or, Universal Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and Literature". 1810.
  127. Linnaeus 1758, p. 164.
  128. Baird, Spencer Fullerton; Brewer, Thomas Mayo; Ridgway, Robert (1874). A History of North American Birds. Little, Brown. p. 376. Columba leucoptera.
  129. https://www.theguardian.com/science/punctuated-equilibrium/2011/apr/13/5
  130. Hume, Julian P. (2017-08-24). Extinct Birds. ISBN 9781472937469.
  131. Linnaeus 1758, p. 165.
  132. Linnaeus 1758, p. 166.
  133. Linnaeus 1758, p. 167.
  134. Hellmayr, C.E. (1919). "Miscellanea Ornithologica IV". Verhandlungen der Ornithologischen Gesellschaft in Bayern (in German). 14: 126–133 [132].
  135. Linnaeus 1758, p. 168.
  136. Linnaeus 1758, p. 169.
  137. Ernst Mayr & Charles Vaurie (1957). "Proposed use of the plenary powers to suppress the specific name "musicus" Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination "Turdus musicus" and to approve a neotype for "Turdus iliacus" Linnaeus, 1758, the Eurasian redwing (class Aves)". Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature. 13 (6): 177–181. doi:10.5962/bhl.part.3552.
  138. I.C.Z.N. (1959). "Opinion 551: Suppression under the Plenary Powers of the specific name musicus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Turdus musicus, and validation under the same Powers of a neotype for Turdus iliacus Linnaeus, 1758, the Eurasian Redwing (class Aves)". Opinions and Declarations Rendered by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. 20: 199–210.
  139. Linnaeus 1758, p. 170.
  140. Linnaeus 1758, p. 171.
  141. Linnaeus 1758, p. 172.
  142. Linnaeus 1758, p. 173.
  143. Linnaeus 1758, p. 174.
  144. Linnaeus 1758, p. 175.
  145. Linnaeus 1758, p. 176.
  146. Linnaeus 1758, p. 177.
  147. Linnaeus 1758, p. 178.
  148. Linnaeus 1758, p. 179.
  149. Linnaeus 1758, p. 180.
  150. Linnaeus 1758, p. 181.
  151. Linnaeus 1758, p. 182.
  152. Linnaeus 1758, p. 183.
  153. Catesby, Mark (1729–1732). The natural history of Carolina, Florida and the Bahama Islands. Volume 1. London: W. Innys and R. Manby. Plate 37.
  154. Linnaeus, Carl (1766). Systema naturae : per regna tria natura, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis (in Latin). Volume 1, Part 1 (12th ed.). Holmiae (Stockholm): Laurentii Salvii. p. 324.
  155. Linnaeus 1758, p. 184.
  156. Linnaeus 1758, p. 185.
  157. Linnaeus 1758, p. 186.
  158. Linnaeus 1758, p. 187.
  159. C. E. Hellmayr (1917). "Drei Beiträge zur Nomenklatur der Vögel Europas. Eine kritische Würdigung". Verhandlungen der Ornithologischen Gesellschaft in Bayern (in German). 13 (1): 87–104.
  160. Linnaeus 1758, p. 188.
  161. Linnaeus 1758, p. 189.
  162. Linnaeus 1758, p. 190.
  163. Linnaeus 1758, p. 191.
  164. Linnaeus 1758, p. 192.
  165. Linnaeus 1758, p. 193.

Sources

This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.