Bren light machine gun

The Bren gun was a series of light machine guns (LMG) made by Britain in the 1930s and used in various roles until 1992. While best known for its role as the British and Commonwealth forces' primary infantry LMG in World War II, it was also used in the Korean War and saw service throughout the latter half of the 20th century, including the 1982 Falklands War. Although fitted with a bipod, it could also be mounted on a tripod or be vehicle-mounted.

"Bren" redirects here. For the research network, see BREN. For other uses, see Bren (disambiguation).
Bren light machine gun
A Bren Mk.1 gun
TypeLight machine gun
Place of origin
Service history
In service1938–2006
Used bySee Users
WarsWorld War II
Chinese Civil War
Second Sino-Japanese War
Greek Civil War
First Indochina War
Indonesian National Revolution
Malayan Emergency
1948 Arab–Israeli War
Korean War
Bangladesh Liberation War[1]
Mau Mau Uprising[2]
Algerian War
Cyprus crisis of 1963–64
Suez Crisis
1958 Lebanon Crisis
Sino-Indian War
Congo Crisis
Portuguese Colonial War
Vietnam War
Second Malayan Emergency
Biafran War
Rhodesian Bush War
Lebanese Civil War
Aden Emergency
The Troubles
Falklands War
Nepalese Civil War
Invasion of Grenada
Gulf War
Kargil War
Production history
Designed1935
ManufacturerRoyal Small Arms Factory
Enfield
John Inglis and Company
Long Branch Factory
Ishapore Rifle Factory
Produced1935–1971
VariantsMk I, II, III, IV
L4
Specifications
MassMk1 & Mk2: 22.83 lb (10.35 kg), 25 lb (11.25 kg) loaded. Mk3 & Mk4: 19.15 lb (8.68 kg), 21.6 lb (9.75 kg) loaded.
Length42.9 in (1,156 mm), Mk IV
Barrel length25 in (635 mm)
Crew2, gunner and assistant
Cartridge.303 British
8×56mmR (for Bulgaria)
7.92×57mm Mauser (for China in World War II)
7.62×51mm NATO (post-WWII)
7.62x39 Soviet (for China Post World War II)
ActionGas-operated, tilting bolt
Rate of fire500–520 rounds/min
Muzzle velocity2,440 ft/s (743.7 m/s)
Effective firing range600 yd (550 m)
Maximum firing range1,850 yd (1,690 m)
Feed system20-round L1A1 SLR magazine
30-round detachable box magazine
100-round detachable pan magazine
SightsIron

The Bren gun was a licensed version of the Czechoslovak ZGB 33 light machine gun which, in turn, was a modified version of the ZB vz. 26, which British Army officials had tested during a firearms service competition in the 1930s. The later Bren gun featured a distinctive top-mounted curved box magazine, conical flash hider, and quick change barrel. The name Bren was derived from Brno, the Czechoslovak city in Moravia, where the Zb vz. 26 was designed (in the Zbrojovka Brno Factory) and Enfield, site of the British Royal Small Arms Factory. The designer was Václav Holek, a gun inventor and design engineer.

In the 1950s, many Bren guns were re-barrelled to accept the 7.62×51mm NATO cartridge and modified to feed from the magazine for the L1 (Commonwealth version of the FN FAL) rifle as the L4 light machine gun. It was replaced in the British Army as the section LMG by the L7 general-purpose machine gun (GPMG), a heavier belt-fed weapon. This was supplemented in the 1980s by the L86 Light Support Weapon firing the 5.56×45mm NATO round, leaving the Bren gun in use only as a pintle mount on some vehicles. The Bren gun was manufactured by Indian Ordnance Factories as the "Gun Machine 7.62mm 1B"[3] before it was discontinued in 2012.[4]

Development
At the Battle of Ortona, December 1943
Australian assault on a pillbox at Giropa Point, January 1943
A member of No. 9 Commando at Anzio, equipped for a patrol with his Bren gun, 5 March 1944
A Bren gunner of the Norwegian Brigade takes aim during training at Dumfries, Scotland, 27 June 1941.

At the close of the First World War in 1918, the British Army was equipped with two main automatic weapons; the Vickers medium machine gun (MMG) and the Lewis light machine gun (LMG). The Vickers was heavy and required a supply of water to keep it in operation, which tended to relegate it to static defence and indirect fire support. The Lewis, although lighter, was still heavy and was prone to frequent stoppages; its barrel could not be changed in the field, which meant that sustained firing resulted in overheating until it stopped altogether. In 1922, to find a replacement for the Lewis, the Small Arms Committee of the British Army ran competitive trials between the Madsen, the Browning Automatic Rifle (BAR), the Hotchkiss, the Beardmore-Farquhar, and the Lewis itself. Although the BAR was recommended, the sheer number of Lewis guns available and the difficult financial conditions meant that nothing was done. Various new models of light machine gun were tested as they became available, and in 1930, a further set of extensive trials commenced, overseen by Frederick Hubert Vinden.[5] This time the weapons tested included the SIG Neuhausen KE7, the Vickers-Berthier and the Czechoslovak ZB vz.26. The Vickers-Berthier was later adopted by the Indian Army because it could be manufactured at once, rather than wait for the British Lewis production run to finish; it too saw extensive service in World War II.[6]

Following these trials, the British Army adopted the Czechoslovak ZB vz.26 light machine gun manufactured in Brno in 1935, although a slightly modified model, the ZB vz. 27, rather than the ZB vz. 26 which had been submitted for the trials. The design was modified to British requirements under new designation ZGB 33, which was then licensed for British manufacture under the Bren name. The major changes were in the magazine and barrel and the lower pistol grip assembly which went from a swivelling grip frame pivoted on the front of the trigger guard to a sliding grip frame which included the forward tripod mount and sliding ejection port cover. The magazine was curved in order to feed the rimmed .303 SAA ("Small Arms Ammunition") cartridge, a change from the various rimless Mauser-design cartridges such as the 8mm Mauser round previously used by Czech designs. These modifications were categorised in various numbered designations, ZB vz. 27, ZB vz. 30, ZB vz. 32, and finally the ZGB 33, which was licensed for manufacture under the Bren name.

The Bren was a gas-operated weapon, which used the same .303 ammunition as the standard British bolt-action rifle, the Lee–Enfield, firing at a rate of between 480 and 540 rounds per minute (rpm), depending on the model. Propellant gases vented from a port towards the muzzle end of the barrel through a regulator (visible in the photo, just in front of the bipod) with four quick-adjustment apertures of different sizes, intended to tailor the gas volume to different ambient temperatures (smallest flow at high temperature, e.g. summer desert, largest at low temperature, e.g. winter Arctic). The vented gas drove a piston which in turn actuated the breech block. Each gun came with a spare barrel that could be quickly changed when the barrel became hot during sustained fire, though later guns featured a chrome-lined barrel, which reduced the need for a spare. To change barrels, the release catch in front of the magazine was rotated to unlock the barrel. The carrying handle above the barrel was used to grip and remove the hot barrel without burning the hands.

The Bren was magazine-fed, which slowed its rate of fire and required more frequent reloading than British belt-fed machine guns such as the larger .303 Vickers machine gun. The slower rate of fire prevented more rapid overheating of the Bren's air-cooled barrel, and the Bren was much lighter than belt-fed machine guns, which typically had cooling jackets, often liquid filled. The magazines also prevented the ammunition from getting dirty, which was more of a problem with the Vickers with its 250-round canvas belts. The sights were offset to the left, to avoid the magazine on the top of the weapon. The position of the sights meant that the Bren could be fired only from the right shoulder.[7]

Service

Second World War
Indian troops man a Bren gun on an anti-aircraft tripod, Western Desert April 1941

In the British and Commonwealth armies, the Bren was generally issued on a scale of one per rifle section.[8] An infantry battalion also had a "carrier" platoon, equipped with Universal Carriers, each of which carried a Bren gun.[9] Parachute battalions from 1944 had an extra Bren in the AT platoon.[10] The 66-man "Assault Troop" of British Commandos had a nominal establishment of four Bren guns. Realising the need for additional section-level firepower, the British Army endeavoured to issue the Bren in great numbers, with a stated goal of one Bren to every four private soldiers.[11] The Bren was operated by a two-man crew, sometimes commanded by a Lance Corporal as an infantry section's "gun group", the remainder of the section forming the "rifle group". The gunner or "Number 1" carried and fired the Bren, and a loader or "Number 2" carried extra magazines, a spare barrel and a tool kit.[12] Number 2 helped reload the gun and replace the barrel when it overheated, and spotted targets for Number 1.

Generally, the Bren was fired from the prone position using the attached bipod.[13] On occasion, a Bren gunner would use his weapon on the move supported by a sling, much like an automatic rifle, and from standing or kneeling positions. Using the sling, Australian soldiers regularly fired the Bren from the hip, for instance in the marching fire tactic, a form of suppressive fire moving forward in assault. A Victoria Cross was awarded to Private Bruce Kingsbury for such use at Isurava, New Guinea, in 1942, during the Australians' fighting retreat from Kokoda.

Bren gunner of the Royal Scots in North Brabant, the Netherlands, 1944

Each British soldier's equipment normally included two magazines for his section's Bren gun. The large ammunition pouches on the 1937 Pattern Web Equipment were designed around the Bren magazine. Every soldier would be trained to fire the Bren in case of an emergency, though these soldiers did not receive a Bren proficiency badge.

The Bren had an effective range of around 600 yards (550 m) when fired from a prone position with a bipod.[11]

For a light machine gun of the interwar and early World War II era, the Bren was about average in weight. On long marches in non-operational areas it was often partially disassembled and its parts were carried by two soldiers. The top-mounted magazine vibrated and moved during fire, making the weapon more visible in combat, and many Bren gunners used paint or improvised canvas covers to disguise the prominent magazine.[14]

The 30-round magazine was in practice usually filled with 27 or 28 rounds to prevent jams and avoid wearing out the magazine spring. Care needed to be taken when loading the magazine to ensure that each round went ahead of the previous round, so that the .303 cartridge rims did not overlap the wrong way, which would cause a jam. The spent cartridge cases were ejected downwards, which was an improvement on the Lewis gun, which ejected sideways, since the glint of them flying through the air could compromise a concealed firing position.[15]

Bren carried by a Canadian soldier in 1945

In general, the Bren was considered a reliable and effective light machine gun, though in North Africa it was reported to jam regularly unless kept very clean and free of sand or dirt.[11] It was popular with British troops, who respected its reliability and combat effectiveness. The quality of the materials used would generally ensure minimal jamming. When the gun did jam through fouling caused by prolonged firing, the operator could adjust the four-position gas regulator to feed more gas to the piston increasing the power to operate the mechanism. The barrel needed to be unlocked and slid forward slightly to allow the regulator to be turned. It was even said that all problems with the Bren could simply be cleared by hitting the gun, turning the regulator or doing both. It was "by general consent the finest light machine gun in the world of its period, and the most useful weapon provided to the (French) "maquis" ... accurate up to 1,000 meters, and (it) could withstand immense maltreatment and unskilled use. "Resistants" were constantly pleading for maximum drops of Brens".[16]

Bren with 100 round detachable pan magazine. With the magazine fitted, the original sights cannot be used.[17]

Although they were generally well-liked, the high cost of £40 each gun was an issue for the British Army leadership. This became a greater issue when it was discovered that only 2,300 of the 30,000 Bren guns issued to the British Expeditionary Force came back to Britain after the defeat of France. As the result, cost savings and increased rate of production became two main goals for subsequent variant designs. The Bren Mk II design simplified production by replacing the drum rear sight with a ladder design, making the bipod legs non-adjustable, simplifying the gun butt, reducing the use of stainless steel, among other steps that reduced the cost by 20% to 25%; Mk II was approved in September 1940 and entered production in 1941. While the Bren Mk III design also aimed at reducing cost, it also had the concurrent goal of being lightened for jungle warfare; the final product weighed 19 pounds and 5 ounces (3 pounds lighter than the original Bren Mk I design); it was standardised in July 1944 and saw a production of 57,600. Also standardised in July 1944 was the Bren Mk IV, which was further lightened to 19 pounds and 2 ounces; however, it did not enter production until July 1945, and only 250 were built before the end of the war. While Enfield was able to produce only 400 Bren Mk I guns each month, with the various simplification efforts production numbers rose to 1,000 guns per week by 1943. Among the variant designs were two speciality prototypes that never entered production: The belt-fed Taden gun for stationary defence use, and the ultra-simplified Besal gun to be produced in case a German invasion of Britain actually took place (which would hinder British production efforts). Later designs of production Bren guns featured chrome-lined barrels that offered less resistance, preventing overheating and reducing the need for quick changes of barrels.[18]

Bren guns were produced outside of Britain as well. In Canada, the John Inglis plant in Toronto began tooling its facilities for production in 1938; the first of 186,000 examples was completed in Mar 1940. Some of the Inglis-built Bren guns were chambered for the 7.92-millimeter Mauser ammunition; these were destined for export to Nationalist Chinese forces rather than for British and Commonwealth forces. In Australia, the Lithgow Small Arms Factory in New South Wales began building Bren guns in 1940; a total of 17,249 were built. In India, the factory at Ishapore began building Bren guns in 1942 (it had produced Vickers-Berthier machine guns prior to this time), and would continue producing them for decades long after the end of WW2. Many of the Bren guns produced at Ishapore went to Indian troops, who had lost a great number of automatic weapons during the disastrous campaigns against the Japanese in Malaya and Burma; 17th Indian Infantry Division, for example, found itself with only 56 Bren guns after fleeing out of Burma in 1942.[18]

A complicated tripod mount was available to allow the Bren to be used as an indirect-fire weapon, but this was rarely used in the field. The Bren was also used on many vehicles, including on Universal Carriers, to which it gave the alternative name "Bren Gun Carrier", and on tanks and armoured cars. It could not be used as a co-axial weapon on tanks, as the magazine restricted its depression and was awkward to handle in confined spaces, and it was therefore used on a pintle mount only. (The belt fed Vickers or Besa, the latter being another Czechoslovak machine gun design adopted by the British, were instead used as co-axial weapons.) An unfortunate problem occurred when the Bren was fired from the Dingo Scout Car; the hot cartridge cases tended to be ejected down the neck of the driver, whose position was next to the pintle. A canvas bag was designed to catch the cartridges and overcome the problem, but it seems to have been rarely issued.[15]

Bren gun mounted on a tripod, 2010

The Bren was also employed in the anti-aircraft role. The tripod could be adjusted to allow high angle fire. There were also several designs of less-portable mountings, including the Gallows and Mottley mounts. A 100-round pan magazine was available for the Bren for use in the anti-aircraft role.[19] The Bren's direct ancestor, the Czechoslovak ZB vz. 26, was also used in World War II by German and Romanian forces, including units of the Waffen SS. Many 7.92 mm ZB light machine guns were shipped to China, where they were employed first against the Japanese in World War II, and later against UN forces in Korea, including British and Commonwealth units. Some ex-Chinese Czech ZB weapons were also in use in the early stages of the Vietnam War. Production of a 7.92 mm round model for the Far East was carried out by Inglis of Canada. The Bren was also delivered to the Soviet Union as part of the lend-lease program[20]

Post-war

The British Army, and the armies of various countries of the Commonwealth, used the Bren in the Korean War, the Malayan Emergency, the Mau Mau Uprising and the Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation, where it was preferred to its replacement, the belt-fed GPMG, on account of its lighter weight. In the conflict in Northern Ireland (1969–1998), a British Army squad typically carried the L4A4 version of the Bren as the squad automatic weapon in the 1970s.[21] During the Falklands War in 1982, 40 Commando Royal Marines carried one LMG and one GPMG per section. Its final operational deployment with the British Army, on a limited scale, was in the First Gulf War in 1991.[22]

When the British Army adopted the 7.62 mm NATO cartridge, the Bren was re-designed to 7.62 mm calibre, fitted with a new bolt, barrel and magazine. It was redesignated as the L4 light machine gun (in various sub-versions) and remained in British Army service into the 1990s. A slotted flash hider similar to that of the contemporary L1 rifle and L7 general purpose machine gun replaced the conical flash hider. The change from a rimmed to rimless cartridge and nearly straight magazine improved feeding considerably, and allowed use of 20-round magazines from the 7.62 mm L1A1 Self-Loading Rifle. The 30-round magazine from the L4 also fitted the L1A1 rifle, but the magazine spring was not always strong enough to provide enough upward pressure to feed rounds correctly, this being remedied by stretching the magazine springs.

Completion of the move to a 5.56 mm NATO cartridge led to the Army removing the Bren/L4 from the list of approved weapons and then withdrawing it from service.

The Mark III Bren remained in limited use with the Army Reserve of the Irish Defence Forces until 2006, when the 7.62 mm GPMG replaced it. The Bren was popular with the soldiers who fired it (known as Brenners) as it was light and durable, and had a reputation for accuracy. The most notable use of the Bren by Irish forces was in the Congo Crisis during the 1960s, when the Bren was the regular army's standard section automatic weapon.

Bren guns were in service with the Rhodesian Security Forces during the Rhodesian Bush War, including a substantial number re-chambered for 7.62 mm cartridges similar to those examples in the British Army.[23] The Rhodesian Bren guns continued to see frequent action until the 1970s, when they were largely replaced by the FN MAG.[24] A few were captured and re-issued by the Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army (ZIPRA).[25] Some examples were still in service with reservists of the British South Africa Police in 1980, and were inherited by the Zimbabwe Republic Police upon the country's internationally recognised independence.[26] Zimbabwean policemen continued to deploy Bren guns during operations against ZIPRA dissidents throughout the early 1980s.[26]

The South African Defence Force deployed Bren guns during the South African Border War alongside the more contemporary FN MAG as late as 1978.[27]

Variants

Mark 1

Introduced September 1937; the original Bren, based on the Czechoslovak gun. Overall length 45.5 inches (1,160 mm), 25 inches (640 mm) barrel length. Weight 22 lb 2 oz (10.0 kg).

Features:

  • Drum-pattern rear aperture sight
  • Buttstrap for use over-the-shoulder when firing
  • Rear grip under butt
  • Telescoping bipod
  • Folding cocking handle

An Enfield-made .303 Bren Mk 1 was converted to 7.92mm in 1938 due to the suggestion of a possibility of a British Army change over to a rimless cartridge for machine guns being mooted.[lower-roman 1]

Mark 2

Introduced 1941. A simplified version of the Mk1 more suited to wartime production with original design features subsequently found to be unnecessary deleted.[lower-roman 2] Produced by Inglis of Canada and the Monotype Group through a number of component manufacturing factories. Sometimes known as the "Garage hands" model. Overall length 45.5 inches (1,160 mm), 25 inches (640 mm) barrel length. Weight 23 lb 3 oz (10.5 kg).

Features:

  • Folding-leaf rear sight
  • Buttstrap deleted
  • Rear grip deleted
  • Fixed height bipod
  • Fixed cocking handle

The Bren Mk2 was much simplified in the body, which although still being milled from a solid billet of steel, required significantly fewer milling operations than the Mk1, resulting in a much cleaner appearance. The bipod was simplified in design as well as not having extending legs. Most Mk2 bipods resembled a simple A-frame and were more 'soldier proof'. The Mk2 also featured a slightly higher rate of fire than the Mk1.

The woodwork on the Mk2 was simplified by being less ornate and ergonomic, which sped up the manufacturing process. The barrel was also simplified by means of a non-stepped removable flash hider and, in some cases, a barrel fore-end that was matte instead of highly polished. The buffered buttplate of the Mk1 was omitted and replaced with a sheet metal buttplate.

A small number of Inglis-made .303 Bren Mk 2 were converted post-war to fire the .280 7 mm Mk 1Z round used by the EM-2 rifle.

The Inglis version of the Bren Mk 2 chambered for the .30-06 (7.62 mm) cartridge and known as the M41 was also manufactured in Formosa in 1952.

Mark 3

A shorter and lighter Bren made by Enfield from 1944 for the war in the East and for Airborne Forces. This was similar to the Mk2 but with the light weight features of the early Mk1. With the main distinguishing feature being a shorter barrel and serrated area in front of the barrel nut. Overall length 42.9 inches (1,090 mm), 22.25 inches (565 mm) barrel length. Weight 19 lb 5 oz (8.8 kg).

Mark 4

As with the Mk3 but this was a conversion of a Mk2. Overall length 42.9 inches (1,090 mm), 22.25 inches (565 mm) barrel length. Weight 19 lb 2 oz (8.7 kg).

L4

A conversion of the Bren to 7.62mm NATO from 1958. Indian Army variants may be new-build, not conversions. L4 Brens can easily be identified by their different magazine. The British-issue L4 magazine is of 30-round capacity and has a slight curve. The L4 magazine was interchangeable with the L1A1 SLR magazine, so the L4 Bren also can be seen fitted with straight 20-round magazines from the SLR or with the straight 30-round magazine from the Australian L2A1 or Canadian C2A1 heavy-barrel SLR. The flash suppressor was changed from the cone type of .303 variants to a slotted type similar in appearance to that used on the SLR and L7 GPMG. All L4s are chambered for 7.62×51mm NATO rimless ammunition.

Assam Police constable manning Indian version of Bren LMG
L4 designations
Designation Description
L4A1 Bren Mk3 conversion originally known as X10E1, with Mk1 bipod and two steel barrels.[lower-roman 3]
L4A2 Bren Mk3 conversion originally known as X10E2, lightened bipod and two steel barrels.
L4A3 Bren Mk2 conversion, one chromium-plated steel barrel.[lower-roman 4]
L4A4 L4A2 variant with one chromium-plated steel barrel
L4A5 L4A3 with two steel barrels for Royal Navy
L4A6 L4A1 variant with one chromium-plated steel barrel
L4A7 Conversion of MK1 Bren. None made but drawings prepared for overseas buyer
L4A9 Bren conversion with L7 dovetail

Taden gun
Main article: Taden gun

The Taden gun was a development of the Bren to use with the .280 British (7 mm) intermediate round proposed to replace the .303 in British service. The Taden was belt-fed with spade grips and would have replaced both the Bren and the Vickers machine gun. Although reliable it was not accepted due to the US-driven standardization within NATO on the larger 7.62×51mm NATO round.[28]

Semiautomatic Bren guns

Many nations' militaries have disposed of their Bren guns as surplus to their needs. Surplus Brens have been imported to the United States for sale to collectors, but due to US gun laws restricting the importation of automatic weapons such guns must be legally destroyed by cutting up the receivers. A number of US gunsmiths have manufactured new semiautomatic Brens by welding the pieces of destroyed receivers back together, with modifications to prevent the use of full automatic parts, and fitting new fire-control components capable of only semiautomatic fire. The balance of the parts are surplus Bren parts. Such "semiautomatic machine guns" are legally considered rifles under US Federal law and the laws of most states.

World War II production
"Ronnie, the Bren Gun Girl", poses with the finished product at the John Inglis plant, Toronto, 1941
  • RSAF Enfield, UK: 400 per month.
    • 1943: 1,000 per week.
  • John Inglis and Company, Canada: A contract was signed with the British and Canadian governments in March 1938 to supply 5,000 Bren machine guns to Great Britain and 7,000 Bren machine guns to Canada. Both countries shared the capital costs of bringing in this new production facility. Production started in 1940, and by 1943 Inglis was producing 60% of the world output of Bren machine guns.
  • Long Branch, Toronto, Canada.
  • Kanpur, India: The first Indian-made Bren was made in .303 British in 1953 before it was later rechambered to fire 7.62 NATO ammo in 1964[29][30] as the 1A LMG.[31]
  • Lithgow Small Arms Factory, Australia.
  • Daimler also built 74,000 Bren guns, initially at a workshop in their Coventry factory and, after that workshop was destroyed in the April 1941 raid, at a boot and shoe factory in Burton-on-Trent.

Users
Watched by two small boys, a member of the FFI (French Forces of the Interior), poses with his Bren at Châteaudun, 1944.
One of the soldier statues of the Algerian Martyrs' Memorial carries a Bren machine gun
  • Bren, without the magazine fitted, used by Polish Commandos.
  • Members of the Milice with captured Bren guns.
  • Bren near Tilburg, October 1944
  • Bren in Canadian museum
  • Twin Bren anti-aircraft mounting
  • Universal Carrier

See also

Notes
  1. Note: this was the cartridge that the original Zb 27 and Zb 30 supplied to Britain for testing had been chambered in. Guns made at BRNO chambered to .303 for the British trials were designated 'ZGB 30' at a cost of £175 per-gun with two barrels and with spares and accessories. Further British requests for modifications led to the ZGB 32, ZGB 33, and ZGB 34, the last being accepted for production as the Bren with the first Enfield production gun being completed in September 1937.
  2. Note: a number of features present in the original pre-war design were found to be seldom if-ever used in action. For example, the then-current continental fashion of holding the gun placed the firer's free left hand under the butt, whereas British practice was to place the firer's free hand on top of the butt stock thus making the rear grip superfluous.
  3. Note: the early conversions to 7.62 used a converted EM 2 rifle magazine.
  4. Note: the provision of a chromium-plated barrel with its improved wear characteristics at high temperatures made the carrying of a spare barrel unnecessary.
  1. "Arms for freedom". 29 December 2017. Retrieved 2019-08-31.
  2. "Contre les Mau Mau". Encyclopédie des armes : Les forces armées du monde (in French). XII. Atlas. 1986. pp. 2764–2766.
  3. "Ordnance Factory Board". ofbindia.gov.in.
  4. Grant 2013, p. 66.
  5. B.S.C. (10 February 1977). "Brigadier F.H. Vinden". The Times. London.
  6. Grant 2013, pp. 9–11.
  7. Grant 2013, p. 40.
  8. Grant 2013, p. 28.
  9. Grant 2013, p. 32.
  10. The British Parachute Battalion, circa 1944 to 1945 Archived January 1, 2009, at the Wayback Machine.
  11. Dunlap 1948, p. .
  12. Grant 2013, p. 29.
  13. "It [the L4A4 Bren] is normally fired from the shoulder in the lying position, supported by the bipod, although it may be fired from other positions to engage targets at close range". Chapter 1, Section 1, para 102, Australian Army Manual of Land Warfare, Part 2, Infantry Training, Vol 4 Pam 6, Machine Gun 7.62mm L4A4, Australian Government 1979.
  14. George 1948, p. .
  15. Grant 2013, p. 41.
  16. Hastings, Max (2013) [1981]. Das Reich: The March of the 2nd SS Panzer Division through France, June 1944 (2 ed.). Minneapolis, United States: Zenith Press. p. 236. ISBN 978-0-7603-4491-0.
  17. McCollum, ian, Bren 100-round Drum, Forgotten Weapons
  18. Chen, C. Peter, "Bren Machine Gun", ww2db.com
  19. "Image" (JPG). Cairdpublications.com. Retrieved 4 July 2018.
  20. Glantz, David M. (2005). Colossus reborn : the Red Army at war, 1941–1943. Lawrence, Kan.: Univ. Press of Kansas. p. 193. ISBN 978-0700613533.
  21. Grant 2013, p. 26.
  22. Grant 2013, pp. 26 and 59.
  23. Moorcraft, Paul L; McLaughlin, Peter (2010) [2008]. The Rhodesian War: A Military History. Mechanicsburg: Stackpole Books. p. 92. ISBN 978-0811707251.
  24. Chris Cocks (3 April 2002). Fireforce: One Man's War in the Rhodesian Light Infantry (July 1, 2001 ed.). Covos Day. pp. 139–141. ISBN 978-1-919874-32-6.
  25. Wood, J R T (April 2008). A matter of weeks rather than months: The Impasse between Harold Wilson and Ian Smith: Sanctions, Aborted Settlements and War 1965–1969. Victoria, British Columbia: Trafford Publishing. p. 411. ISBN 978-1-4251-4807-2.
  26. Cocks, Chris (2008) [1999]. Out of Action (Second ed.). Johannesburg: 30° South Publishers. p. 48. ISBN 978-1920143206.
  27. Jooste, Rina (2013). "Representing history through film with reference to the documentary film Captor and Captive: Perspectives on a 1978 Border War incident" (PDF). Stellenbosch: Stellenbosch University. Retrieved 4 January 2016. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  28. Assault rifles and their ammunition Archived June 2, 2014, at the Wayback Machine.
  29. https://web.archive.org/web/20200223141317/https://ofb.gov.in/unit/pages/SAF/history2
  30. https://web.archive.org/web/20190801055310/http://saf.gov.in/product.html
  31. https://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/30029893
  32. Windrow, Martin (1997). The Algerian War, 1954-62. Men-at Arms 312. London: Osprey Publishing. p. 9. ISBN 978-1-85532-658-3.
  33. "Armed with an L4A4 Bren gun and manning his position reinforced with sandbags and barbed wire, ..." Awm.gov.au. Retrieved 4 July 2018.
  34. Jones, Richard D.; Ness, Leland S., eds. (January 27, 2009). Jane's Infantry Weapons 2009/2010 (35th ed.). Coulsdon: Jane's Information Group. ISBN 978-0-7106-2869-5.
  35. Smith 1969, p. 212.
  36. Jowett, Philip (2016). Modern African Wars (5): The Nigerian-Biafran War 1967-70. Oxford: Osprey Publishing Press. p. 23. ISBN 978-1472816092.
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References
  • Dunlap, Roy F. (1948). Ordnance Went Up Front. The Samworth Press.
  • George, John (Lt. Col.) (1948). Shots Fired In Anger. The Samworth Press.
  • Grant, Neil (2013). The Bren Gun. Weapon 22. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1782000822.
  • Smith, Joseph E. (1969). Small Arms of the World (11 ed.). Harrisburg, Pennsylvania: The Stackpole Company.
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