Budoš Limestone

The Budoš Limestone ("Budos Mountain Limestone") is a geological formation in Montenegro, dating to 179 million years ago, and covering the middle Toarcian stage of the Jurassic Period. It has been considered an important setting in Balkan paleontology, as it represents a terrestrial setting, with abundant plant material.[3] It is the regional equivalent to the Toarcian units of Spain such as the Turmiel Formation, units like the Wazzant Formation and the Azilal Formation of Morocco and others from the Mediterranean such as the Posidonia Beds of Greece and the Marne di Monte Serrone of Italy.[4][5]

Budoš Limestone
Stratigraphic range: Middle Toarcian
~179 Ma
↓
Duga Valley, where the southernmost Budoš Limestone emerges
TypeGeological formation
Thickness50–60 m (160–200 ft)[1]
Lithology
PrimaryLimestones alternated with green marls and calcareous stone
OtherLithified limestone
Location
Coordinates42°59′30″N 18°54′20″E
RegionNikšić
Country Montenegro
Type section
Named forBudoš Mountain[2]
Named byPantić
Year defined1952[1]
Budoš Limestone (Montenegro)

Description

Vakhrameev (1991) recovered the abundant macroflora present in the formation, the richest of the Mediterranean Toarcian realm, with several characteristics, such as the abundant presence of thermophilic Bennettitales and Pachypteris, that grew on semi-arid climates.[6] Most of the research of the flora was done by Pantic between 1952 & 1981, recovering abundant Macroflora and Palynomorphs. Several genera where recovered, such as Coniopteris (Dicksoniaceae), Podozamites (Podocarpaceae) and Elatides (Taxodiaceae).[7] It was considered initially that this flora grew in a continental setting, appearing on deposits that resemble modern inland deposition on ferric soils, thus, in a large inland valley with semi-arid conditions but with nearby large water bodies such as lakes.[8] Other opinions suggested that the flora was divided in two groups, a coastal flora and an interior flora, but part of a small island ecosystem similar to modern Bahamas.[9]

In 2019 the Budoš Limestone strata were identified as part of the now lost continent of Greater Adria, as happened with the terrestrial matter on the Marne di Monte Serrone, with the confirmation of a continental origin for the plant matter, as was proposed in 1990.[10]

Fossil content

Megaespores
Genus Species Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images

Nannoceratopsis[7]
  • Nannoceratopsis cf. gracilis
  • Budos Mountain

Multiple Spores.

Affinities with the Dinophyceae. Freshwater Green Algae, related to ponds and static water bodies.

Scrinocassis[7]
  • Scrinocassis sp.
  • Budos Mountain

Multiple Spores.

Dubious Genus with affinities with Dinophyceae. Freshwater Green Algae, related to ponds and static water bodies.

Aratrisporites[7]
  • Aratrisporites sp
  • Budos Mountain

Multiple Spores.

Affinities with Lycophyta, in situ found related to genera such as Cyclostrobus, Lycostrobus and Annalepis zeiller.

Leptolepidites[7]
  • Leptolepidites macroverrucosus
  • Leptolepidites cf. crassibalteus
  • Budos Mountain

Multiple Spores.

Affinities with Lycopsida.

Styxisporites[7]
  • Styxisporites sp
  • Budos Mountain

Multiple Spores.

Affinities with Lycopsida.

Ischiosporites[7]
  • Ischiosporites sp.
  • Budos Mountain

Multiple Spores.

Affinities with Lycopsida.

Calamospora[7]
  • Calamospora sp.
  • Budos Mountain

Multiple Spores.

Affinities with the genus Calamites inside Equisetales. Large spores of Equisetum-like Flora, common near freshwater deposits inland.

Densoisporites[7]
  • Densoisporites "sp. A"
  • Densoisporites "sp. B"
  • Densoisporites "sp. C"
  • Budos Mountain

Multiple Spores.

Affinities with Selaginellaceae, small flora related to freshwater bodies, specially rivers and ponds.

Foveosporites[7]
  • Foveosporites vissheri
  • Foveosporites sp."
  • Budos Mountain

Multiple Spores.

Affinities with Selaginellaceae, small flora related to freshwater bodies, specially rivers and ponds.

Verrucosisporites[7]
  • Verrucosisporites "sp. A"
  • Verrucosisporites "sp. B"
  • Budos Mountain

Multiple Spores.

Affinities with Pteridophyta. Fern spores related to freswater ponds.

Deltoidospora[7]
  • Deltoidospora minor
  • Budos Mountain

Multiple Spores.

Affinities with Pteridophyta. Fern spores related to freswater ponds.

Granulatisporites[7]
  • Granulatisporites "sp. A"
  • Granulatisporites "sp. B"
  • Granulatisporites "sp. C"
  • Budos Mountain

Multiple Spores.

Affinities with Pteridophyta. Fern spores related to freswater ponds.

Murospora[7]
  • Murospora cf. bicolateralis
  • Budos Mountain

Multiple Spores.

Affinities with the genus Pteridophyta. Various kinds of ferns from different environments.

Duplexisporites[7]
  • Duplexisporites problematicus
  • Budos Mountain

Multiple Spores.

Affinities with the genus Gleichenia inside Gleicheniaceae. Tropical Ferns related to humid ferric soils.

Granulatisporites[7]
  • Concavisporites cf. kaiseri
  • Concavisporites "sp. A"
  • Concavisporites "sp. B"
  • Concavisporites cf. Gleichenia unbonatus
  • Budos Mountain

Multiple Spores.

Affinities with the genus Gleichenia inside Gleicheniaceae. Tropical Ferns related to humid ferric soils.

Monolites[7]
  • Monolites couperi
  • Budos Mountain

Multiple Spores.

Affinities with the genus Matonia inside Matoniaceae. Ferns of several sizes, from both dry land and near water environments.

Matonisporites[7]
  • Matonisporites cf. phlebopteroides
  • Budos Mountain

Multiple Spores.

Affinities with the genus Matonia inside Matoniaceae. Ferns of several sizes, from both dry land and near water environments.

Klukisporites[7]
  • Klukisporites variegatus
  • Klukisporites neovariegatus
  • Budos Mountain

Multiple Spores.

Affinities with Schizaeaceae. Small ferns spores, abundant on humid locations.

Cycadopites[7]
  • Cycadopites "sp. A"
  • Cycadopites "sp. B"
  • Cycadopites cf. follicularis
  • Budos Mountain

Multiple Spores.

Affinities with the genus Bjuvia inside Cycadales. Spores from Medium-sized Cycas.

Bennettiteaepollenites[7]
  • Bennettiteaepollenites sp.
  • Budos Mountain

Multiple Spores.

Affinities with Bennettitales.

Obtusisporites[7]
  • Obtusisporites sp
  • Budos Mountain

Multiple Spores.

Dubious Genus with affinities with Gymnospermophyta. Named only on this Formation

Porcellispora[7]
  • Porcellispora longdonensis
  • Budos Mountain

Multiple Spores.

Dubious Genus with affinities with Gymnospermophyta related to static bodies of water.

Skarbysporites[7]
  • Skarbysporites sp.
  • Budos Mountain

Multiple Spores.

Dubious Genus with affinities with Gymnospermophyta. Named only on this Formation

Callialasporites[7]
  • Callialasporites sp.
  • Budos Mountain

Multiple Spores.

Affinities with Coniferales. Spores from Arbustive to Arboreal Pine-like trees.

Classopollis[7]
  • Classopollis cf. chateaunovi
  • Classopollis "sp. A"
  • Classopollis "sp. B"
  • Classopollis "sp. C"
  • Classopollis meyeriana
  • Classopollis cf. simplex
  • Budos Mountain

Multiple Spores.

Affinities with Cheirolepidiaceae. Spores from Arbustive to Arboreal Coniferous trees.

Podocarpidites[7]
  • Podocarpidites sp.
  • Budos Mountain

Multiple Spores.

Affinities with Podocarpaceae. Spores from Arbustive to Arboreal Coniferous trees.

Cerebropollenites[7]
  • Cerebropollenites macroverrucosus
  • Budos Mountain

Multiple Spores.

Affinities with Pinaceae. Spores from Arbustive to Arboreal Coniferous trees.

Vitreisporites[7]
  • Vitreisporites pallidus
  • Budos Mountain

Multiple Spores.

Affinities with Pinaceae. Spores from Arbustive to Arboreal Coniferous trees.

Pityosporites[7]
  • Pityosporites sp
  • Budos Mountain

Multiple Spores.

Affinities with Pinaceae. Spores from Arbustive to Arboreal Coniferous trees.

Plant remains
Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes

Equisetum[1][7]
  • Equisetum sp
  • Equisetum columnare
  • Budos Mountain

Leaves and Branches

Affinities with Equisetaceae inside Sphenopsida. Near water plants, associated with static freswater ponds and other Humid environments.

Coniopteris[1][7]
  • Coniopteris sp
  • Budos Mountain

Leaves and Branches

Affinities with Dicksoniaceae inside Pteridopsida. Tree ferns of Different sizes, associated to humid conditions.

Pachypteris[1][7]
  • Pachypteris sp
  • Budos Mountain

Leaves and Branches

Affinities with Umkomasiaceae inside Peltaspermopsida. Large Tree ferns associated to humid conditions.

Caytonia[1][7]
  • Caytonia sp.
  • Budos Mountain

Leaves and Branches

Affinities with Caytoniales inside Peltaspermopsida. Reproductive organ of the Peltaspermales, with berry like cupules with numerous small seeds arrayed along axes.

Otozamites[1][7]
  • Otozamites beani
  • Otozamites cf. gramineus
  • Otozamites tenuatus
  • Otozamites sp.
  • Budos Mountain

Leaves and Branches

Affinities with Bennettitales inside Cycadeoideopsida. Cycadales-Like medium sized trees. The most abundant flora on the Budos Mountain Limestone.

Ptilophyllum[1][7]
  • Ptilophyllum pectinoides
  • Ptilophyllum cf. pecten
  • Budos Mountain

Leaves and Branches

Affinities with Bennettitales inside Cycadeoideopsida. Cycadales-Like medium sized trees. The most abundant flora on the Budos Mountain Limestone.

Zamites[1][7]
  • Zamites sp.
  • Budos Mountain

Leaves and Branches

Affinities with Bennettitales inside Cycadeoideopsida. Cycadales-Like medium sized trees. The most abundant flora on the Budos Mountain Limestone.

Eretmophyllum[1][7]
  • Eretmophyllum sp.
  • Budos Mountain

Leaves and Branches

Affinities with Ginkgoales inside Ginkgoopsida. Ginko Relatives with a more wider leaf, representing among the best specimens found on the mediterranean realm.

Brachyphyllum[1][7]
  • Brachyphyllum crucis
  • Budos Mountain

Leaves and Branches

Affinities with Araucariaceae inside Coniferales. Leaves from Arbustive to Arboreal Coniferous trees.

Pagiophyllum[1][7]
  • Pagiophyllum kurri
  • Budos Mountain

Leaves and Branches

Affinities with Araucariaceae inside Coniferales. Leaves from Arbustive to Arboreal Coniferous trees.

Lindleycladus[1][7]
  • Lindleycladus lanceolatus
  • Budos Mountain

Leaves and Branches

Affinities with Araucariaceae inside Coniferales. Leaves from Arbustive to Arboreal Coniferous trees.

Elatides[1][7]
  • Elatides williamsoni
  • Budos Mountain

Leaves and Branches

Affinities with Cupressaceae inside Coniferales. Leaves from Arbustive to Arboreal Coniferous trees.

Color key
Taxon Reclassified taxon Taxon falsely reported as present Dubious taxon or junior synonym Ichnotaxon Ootaxon Morphotaxon
 Notes
Uncertain or tentative taxa are in small text; crossed out taxa are discredited.

See also

References
  1. PANTIC, N., 1952: Liassic flora from Budos mountain - Montenegro. - Glasnik Prir. muzeja Srp. zem„ A, 1, 5, 293-308, Beograd.
  2. Antović, N. M., Svrkota, N., Antović, I., Svrkota, R., Žižić, R., & Živković, D. (2014). Radioactivity impact assessment of Nikšić region in Montenegro. Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry, 302(2), 831-836.
  3. PANTIC, N., GRus1c, A. & SLA01c-TR1FuNov1c, M., 1983: The importance of Mesozoic floras and faunas from intraoceanic carbonate platforms for the interpretation of paleogeographic and geodynamic events in the Tethys. - Boll. Soc. Pal. ltaliana 22: 5-14.
  4. Farinacci, A. (2002). Western Tethys Jurassic Gaps as Windows on the Land: Interaction Between Hot-spots and Gaps (No. 4). Università La Sapienza.
  5. Dragičević, I., & Velić, I. (2002). The northeastern margin of the Adriatic Carbonate Platform. Geologia Croatica, 55(2), 185-232.
  6. Vakhrameev, V. A. (1991). Jurassic and Cretaceous floras and climates of the Earth. Cambridge University Press.
  7. Pantić, N. K. (1981). Macroflora and palynomorphs from Lower jurassic of Budos Mountain, Montenegro. Ann. Geol. Peninsule Balk, 45, 157-171.
  8. PANTIC, N. & Duuc, 1., 1990: Palaeophytogeography of Jurassic land flores in Tethyan regions and its margins. - Geol. an. Balk. pol., Llll: 237-247, Beograd.
  9. Barrón, E., Ureta, S., Goy, A., & Lassaletta, L. (2010). Palynology of the Toarcian–Aalenian Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) at Fuentelsaz (Lower–Middle Jurassic, Iberian Range, Spain). Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, 162(1), 11-28.
  10. Van Hinsbergen, Douwe J.J.; Trond H. Torsvik; Stefan M. Schmid; Liviu C. Maţenco; Marco Maffione; Reinoud L.M. Vissers; Derya Gürera, and Wim Spakman. 2019. Orogenic architecture of the Mediterranean region and kinematic reconstruction of its tectonic evolution since the Triassic. Gondwana Research 81. 79–229. Accessed 2020-03-17. doi:10.1016/j.gr.2019.07.009
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