CANZUK

CANZUK is an acronym for a theoretical cultural, diplomatic and economic community comprising Canada, Australia, New Zealand and the United Kingdom as part of an international organisation or confederation similar in scope to the former European Economic Community.[5] This includes increased trade, foreign policy co-operation, military co-operation and mobility of citizens between the four states.[6] The idea is lobbied by the advocacy group CANZUK International[7] and supported by various think tanks such as the Adam Smith Institute,[8] the Henry Jackson Society,[9] Bruges Group[10] and politicians from the four countries.

CANZUK
(Canada, Australia, New Zealand and United Kingdom)
Flag
A map highlighting the proposed CANZUK countries.
  CANZUK countries
TypeProposed international organisation/free-trade area/freedom of movement area
Membership
Area
• Total
18,187,210 km2 (7,022,120 sq mi)
• Water (%)
1.0%
Population
• 2020 estimate
136,649,018[1][2][3][4]
• Density
7.5/km2 (19.4/sq mi)
GDP (nominal)2018 estimate
• Total
$6.456 trillion
• Per capita
$45,919

History

The term

The term CANZUK was first coined by the author William David McIntyre in his 1967 book Colonies into Commonwealth in the context of a "CANZUK Union".[11] The idea of increased migration, trade and foreign policy cooperation between the CANZUK countries was created and popularized in 2015 by CEO and Founder of CANZUK International[12] (formerly the Commonwealth Freedom of Movement Organisation), James Skinner.[13][14]

In the wake of the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum and the decision made by the United Kingdom to leave the European Union, writers such as Andrew Lilico and James C. Bennett, along with academics such as the historian Andrew Roberts also advocated that Canada, Australia, New Zealand and the United Kingdom merge and form a new entity in international politics.[15][16] Andrew Roberts suggested that such a bloc could slot into the international order as a third pillar of the West (alongside the United States and the European Union). Beyond this, Roberts argues that due to its territorial scale, geographic scope and advanced economy that it would qualify as a "great power" and potentially a "global power" (or emerging superpower).[17]

Some advocates such as Roberts favour a federal or confederal union. Others, such as Lilico describe the objective as being the creation of a "geopolitical partnership" akin to the European Economic Community.[18] In the version favoured by Lilico, by the advocacy group CANZUK international and by the Canadian Conservative Party, the proposal would involve the creation of a free-movement zone, a multilateral free trade agreement and a security partnership. The more general concept of deepening trade ties (with or without a multilateral agreement) has many advocates, including figures such as Australian Prime Minister Scott Morrison,[19] Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau,[20] former British Prime Minister Theresa May[21] and New Zealand Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern.[22]

Relationship

Canada, Australia and New Zealand are former settler colonies of the British Empire where people of British ethnic origin came to constitute the majority of the population.[23] Today, the four CANZUK countries maintain a close affinity of cultural, diplomatic and military ties to one another. The Australian and New Zealand flags contain the flag of the United Kingdom in their canton; and the Union Flag is also one of two official flags of Canada (referred to as the Royal Union Flag).

Canada, Australia, New Zealand and the United Kingdom are also Commonwealth realms which share Elizabeth II as constitutional monarch and head of state. The countries share a number of institutional, linguistic and religious similarities such as the use political systems based upon the Westminster parliamentary system of government, and common law. The CANZUK countries form part of the English-speaking world and share a number of Anglosphere military initiatives with each other including the Fincastle Trophy, Five Eyes intelligence, ABCANZ Armies and AUSCANNZUKUS, which are concerned with increased military and naval co-operation. Canada and the United Kingdom are allied through the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation while Australia, New Zealand and the United Kingdom are allied through the Five Power Defence Arrangements.

All four nations have diverse, multicultural populations, free and open presses, and are closely aligned on key social issues. Public relations are extremely warm between the four countries, with consistent evidence that people in Canada, Australia, New Zealand and the United Kingdom regard each other's countries as their country's closest friends and allies in the world.[24][25][26][27]

Since 1983, Australia and New Zealand have had formal trade ties with the Closer Economic Relations (CER) agreement.

Country comparison
Canada[28] Australia[29] New Zealand[30] United Kingdom[31]
Flag
Coat of arms
Population 37,971,020
(as of 2020)[1]		 25,522,169
(as of 2019)[32]		 5,021,400
(as of 2020)[33]		 66,796,807
(as of 2019)[34]
Area 9,984,670 km2[28] 7,741,220 km2[29] 268,838 km2[30] 243,610 km2[31]
Population density 3.9/km2 3.3/km2 18.3/km2 270.7/km2
Capital city Ottawa Canberra Wellington London
Largest urban areas
(2020)

[28][29][30][31]
Form of government Federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy[28] Federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy[29] Unitary parliamentary constitutional monarchy[30] Unitary parliamentary constitutional monarchy[31]
Head of State Queen Elizabeth II Queen Elizabeth II Queen Elizabeth II Queen Elizabeth II
Head of government PM Justin Trudeau PM Scott Morrison PM Jacinda Ardern PM Boris Johnson
Official languages English
Main religions
(as of 2011)[lower-alpha 4]
(as of 2016)[lower-alpha 5]
(as of 2018)[lower-alpha 6]
(as of 2011)[lower-alpha 7]
Currency Canadian dollar Australian dollar New Zealand dollar Pound sterling

Economic comparison

Using data from 2019, below is a table comparing the CANZUK countries to each other, as well as their combined size as a percentage of the world.

Country Population Total land area (km2) Total land area (mi2) Nominal GDP

(billions USD)[43]

 Nominal GDP per capita

(USD)

 PPP GDP

(billions USD)[44]

 PPP GDP per capita

(USD)

 National Wealth

(billions USD)[45]

 National Wealth

per capita (USD)

 Human Development

Index (2018)[46]

 Canada 38,014,184[47] 9,984,670 3,855,100 $1,820.00 $48,774 $1,931.00 $51,749 $7,407 $202,240 0.926 (very high)
 Australia 25,741,500[2] 7,741,220 2,969,907 $1,500.26 $61,359 $1,235.30 $50,522 $7,329 $299,748 0.939 (very high)
 New Zealand 5,007,330[3] 268,838 104,428 $206 $42,692 $185.748 $42,940 $1,162 $240,821 0.917 (very high)
 United Kingdom 67,886,004[4] 243,610 93,628 $2,936.29 $44,367 $2,880.25 $43,520 $14,073 $212,640 0.922 (very high)
Total 136,649,018 18,238,338 7,023,063 $6,441.01 $48,765 $6,065.08 $45,919 $29,971 $226,913 0.926 (very high)
Global Rank 10 1 3 – 4 – 3 – 12
Total as % of World 1.7% 12.2% 7.4% – 4.8% – 10.7% – –

Supporting views
See also: List of CANZUK endorsements

Several organisations have been set up that promote, to varying degrees, much closer associations between the CANZUK nations. CANZUK International has, as its stated aim, the desire to establish an area of freedom of movement akin to that which existed before the European Communities Act 1972, or as a mirror to the rights of free movement as seen within the Trans-Tasman Travel Arrangement.[48] Other organisations are largely voluntary groupings of those who advocate the more specific idea of transnational union, such as "CANZUK Uniting".[49]

Canada

Several members of parliament voiced their support for the CANZUK initiative during the Conservative Party of Canada's 2017 leadership election. The eventual winner of the leadership election, Andrew Scheer, stated his support for a CANZUK free trade deal in March 2017. At a debate in Vancouver, British Columbia, Scheer stated, "I very much support a trade deal with those countries. Australia, New Zealand and the United Kingdom have a similar basis of law, they have a common democratic system, they have the same types of legislation and regulations around investment and trade. Those are the types of things we don't enjoy with China".[50]

Other candidates for the Conservative Party leadership also adopted CANZUK free trade and free movement as a part of their campaigns platforms, including Erin O'Toole and Michael Chong.[51] In April 2017, O'Toole released a video with CANZUK International, describing the CANZUK initiative as "a no brainer", stating that Canada already offers free trade and free mobility with citizens of the United States and should therefore offer such benefits to "our other closest allies".[52] O'Toole again supported CANZUK during his successful campaign for the leadership of the Conservative Party of Canada in 2020.[53]

In August 2018, the Conservative Party of Canada adopted CANZUK as official party policy at their 2018 party convention by 215 votes to 7.[54][55] The party presently serves as the Official Opposition in the Parliament of Canada.

In August 2020, the Conservatives elected Erin O'Toole as their Leader.[56]

Australia

In August 2017, Liberal Senator for Victoria, James Paterson, published an opinion-piece in the Australian Financial Review declaring support for CANZUK free trade and free movement, stating "With Australia, New Zealand and Canada all lining up to sign post-Brexit trade agreements with the United Kingdom, we have an opportunity to push for a wide-ranging agreement between all four Commonwealth nations...It's an idea whose time has come."[57]

New Zealand

In New Zealand, ACT New Zealand has expressed support for a "free-movement zone", with leader David Seymour stating, "Successful nations like Britain and New Zealand shouldn't be putting up walls and shutting off from each other when it's the exchange of ideas that has made our nations so prosperous. Brexit provides new options as Britain pivots away from European immigration. Let's approach Britain with a proposal for a two-way free movement agreement".[58]

In April 2018 Simon Bridges MP, then Leader of the Opposition and Leader of the National Party, announced his support for CANZUK.[59]

Leader of the New Zealand First political party Winston Peters called in February 2016 for a Commonwealth Free Trade Area modelled on the one in existence between Australia and New Zealand. In his comments, he suggested the inclusion of the UK, Canada, Australia and New Zealand in this area, with the possibility of adding others, referring to the putative free trade area as a 'Closer Commonwealth Economic Relations' area, or CCER.[60] CCER was included as New Zealand government policy in the Labour-NZ First coalition agreement.[61]

United Kingdom

On 11 July 2012, Andrew Rosindell MP put forward a private members' bill to the UK Parliament which would involve allowing "subjects of Her Majesty's realms to enter the United Kingdom through a dedicated channel at international terminals", "display prominently a portrait of Her Majesty as Head of State" and the Union flag, and other provisions,[62] which would include citizens of Canada, Australia and New Zealand, with the stated aim of introducing reciprocal border agreements between the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth realms in the future.[63] The bill was supported by MPs Nigel Dodds (DUP), Rory Stewart (Conservative), Bob Blackman (Conservative), Steve Baker (Conservative), Priti Patel (Conservative), Mark Menzies (Conservative), Kate Hoey (Labour), Ian Paisley (DUP), John Redwood (Conservative) and Thomas Docherty (Labour).[63] The "Bill failed to complete its passage through Parliament before the end of the session ... and [made] no further progress."[62]

The Adam Smith Institute expressed its support for CANZUK in early 2018.[64][65][66]

Conservative MEP for South East England Daniel Hannan expressed his support for CANZUK as a guest speaker at the 2018 Canadian Conservative Party convention in Halifax.[67] Scottish Conservative MP Bill Grant also expressed his support for increased ties between the United Kingdom, Australia, Canada and New Zealand on his webpage in 2018 and stated that British Ministers are aware of CANZUK and "are very enthusiastic about our future relationships and trade with each of the countries involved".[68]

Since early 2020, the grassroots Conservative Party movement Conservatives for CANZUK has influenced MPs to build support for a post-Brexit realignment of British foreign policy among Conservative Party members, other MPs, peers and policy makers.[69] Open supporters includes 23 MPs among whom notably include Jeremy Hunt and Paul Bristow - chairman of the CANZUK APPG.[70]

Opposing views

Critics have suggested that the CANZUK project would not make sense as a geopolitical construct in the 21st century. Nick Cohen wrote in April 2016 that "It's a Eurosceptic fantasy that the 'Anglosphere' wants Brexit", and emphasises the gradual separation that has occurred between each of the states in both legal and political culture since the end of the British Empire.[71] It has been argued that geographical separation limits the value of any such union, in keeping with the mainstream economic opinion that considers the 'distance and the size of trading partners matter more than historical links in determining trading relationships between countries'.[72] Former Australian prime minister Kevin Rudd reiterated this sentiment, stating that "much as any Australian, Canadian and New Zealand governments of whichever persuasion would do whatever they could to frame new free-trade agreements with the UK, the bottom line is that 65 million of us do not come within a bull's roar of Britain's adjacent market of 450 million Europeans", describing the idea as "bollocks".[73]

Economic, geographical, political and social complexities would limit the influence that this bloc could exert. Only one of the countries (the United Kingdom) has significant military capabilities, and it is the only one with a permanent seat on the United Nations Security Council. The UK economy is considerably bigger than those of each of the three other countries.[74]

An editorial in Canada's Globe and Mail, which described CANZUK as "a silly name", pointed out that those Commonwealth countries with which advocates of Brexit were most enamoured were "ex-Dominions where white people predominate" and that even if it were broadened to include populous countries, the group had "nowhere near the latent appetite for trade with Britain that would make the scheme credible".[75] In an article published in The New York Times in April 2018, historian Alex von Tunzelmann stated that "no doubt, the advocates of reviving Britain's links with Canada, Australia and New Zealand can cite myriad reasons that have nothing to do with racism to explain why some other nations are just different. Still, majority-nonwhite nations will notice if they are treated as them rather than us, because this will not be the first time that has happened."[76]

In academia, Duncan Bell criticises contemporary 'Anglospheric discourse' and concludes that modern political commentary is "a pale imitation of previous iterations", lacking support across the political spectrum.[77] International affairs professor Srdjan Vucetic expands on this idea further, describing CANZUK as "the latest variant of a long line of projects seeking to consolidate the British settler empire, projects that were until deep into the second half of the twentieth century justified in explicitly racist terms" and questioned the viability of a CANZUK defence pact without the inclusion of the United States, as in the Five Eyes and ABCANZ alliances.[78]

Official views

On a visit to Australia in September 2019, the UK International Trade Secretary Liz Truss stated that the British government would raise free movement between Australia and the UK during post-Brexit negotiations for a free-trade agreement.[79]

In January 2020, it was reported that Australia's Morrison Government was opposed to expanding freedom of movement between Australia and the UK. Australian trade minister Simon Birmingham had said he "can't imagine full and unfettered free movement" would be discussed during post-Brexit negotiations for a free-trade agreement.[80] Australian prime minister Scott Morrison had earlier said in September 2019 that "the New Zealand arrangement is quite unique and it's not one we would probably ever contemplate extending".[81]

Public opinion

2015

Public opinion polling conducted by research firm YouGov in 2015 found that 58 per cent of British people would support freedom of movement and work between the citizens of the United Kingdom and the citizens of Australia, Canada and New Zealand, with 19 per cent opposed to the idea and 23 per cent undecided, with support for the proposals found in all four countries of the United Kingdom.[82] The research also found that British people valued free mobility between the United Kingdom, Australia, Canada and New Zealand more than they valued free mobility between the United Kingdom and the European Union at 46 per cent to 35 per cent.[83] Opinion polls from other firms was not published.

2016

Opinion poll surveys commissioned by the Royal Commonwealth Society in 2016 found that 70 per cent of Australians said they were supportive of the proposal, with 10 per cent opposed to it; 75 per cent of Canadians said they supported the idea and 15 per cent were opposed to it and 82 per cent of New Zealanders stated that they supported the idea, with 10 per cent opposed.[83] All of the respective provinces, states and territories of Australia, Canada and New Zealand registered majority support for the proposals.[83]

2017

Further polling of 2,000 people conducted in January 2017 found support for free movement of people and goods with certain limitations on citizens claiming tax-funded payments on entry across Australia, Canada, New Zealand and the United Kingdom, with undecideds included. Counting undecideds as giving support makes these results somewhat questionable. Support in Australia was at 72 per cent, 77 per cent in Canada, 81 per cent in New Zealand and 64 per cent in the United Kingdom.[84][85]

2018

A survey carried out by CANZUK International consisting of 13,600 respondents from Australia, Canada, New Zealand and the United Kingdom conducted between January and March 2018 found increased support for reciprocal free trade and movement of people between the countries when compared to 2017, with support at 73 per cent in Australia (up 1 per cent); 76 per cent in Canada (down 1 per cent); 82 per cent in New Zealand (up 1 per cent); and 68 per cent in the United Kingdom (up 4 per cent).[86] The opinion polling indicated greater support for the proposals in the North and South Islands of New Zealand at 83 per cent and 81 per cent support respectively; British Columbia and Ontario in Canada at 82 per cent and 80 per cent support respectively; and New South Wales and Victoria in Australia at 79 per cent support each, while lesser support was observed in Quebec in Canada at 63 per cent support; Northern Ireland and Scotland in the United Kingdom at 64 per cent and 66 per cent support respectively; and Western Australia at 65 per cent support.[87]

2020

After his victory in the 2020 Conservative Party of Canada leadership election, Erin O'Toole, made CANZUK a priority in his platform.[88]

See also

Notes
  1. English is a de facto official language due to its widespread use[41]
  2. Welsh is a de jure official language in Wales under the Welsh Language (Wales) Measure 2011[42]
  3. "Christian" includes Christian denominations that are not separately listed here for the country.
  4. Canadian religions are 2011 estimates.[28]
  5. Australian religions are 2016 estimates.[29]
  6. New Zealand religions are "based on the 2018 census of the usually resident population; percentages add up to more than 100% because respondents were able to identify more than one."[30]
  7. United Kingdom religions are 2011 estimates.[31]

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