Charter city

In the United States, a charter city is a city in which the governing system is defined by the city's own charter document rather than by general law. In states where city charters are allowed by law, a city can adopt or modify its organizing charter by decision of its administration by the way established in the charter. These cities may be administered predominantly by residents or through a third-party management structure, because a charter gives a city the flexibility to choose novel types of government structure. Depending on the state, all cities, no cities, or fewer than all cities may be charter cities.[1]

This article is about a type of city governance structure in the United States. For city status conferred by Royal Charter in the United Kingdom, see city status in the United Kingdom. For charter cities as a proposed tool for economic development, see Charter city (economic development).

California

For example, in California, cities which have not adopted a charter are organized by state law. Such a city is called a General Law City, which will be managed by a 5-member city council. A city organized under a charter may choose different systems, including the "strong mayor" or "city manager" forms of government.[2][3] As of 21 January 2020, 125 of California's 478 cities are charter cities.[4] A few examples include Norco, Berkeley, Oakland, Newport Beach, Palo Alto, Huntington Beach, Alameda, San Francisco, San Luis Obispo, Irvine, Los Angeles, San José, Merced and the capital, Sacramento.[5]

Texas

Under Texas law, unless a city charter is passed, cities have only those powers granted under the Texas Constitution and the general laws of the state, and no more.

Once a city reaches a population of 5,000, the voters may petition an election for a city charter. If the charter is approved by the voters, the city is governed under home rule status, which allows the city to pass any ordinance which is "not inconsistent" with either the Texas Constitution or the general laws of the state. This has caused some turmoil between cities seeking to pass laws and the Legislature attempting to keep them from doing so; examples include plastic bag bans (or plastic bag fees) and bans on oil and gas drilling within city limits. The city may retain home rule status even if the population subsequently falls below 5,000.

Texas law does not allow counties or special districts (other than school districts) to operate under a charter, their powers are strictly limited to those under the Texas Constitution and general law. School districts may petition for a charter; however, no school district has done so.

See also

References
  1. Total charter cities by state, from Ballotpedia
  2. "Charter Cities". League of California Cities. 2007-05-09. Retrieved 2008-04-17.
  3. "California Government Code, Title 4 Government of Cities, Chapter 2 Classification". State of California. Archived from the original on 2010-03-30. Retrieved 2008-04-17.
  4. "Charter Cities List". League of California Cities. 22 February 2013. Retrieved 2016-06-23.
  5. "Charter Cities". League of California Cities. Archived from the original on 2008-11-14. Retrieved 2008-11-14.

Further reading
  • Kemp, Roger L., "Model Government Charters: A City, County, Regional, State, and Federal Handbook," McFarland and Co., Inc., Publisher, Jefferson, NC, and London, ENG. (2007). (ISBN 978-0-7864-3154-0).
  • Lang, Diane (December 1991). "Dillon's Rule...and the Birth of Home Rule" (PDF). New Mexico Municipal League. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-05-30. Retrieved 2008-12-26. Cite journal requires |journal= (help) Discussion of Dillon's rule, charter cities and home rule in New Mexico.
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