Comparison of Indonesian and Standard Malay

Malaysian and Indonesian are two standardised varieties of the Malay language, used in Malaysia and Indonesia, respectively. Both varieties are generally mutually intelligible, yet there are noticeable differences in spelling, grammar, pronunciation and vocabulary, as well as the predominant source of loanwords.[1][2][3] The differences can range from those mutually unintelligible with one another, to those having a closer familial resemblance. The regionalised and localised varieties of Malay can become a catalyst for intercultural conflict, especially in higher education.[4][5][6]

Perception

To non-native speakers the two varieties may seem identical, but to native speakers the differences are noticeable through both diction and accent. They affect the broadcasting industry with regard to foreign language subtitling, for example, in DVD movies and on cable TV. In order to reach a wider audience, both Indonesian and Malay subtitles are sometimes displayed in a movie, along with other language subtitles. Another example is Malaysian TV providing Malay subtitling on Indonesian sinetrons (TV dramas) aired in Malaysia,[7] and vice versa.[8]

The Malay language in Indonesia and Malaysia also differs in recognition, where in Malaysia it enjoys status as the national language (Malaysian language),[9] while in Indonesia it is considered a regional language in Malay-speaking areas such as the eastern coast of Sumatra and West Kalimantan.[10][11] The term "Malay language" (Bahasa Melayu) in Indonesia and Malaysia invites different perceptions from its respective people.[12] To Malaysians, the Malay language is generally understood as the national language of Malaysia, with Malaysian language (Bahasa Malaysia) being a precise appellation for the Malay variety used in the country.[13] Between 1986 and 2007, the term Bahasa Melayu was used instead of Bahasa Malaysia, until the latter was reinstated, in order to instill a sense of belonging among Malaysians of all races, rather than just Malays.[14][15] Therefore, there was no clear distinction between the use of the term Malay (Bahasa Melayu) and the national language of Malaysia (Bahasa Malaysia). In Brunei, where Malay is also an official language, the language is known as Bahasa Melayu and in English as "Malay".[16]

In Indonesia, however, there is a clear distinction between "Malay language" (bahasa Melayu) and "Indonesian" (bahasa Indonesia). Indonesian is the national language which serves as the unifying language of Indonesia; despite being a standardized form of Malay, it is not referred to with the term "Malay" in common parlance.[17] The term "Malay" is usually reserved for the forms of Malay indigenous to the Malay ethnic group (the national standardized language of Malaysia and the non-standard idioms of Malay people, including those used by Malay Indonesians). Thus, "Malay" is considered a regional language (bahasa daerah) in Indonesia, enjoying the same status as e.g. Javanese, Sundanese, Buginese, Balinese, Batak languages and others.[18] Moreover, to some Indonesians, the term "Malay" is more often associated with Malaysia and the Malaysian variety of Malay.[19]

In Malaysia, the terms "Indonesian Malay" and "Malaysian Malay" are sometimes used for Indonesian and Malaysian as spoken in Malaysia. In Indonesia, "Indonesian Malay" usually refers to the vernacular varieties of Malay spoken by the Malay peoples of Indonesia, that is, to Malay as a regional language in Sumatra, though it is rarely used.[20] Bahasa Malaysia and Bahasa Melayu are used interchangeably in reference to Malay in Malaysia.

Orthography

Before the 20th century, Malay was written in a local modified form of the Arabic alphabet known as Jawi. During the 20th century, Malay written with Roman letters, known as Rumi, almost completely replaced Jawi in everyday life. The romanisations originally used in British Malaya (now part of Malaysia) and the Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia) reflected their past history as British and Dutch colonial possessions respectively. In British Malaya, the romanisation of Malay, devised by Richard Wilkinson[21] was influenced by English, whereas in the Dutch East Indies, the system devised by C. A. Van Ophuijsen was influenced by Dutch.[22] As a result, in Indonesia, the vowel in the English word 'moon' was formerly represented oe, as in Dutch, although the official spelling of this sound was changed to u in 1947 when the Republican Spelling System was used.[23]

Similarly, until 1972, the initial consonant of the English 'chin' was represented in Malaysia as ch, whereas in Indonesia, it continued to follow Dutch and used tj. Hence the word for 'grandchild' used to be written as chuchu in Malaysia and tjoetjoe in Indonesia, until a unified spelling system was introduced in 1972 (known in Indonesia as Ejaan Yang Disempurnakan or the 'Perfected Spelling') which removed most differences between the two varieties: Malay ch and Indonesian tj became c: hence cucu.[24] Indonesia abandoned the spelling dj (for the consonant at the beginning of the word 'Jakarta') to conform to the j already in use in Malaysia, while the old Indonesian j for the semivowel at the beginning of the English 'young', was replaced with y as in Malaysia. Likewise, the velar fricative which occurs in many Arabic loanwords, which used to be written 'ch' in Indonesian, became kh in both languages.[24] However, oe was retained in some proper names, such as the name of the former vice-president, Boediono or former minister Mohammad Roem. The ch and dj letter combinations are still encountered in names such as Achmad and Djojo (pronounced as Akhmad and Joyo respectively), although the post-1972 spelling is now favoured.

One notable difference in punctuation between the two languages is the use of different decimal marks; Indonesian, influenced by Dutch, uses the decimal comma,[25] whereas Malay, influenced by English, uses the decimal point.[26]

Pronunciation

Pronunciation also tends to be very different, with East Malaysia, Brunei and East Indonesia pronouncing words in a form called Bahasa Baku,[27] where the words are pronounced as spelled.[28] and enunciation tends to be clipped, staccato and faster than on the Malay Peninsula, which is spoken at a more languorous pace. Many vowels are pronounced (and were formerly spelt) differently in Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore and Sumatra: tujuh is pronounced (and was spelt) tujoh, pilih as pileh, etc., and many final a's tend to be pronounced as schwas; [e] and [o] are also allophones of /i/ and /u/ in closed final syllables in peninsular Malaysian, Singaporean and Sumatran varieties of Malay.[29][30]

Vocabulary

Vocabulary differences

Indonesian and Malaysian both differ in the forms of loanwords used as the Malay Archipelago was divided by long-lasting colonial influences between the Dutch and British as a consequence of the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824: Indonesian absorbed primarily Dutch loanwords whereas Malaysian absorbed primarily English words. Pronunciation of certain loanwords in Standard Malay follows English, while in Indonesian it follows Dutch, for example Malay "televisyen" (from English: television) and Indonesian "televisi" (from Dutch: televisie); the "-syen" and "-si" also prevail in some other words, though "-si" has become more preferred in Malaysian as of late.

Malaysian has also experienced significant conservative pushback as precedent entities that existed within the British sphere made efforts to create words that would fit naturally foreign ideas of governance and thought through a Malay-oriented context. The Pakatan Belajar Mengajar Pengetahuan Bahasa in Johore headed by Abdul Rahman Andak during the 19th century was especially important in introducing neologisms like pejabat ("office", cf. Indonesian kantor from kantoor) and setiausaha ("secretary", cf. Indo sekretaris from Dutch: secretaris) into the Malay lexicon.[31] For example, the word for 'post office' in Malaysia is "pejabat pos" (in Indonesia this means 'post officer'), whereas in Indonesia it is "kantor pos".

There are also some Portuguese influences: in Indonesia, Christmas is known as "Natal", whereas Malaysia uses "Krismas", derived from English (or in some cases also "Natal", due to Indonesian influence). There are also instances where the Malaysian version derives from English pronunciation while the Indonesian version takes its cue from Latin. The Latin preference of the (older) Indonesian intellectuals in these instances may be ascribed to the influence of their classical-oriented education when Gymnasium schools were established during the Dutch colonial period : compare Malay kualiti, kuantiti, majoriti, minoriti and universiti with Indonesian kualitas, kuantitas, mayoritas, minoritas and universitas.

Some words which are spelt the same in both languages may even carry entirely different meanings in the other language, potentially leading to humorous or embarrassing situations: while baja means "steel" in Indonesian, in Malaysian it means "fertiliser". Also, whereas the Indonesian word butuh (from Sundanese ᮘᮥᮒᮥᮂ butuh) means "require" or "need", in Malaysian, it is a vulgar slang term equivalent to "cunt/cock". Conversely, where the word "banci" seems innocuous enough in Malaysia ("census"), in Indonesia it is a derogatory term for "transvestite".

The relatively large share of Islamic (Arabic or Persian) loan words shared by Malaysian and Indonesian often poses no difficulty in comprehension and usage, although some forms may have developed a (slightly) different meaning or have become obsolete either in Malaysian or in Indonesian, e.g. khidmat, wakil (see below).

A

English Standard Malay (Malaysian) Indonesian
abolition pemansuhan 1. abolisi,
2. penghapusan
abortion pengguguran 1. aborsi,
2. pengguguran (of a fetus)
abroad luar negara luar negeri
accessibility 1. kebolehcapaian,
2. ketercapaian
1. keterjangkauan,
2. ketercapaian,
aksesibilitas
account (bank, bills) akaun 1. rekening (from Dutch – used in banks and hotels),
2. akun (used for all meanings of account apart from bank account)
accountability kebertanggungjawapan,
akauntabliti
akuntabilitas,
pertanggungjawaban
accountant akauntan akuntan
accounting perakaunan akuntansi
accurate tepat 1. tepat,
2. akurat (influenced by Dutch accuraat)
administration pentadbiran administrasi (From Dutch pronunciation of administratie)
after 1. selepas,
2. setelah
1. setelah (also used in Malay to indicate consecutive actions),
2. sesudah,
selepas
afternoon petang 1. sore,
2. petang
agent 1. ejen,
2. agen
agen
air force tentera udara angkatan udara
airport lapangan terbang ('airfield' in Indonesian; similar to Dutch vliegveld) bandar udara (loan translation of the English term, commonly abbreviated as bandara),
lapangan terbang
Alexandria Iskandariah Alexandria, Iskandariyah
Algeria Algeria Aljazair (from Arabic: al-Jazā'ir الجزائر)
Algiers Algiers Aljir (from Algerian Arabic: dzayr دْزَايرْ)
alliance perikatan, persekutuan, pakatan aliansi (influenced by Dutch alliantie),
persekutuan
alloy pancalogam, aloi logam paduan,
logam campuran, aloi
apartment pangsapuri,
rumah pangsa,
rumah kondo (only for 'condominium')
apartemen (influenced by Dutch appartement),
rumah susun (rusun) (public housing for poor families),
kondominium
application (software) perisian penggunaan, aplikasi perangkat lunak, aplikasi
architect arkitek arsitek (from pronunciation of Dutch architect)
architecture seni bina arsitektur (influenced by Dutch architectuur)
archive arkib arsip (from Dutch archief)
area kawasan daerah, area,
kawasan
armed forces tentera tentara,
angkatan bersenjata
army tentera darat angkatan darat
assembly majlis,
perhimpunan (from the root verb 'himpun' meaning 'to gather/assemble')
majelis,
himpunan,
perhimpunan
assets aset harta,
aset,
aktiva (from Dutch activa)
association persatuan asosiasi (from Dutch associatie),
persatuan,
perkumpulan
assumption andaian,
anggapan
asumsi,
anggapan,

dugaan

astronaut angkasawan astronaut, antariksawan
Athens Athens Athena (influenced by Dutch Athene or from native Greek Athina)
athletics (sport) olahraga ('sport' in Indonesian) atletik
auction lelong from Portuguese leilão lelang also from Portuguese leilão
August Ogos Agustus from Dutch augustus
auntie makcik (also used in Riau Malay dialect in Indonesia),
emak saudara,
ibu saudara
bibi,
tante from Dutch
autobiography autobiografi autobiografi, otobiografi is a nonstandard form
automatic automatik (formerly otomatik) otomatis (derived from Dutch pronunciation of automatisch)
autonomy autonomi otonomi (self-governing)
awkward janggal,
kekok (of gesture)
aneh,
janggal,
canggung,
kikuk (of gesture)

B

English Standard Malay (Malaysian) Indonesian
backpack beg sandang (lit. "sling bag") ransel (from Dutch), tas punggung
backstage (of a theater or studio) belakang tabir belakang layar (lit. "back screen/behind the screen"),

belakang panggung

bag beg tas (from Dutch)
baseband jalur asas pita dasar
basin (wash basin/sink) besen wastafel (from Dutch, lit. washing table)
basket (ball) keranjang bola basket
basket (general) bakul keranjang
because kerana,
sebab
karena,
sebab
bed katil matras influenced by Dutch matras,
tempat tidur,
ranjang,
kasur
Belgium Belgium Belgia influenced by Dutch België
Belgrade Belgrade Beograd influenced by Serbian Београд
belt (of a seat) tali keledar sabuk,
ikat pinggang
bicycle basikal sepeda (influenced by French velocipede)
bill (legislation) rang undang-undang rancangan undang-undang,
legislasi
billboard papan iklan baliho (supposedly from English ballyhoo (in English it means extravagant publicity or fuss))
papan iklan,
papan reklame from Dutch reclame (advertisement)
billion seribu juta, bilion miliar (from Dutch miljard), milyar (informal but frequently used)
binary perduaan biner (from Dutch binaire)
bishop biskop,
bisyop
uskup
board (company) lembaga 'agency' in Indonesian dewan
border sempadan perbatasan
bonnet, hood (of a car) bonet,
bumbung,
hud
kap from Dutch
boot, trunk (of a car) but bagasi
Britain Britain Britania (from Latin: Britannia)
Brussels Brussels Brussel (influenced by Dutch)
Bucharest Bucharest Bukarest
bucket; pail baldi ember from Dutch emmer
bus bas bus,
bis nonstandard, influenced by Dutch pronunciation
bus station stesen bas terminal bus ( frequently pronounced as terminal bis as it is derived from Dutch pronunciation of bus )
bus stop perhentian bas 1. pemberhentian bus,
2. halte bus from Dutch bushalte
business perniagaan,
bisnes
perniagaan (less commonly used),
bisnis

C

English Standard Malay (Malaysian) Indonesian
Cairo Kaherah from Arabic Al-Qahirah Kairo
Cambodia Kemboja Kamboja
Cameroon Cameroon Kamerun (from Dutch Kameroen)
camp kem kamp (reflects Dutch pronunciation)
campaign kempen kampanye (from Dutch campagne (a French loanword))
can (to be able) boleh,
dapat
bisa,
dapat,
cancer kanser,
barah
kanker from Dutch
capacitor pemuat,
kapasitor
kondensator,
kapasitor
capital city ibu negara ibu kota
car kereta
(means carriage in Indonesian, commonly used as a shorthand for kereta api, which means train. Malay followed English derivation of car which was a contraction of horseless carriage)
mobil (from Dutch/mid-English automobile)
card kad kartu from Dutch kaart
career kerjaya,
karier
karier
Caribbean Caribbean Karibia
carrot lobak merah wortel (from Dutch), lobak merah
case kes kasus,
hal
cash wang tunai uang tunai,
kas
cashier juruwang 1. kasir, from Dutch kassier
2. juru uang (rare)
cavalry pasukan berkuda pasukan berkuda,
kavaleri
cement simen semen
censor tapisan (means "filter" in Indonesian) sensor
census banci (means "transvestite" in Indonesian) sensus,
cacah,
banci (virtually never used in Indonesia, listed by KBBI)
centipede lipan kelabang,
lipan
central pusat pusat,
sentral,
tengah
chaos (theory) teori kekacauan teori kekacauan
chilli cili, lada ('pepper' in Indonesian, also in Malaysian[32]), cabai (used in the northern states of Malaysia) cabai,
lombok (from Javanese: lombok)
China China, Cina 1. Tionghoa (standard term for Chinese people, from Southern Min Chinese: Tiong-hôa 中華),
2. Tiongkok (Republik Rakyat Tiongkok and Republik Tiongkok: official name of the People's Republic of China and Republic of China, from Southern Min Chinese: Tiong-kok 中國),
3. Cina (standard, still in common use but discouraged due to racist connotations. See Shina for further information.),
4. China (nonstandard)
Christmas Krismas,
Natal
Natal from Portuguese
cinema panggung wayang bergambar (more popularly abbreviated as pawagam),
panggung wayang
1. bioskop from Dutch bioscoop,
2. sinema
circuit litar sirkuit
city bandar,
bandaraya (big city),
kota
kota,
bandar (a coastal or port city in Indonesian)
civil awam (In Indonesian, it means "non-expert"),
sivil
sipil
claim tuntutan (means "sue" in Indonesian) klaim

tagihan[33]

clarification klarifikasi,
penjelasan,
penjernihan (to make something, e.g. water, clear in Indonesian)
klarifikasi,
penjelasan
clause (legal) fasal (equivalent term in Indonesian is pasal) ayat,
klausul
club (association) kelab klub,
perkumpulan infrequent
coach (carriage) koc gerbong
coat kot jas from Dutch jas
cockroach lipas lipas,
kecoa (from Southern Min Chinese: ka-choa̍h 虼蚻)
coin syiling from English shilling

siling from English shilling (rare) mata wang, wang logam, duit from Dutch duit[34]

koin, mata uang, uang logam

duit from Dutch duit[35][36]

college kolej,
maktab
kampus,
kolese,
kolegium
Cologne Cologne Köln,
Koeln
Colombia Colombia Kolombia
comment ulasan,
komen
ulasan (can also mean review, interpretation or comment),
komentar (from Dutch commentaar)
commission suruhanjaya komisi (from Dutch commissie)
commissioner pesuruhjaya komisaris (from Dutch commissaris),
komisioner
committee jawatankuasa komite,
panitia
commonwealth komanwel persemakmuran
Comoros Comoros Komoro
company syarikat perusahaan,
firma,
maskapai (from Dutch maatschappij – almost exclusively used to refer to airline companies, i.e. maskapai penerbangan)
compiler penyusun penyusun,
kompilator
complaint aduan aduan,
keluhan,
komplain
conclusion kesimpulan;
konklusi (rare)
kesimpulan,
konklusi (from Dutch conclusie)
condensation pemeluwapan,
pengembunan,
pencecairan
kondensasi (from Dutch condensatie),
pengembunan
conference persidangan konferensi (from Dutch conferentie),
sidang
confirmation pengesahan konfirmasi,
pengesahan of a document,
kepastian of a decision
conflict pertikaian konflik,
pertentangan,
pertikaian
Congo Congo Kongo
conservation (movement) pemuliharaan,
konservasi (rare)
konservasi,
pelestarian (of animals and plants)
constitution of a country perlembagaan undang-undang dasar (influenced by Dutch grondwet ("basic law")),
konstitusi (from Dutch constitutie)
construction pembinaan pembangunan (of building),
pembinaan (of moral),
konstruksi (from Dutch constructie)
consumption perbelanjaan konsumsi (from Dutch consumptie),
pemakaian,
penggunaan
contamination pencemaran pencemaran,
kontaminasi
continuous selanjar berkesinambungan,
berlanjut,
kontinu
conversion penukaran (means "exchange" in Indonesia) konversi (from Dutch conversie),
perubahan
corporation perbadanan korporasi (from Dutch corporatie),
badan usaha,
perusahaan
corruption rasuah (from Arabic: Rashwah meaning 'bribe'),
korupsi (rare)
korupsi (from Dutch corruptie),
rasuah (from Arabic: Rashwah meaning 'bribe')(non-standard)
Costa Rica Costa Rica Kosta Rika
counter kaunter loket from Dutch,
konter
country negara negara,
negeri in Malaysia, negeri usually refers to a state within a federation
court mahkamah pengadilan,
mahkamah
cracker keropok kerupuk
criminal jenayah penjahat,
kriminal,
pidana (ahli pidana is criminal law expert)
Croatia Croatia Kroasia
crucial genting krusial,
penting,
genting
Cuba Cuba Kuba
cupboard almari (from Portuguese armário) lemari also from armário
current (adjective, of time) semasa saat ini, kini, terkini, aktual (from Dutch actueel)
current affairs hal ehwal semasa aktualitas, peristiwa terkini
curtain langsir (means train wagon arrangement in Indonesian),
tirai
tirai (used for all meanings apart from house curtain),
gorden (of a house; from Dutch gordijn)
customs (authority) kastam pabean refers to the administrative institution,
bea dan cukai (bea-cukai) lit. tariff-and-tax, duty
cute comel imut,
menggemaskan,
lucu
Cyprus Cyprus Siprus
Czech Republic Republik Czech (Republik) Ceko

D

EnglishMalaysianIndonesian
dandruffkelemumurketombe
DecemberDisemberDesember (influenced by Dutch december)
decimalperpuluhan (means tithe in Indonesian)desimal (from Dutch decimale),
persepuluhan (rare)
decreedekrisurat keputusan,
dekrit (from Dutch decreet)
degree (of temperature)darjahderajat
delicious, tastylazat,
sedap,
enak
lezat,
enak,
sedap
democraticdemokratikdemokratis (from Dutch demokratisch
note: "democratic republic" (in country names) translates as republik demokratik, such as in Republik Demokratik Kongo (Democratic Republic of the Congo))
departmentjabatan ('occupation' in Indonesian)departemen,
jurusan (for department in university)
departurepelepasankeberangkatan,
kepergian
depression (psychological)kemurungan (means "sadness" in Indonesian)depresi (from Dutch depressie)
deputytimbalanwakil,
deputi,
timbalan (rare)
designreka bentukdesain,
kerangka bentuk,
rancangan
detailterperincidetail,
detil (nonstandard),
perincian,
rinci (nonstandard)
dialectloghatdialek,
logat
detectionpengesanapelacakan,
deteksi
different – differencebeza,
berbeza – perbezaan
beda,
berbeda – perbedaan
diocesekawasan uskup,
keuskupan
keuskupan
directorpengarahdirektur from Dutch (and French) directeur,
sutradara (of a film) from Sanskrit (through Javanese),
pengarah (for an event)
discountdiskaun,
rebat,
potongan harga
diskon,
rabat,
potongan harga,
korting from Dutch, less frequent
discussionperbincangan,
diskusi
pembicaraan,
perbincangan,
diskusi (from Dutch discussie)
disinfectantpenyahjangkitdisinfektan,
sucihama
domesticdalam negaradalam negeri,
domestik
driverpemandu
means guide in Indonesian
sopir from French chauffeur through Dutch, pengemudi formal
driver's license (U.S.)
driving licence (UK)
lesen memandusurat izin mengemudi (SIM)
drugs (illegal)dadah (colloquial use in Indonesia means "goodbye")narkoba (an acronym for NARKotika dan OBat-obatan terlArang (narcotics and illegal drugs)),
NAPZA (less frequent – an acronym for NArkotika, Psikotropika dan Zat-zat Adiktif (narcotics, psychotropics, and addictive chemical substances))
Dutch East IndiesHindia Timur BelandaHindia-Belanda
duty (economics)duti,
cukai
bea,
cukai

E

EnglishMalaysianIndonesian
e-maile-melsurel (standard, shortened of surat elektronik (electronic mail)),
email (rarely used in everyday language, common in online contexts (e.g. website-based registration or social account))
EasterEaster, Paskah strictly used for Jewish Passover Paskah from Portuguese Pascoa
EcuadorEcuadorEkuador
editorpenyuntingeditor,
penyunting,
redaktur (from French rédacteur through Dutch – refers to editors of mass printed media)
editorial (board)kakitangan editorialredaksi (from Dutch redactie),editorial
effectivenesskeberkesanankeampuhan,
keefektifan,
efektivitas (from Dutch effectiviteit)
efficiencykecekapanefisiensi,
kedayagunaan,
kemangkusan
Eid ul-FitrHari Raya Aidilfitri, Lebaran[37]Hari Raya Idulfitri – Idul Fitri nonstandard spelling, but common, Lebaran colloquial – from Javanese
eightlapan used as colloquial abbreviation in Indonesiandelapan used in Malaysia before the spelling reform
elasticity (economy)keanjalanbingkas, elastisitas
electricitytenaga elektrik lit. electric energylistrik,
kelistrikan,
setrum (from Dutch stroom)
embargo (political)sekatan (means "obstacle" or "room which separated with partition" in Indonesian)boikot, embargo
emergencykecemasan (used for anxiety or "too anxious" (condition) in Indonesian)darurat (from Arabic – also used in Malaysia to express a state of emergency), kegawatan
emperormaharajakaisar (from Dutch keizer),
maharaja (from Sanskrit)
empireempayarkekaisaran,
kemaharajaan,
imperium (from Latin)
enamelenamelemail (from Dutch emaille)
energytenagaenergi,
tenaga (for "power")
engineenjinmesin,
motor
Englandnegeri InggerisInggris
erasergetah pemadampenghapus
erosionhakisanpengikisan,
erosi (from Dutch erosie)
escalatortangga geraktangga berjalan,
eskalator
estimationjangkaan,
anggaran
perkiraan,
dugaan,
estimasi
EthiopiaHabsyah from Arabic الحبشة al-habsha (Abyssinia)Etiopia
EuropeEropahEropa,
Europa (nonstandard)
evacuationpemindahan (means "translocation" or "relocation" in Indonesian)pengungsian,
evakuasi (from Dutch evacuatie)
evaluationpenilaianpenilaian,
evaluasi (from Dutch evaluatie)
eveningtejasore
petang
excesslebihankelebihan,
berlebihan,
ekses
excretionperkumuhanekskresi,
pembuangan kotoran
execution (death sentence)hukuman matieksekusi (from Dutch executie),
(peng)hukuman mati
exhaust (pipe)ekzosknalpot (from Dutch, in which it also means "muffler")
explorationpenjelajahan,
eksplorasi
eksplorasi,
penjelajahan
exporteksportekspor
exposependedahanpaparan,
ekspos,
pendedahan (virtually never used in Indonesia, listed by KBBI)
extinctpupuspadam (of flame or light),
punah (of species),
pupus (loss of hope)

F

EnglishMalaysianIndonesian
facultyfakultifakultas (from Latin: Facultas),
fakulteit (obsolete, from Dutch)
facilitykemudahan, fasilitikemudahan,
fasilitas
faction (politics)puakfaksi,
fraksi from Dutch fractie
factorykilang ('refinery' in Indonesian)pabrik from Dutch fabriek
fan (fanatic)peminatpenggemar, fans informal, from English; Indonesians always use the plural form
federalpersekutuanfederal
federationpersekutuan (related to "alliance" in Indonesian)federasi from Dutch federatie,
serikat,
persekutuan[38]
fermentationfermentasi,
peragian
fermentasi,
peragian,
penapaian
financialkewangankeuangan,
finansial from Dutch financieel
FinlandFinlandFinlandia
firefighter squadbombapemadam kebakaran (lit. fire extinguisher),
branwir (from Dutch brandweer (fire defense))
flash drivepemacu kilatpenggerak kilat
floor, level (storey)tingkat may be used in Indonesian to express the number of storeys/levels a building has, e.g. a 5-storey building = gedung bertingkat 5, or to emphasize British floor numbering, e.g. tingkat satu means first floor (UK), second floor (US) in both languages, aras (used to emphasize American floor numbering, e.g. aras dua = tingkat satu lantai also refers to floor as ground surface in both languages, emphasizes American floor numbering, tingkat emphasizes British floor numbering, e.g. lantai dua = tingkat satu
footballbola sepaksepakbola
force (physics)dayagaya
form (document)borangformulir from Dutch formulier, borang (nonstandard)
free (of charge)percuma means "worthless" in Indonesiangratis from Dutch,
cuma-cuma,
cecuma (nonstandard)
funguskulat, fungusfungi
furnitureperabot rumah,
perkakas rumah (In Indonesian, perkakas means equipment)
mebel from Dutch meubelen,
perabot rumah tangga,
furnitur
fusionpelakuranfusi,
penggabungan,
peleburan

G

EnglishMalaysianIndonesian
gangstersamsenggeng,
preman from Dutch vrijman (lit. free-man),
gangster from English
garagegarajgarasi influenced by Dutch pronunciation
garrisongarrisongarnisun from Dutch garnizoen
geargearroda gigi influenced by Dutch tandwiel, lit. "tooth wheel"
gearboxkotak gearpersneling from Dutch versnelling, girboks, transmisi
general (military)jeneraljenderal from Dutch generaal
gingerhaliajahe
jahi
halia[39]
Global Positioning SystemSistem Kedudukan SejagatSistem Pemosisian Global
goal keeperpenjaga gol/penjaga gawangkiper,
penjaga gawang
golf club (stick)kayu golfstik golf,
pemukul golf,
tongkat golf
governmentkerajaan
derived from raja (king) – used in Malaysia and Brunei – in Indonesian means "kingdom"
pemerintah
derived from perintah (order/instruction) – also used in Singapore, which, like Indonesia, is a republic
governorgabenor,
Yang di-Pertua Negeri (in Malaysian states)
gubernur from Dutch gouverneur
gradationpemeringkatangradasi,
pemberian tingkat (pemeringkatan)
graduatesiswazah,
sarjana
lulusan,
sarjana
grandfatherdatukkakek
GreeceGreece of recent use, YunaniYunani from Arabic Yūnān يُونَان
gross financialkasarbruto from Dutch,
kasar
groupsekumpulan, kumpulankelompok,
grup from Dutch pronunciation of groep,
(per)kumpulan,
(per)himpunan
guaranteejaminanjaminan,
garansi from Dutch pronunciation of garantie

H

EnglishMalaysianIndonesian
half past onepukul satu setengah (one thirty)pukul setengah dua (thirty to two)
hammertukulpalu,
martil from Portugue martelo
Handballbola balingbola tangan
head officeibu pejabat "ibu" also means "mother" or "ma'am" in both languageskantor pusat ("kantor" – from Dutch kantoor (office)),
markas
headscarf, hijabtudungkerudung,
jilbab though these words have different meanings
healthysihatsehat
herbherbajamu often understood as traditional potion made from rhizomes, also means "guest" ("tamu") and "treat the guest" ("menjamu"),
herbal
hexadecimalperenambelasanheksadesimal
hospitalhospitalrumah sakit influenced by Dutch ziekenhuis ("house of the sick") – This term is still used in Brunei, but in Malaysia, "hospital" has replaced the term completely since the 1960s
HungaryHungaryHungaria,
Hongaria substandard, influenced by Dutch Hongarije
hybrid (biology)kacukan
hibrid
hibrida

I

EnglishMalaysianIndonesian
Isaya,
aku,
daku
saya,
aku,
daku
iceaises
IcelandIcelandIslandia
imagecitra,
imej (of reputation), gambar (pictorial image)
citra (of reputation),
gambar (pictorial image)
imaginationimaginasi, bayanganimajinasi,
khayalan
immigrationimigresen, imigrasiimigrasi from Dutch immigratie
importimportimpor
impotencemati pucuk,
impotensi,
lemah syahwat
impotensi from Dutch impotentie,
lemah syahwat colloquial
impotentkemandulanimpotensi,
kemandulan
incinerationpenunuaninsinerasi
Indian OceanLautan HindiSamudra Hindia
inductorperaruh, induktor (rare)induktor
informationmaklumatinformasi, from Dutch informatie, penerangan rare
injection (noun)suntikansuntikan,
injeksi
inkdakwat from Arabictinta from Dutch tinte,
dawat (archaic)
installment (payment)ansuranangsuran,
cicilan
instantsegera (means "soon" in Indonesia)seketika,
instan
insuranceinsuransasuransi from Dutch assurantie
intelligence (spying) risikan (means 'secret investigation' in Indonesia)intelijen, tilik sandi
internationalantarabangsainternasional, mancanegara from Javanese meaning: foreign land)
internet cafékafe internet,
kafe cyber
warnet a portmanteau for "warung internet" (lit. internet shop)
interventioncampur tangan,
intervensi
campur tangan,
intervensi
introspectionkaji diri,
introspeksi (rare)
introspeksi,
mawas diri
invasionpenyerangan,
penjajahan (means colonialism in Indonesian),
invasi
invasi
investmentpelaburaninvestasi,
penanaman modal
IraqIraqIrak
IrelandIrelandIrlandia
irrigationpengairanirigasi,
pengairan
ItalyItaliItalia from Italian

J

EnglishMalaysianIndonesian
(fruit) jamjemselai
JapanJepun from Portuguese JapãoJepang,
Jepun (archaic)
Jordan (country)JordanYordania from Dutch Jordanië
journalistwartawanwartawan,
jurnalis
JulyJulaiJuli from Dutch juli
JuneJunJuni from Dutch juni

K–L

EnglishMalaysianIndonesian
ketchupkicap (Indonesian equivalent, kecap, means soy sauce)saus tomat
lanelorong (means alley in Indonesian)lajur
lawyerpeguamadvokat from Dutch advocaat,
pengacara (means 'master of ceremonies' in Malay)
LebanonLubnan from ArabicLebanon,
Libanon influenced by Dutch
legislativeperundangan (In Indonesian, it means legislation), legislatiflegislatif
liabilityliabilitikewajiban
licencelesen,
izin
izin,
ijin from Arabic idhn,
lisensi from Dutch licentie
lieutenantleftenan (influenced by British English pronunciation)letnan
lift, elevatorliflift
liquidity (economy)kecairanlikuiditas
LisbonLisbonLisboa from Portuguese, Lisabon influenced by Dutch Lissabon
listsenaraidaftar,
senarai less common
localtempatanlokal,
setempat
lorry (UK)LoriTruk (from American English: 'truck'),
prahoto from Dutch vrachtauto
LuxembourgLuxembourgLuksemburg influenced by Dutch/German Luxemburg

M

EnglishMalaysianIndonesian
MacauMacauMakau
Macedonia, Republic ofRepublik MacedoniaRepublik Makedonia
magistratemajistrethakim from Arabic حَكِم – used in Malaysian to refer to judges, magistrat less common
MaldivesMaldivesMaladewa
malelelaki,
laki-laki,
jantan (for animals, depending on the context, it can mean masculine or used as a derogatory term on men)
laki-laki,
pria,
lelaki,
jantan (on animals, used on men to describe masculinity)
malfunctionkerosakan,
malfungsi,
pincang tugas
kerusakan,
malafungsi
malpracticepenyelewengan (means "misappropriation" in Indonesian)malapraktik
managementpengurusanmanajemen,
pengurusan (rare)
managerpengurusmanajer,
pengurus
manufacturingpengilanganmanufaktur
March (month)MacMaret influenced by Dutch maart
massjisimmassa
mathematicsmatematik,
ilmu hisab
matematika,
ilmu hitung,
ilmu hisab only used in Islamic text books
matterjirimmateri
mattresstilamkasur,
matras,
tilam
mean (verb)berertiberarti
mediationpengantaraan (In Indonesian, it means "broking")mediasi
medicineubatobat
memory cardkad ingatan/kad memorikartu memori
mental arithmeticcongakaritmetika cepat,
congak
MexicoMexicoMeksiko
milebatu (means "stone" in Indonesian, from Sanskrit)mil
militarytentera,
ketenteraan,
militari
militer (from French militaire through Dutch militair),
kemiliteran,
ketentaraan
minibusbas minibis mini,
minibus
minuteminitmenit
mobile phone, cellphonetelefon bimbittelepon seluler (ponsel),
telepon genggam
MonacoMonacoMonako
MondayIsninSenin
moneywang, duituang,
duit (colloquial)
MoroccoMaghribi from ArabicMaroko
mortgagegadai janjihipotek from Dutch hypotheek,
gadai
MoscowMoscowMoskwa, Moskow
motorcyclemotosikalsepeda motor lit. "motorized bicycle" – influenced by Dutch motorfiets, motor (informal)
MozambiqueMozambiqueMozambik
Mrs.PuanIbu, Nyonya (Ny.)
musicmuzikmusik

N

EnglishMalaysianIndonesian
nakedbogel, telanjangtelanjang, bugil (colloquial)
naturalsemulajadialami,
natural
navigationpandu arah,
navigasi
navigasi
navytentera lautangkatan laut
negotiationperundinganperundingan,
negosiasi
networkrangkaian (means circuit in Indonesian)jaringan, jejaring
New ZealandNew ZealandSelandia Baru (influenced by Dutch: Zeeland; or from Latin: Zeelandia)
newspapersurat khabar coined from two Arabic words: ṣūratصورة / صورت (form, appearance) and khabar خبر (news)surat kabar (more formal – lit. news letter),
koran (from French courant through Dutch, Krant in modern Dutch, but Koerant in Afrikaans)
NicosiaNicosiaNikosia
nilnilnol from Dutch nul
noisybising,
kecoh in Indonesian means "disturb" or "distract",
memekak
berisik,
ribut,
ramai,
bising,
bacot (colloquial, slightly offensive)
NorwayNorwayNorwegia
numbernomborangka,
nomor (substandard form from Dutch/German nummer)
nursejururawatperawat,
suster from Dutch zuster, only for female nurse

O

EnglishMalaysianIndonesian
oceanlautansamudra,
samudera,
lautan rarely used in formal situation
OceaniaOceaniaOseania
octalperlapananoktal
officepejabatkantor (from Dutch kantoor)
officerpegawai,
kaki tangan (a negative connotation usually means accomplice in criminal activity in Indonesian)
pejabat
official (adj.)rasmi (from Arabo-Persian rasmi رَسمِي)resmi (also from rasmi)
OlympicOlimpikOlimpiade
oppositionpembangkang (means "defiance" in Indonesian)oposisi
optionpilihan, opsyen (rare)pilihan,
opsi
orange (colour)jingga,
oren
jingga,
oranye (from Dutch oranje)
orange (fruit)oren,
limau
jeruk,
limau
order (instruction)order,
perintah
perintah
organizationpertubuhan,
organisasi
organisasi
oscillationayunanosilasi,
ayunan
ovenketuharoven

P

EnglishMalaysianIndonesian
Pacific OceanLautan Pasifik,
Lautan Teduh
Samudra Pasifik
PalestinePalestinPalestina
papaya (fruit)(buah) betik(buah) pepaya
Papua New GuineaPapua New GuineaPapua Nugini
parallelselariparalel
parliamentparlimenparlemen (from Franco-Dutch parlement)
party (political)partipartai (from Dutch partij)
passportpasportpaspor
patientpesakit
means convict in Indonesian
pasien
patrolrondapatroli (for police and military) (from Dutch patrolie),
ronda (for civilian)
pavement, sidewalkjalan pinggir,
jalur jalan untuk pejalan kaki,
laluan jalan kaki,
kaki lima (In Indonesia, it is used in pedagang kaki lima (street vendor))
tepi jalan
trotoar (from Franco-Dutch trottoir)
peniszakar from Arabic ذَكَر "male"- this word is extremely vulgar in Indonesian, "buah zakar" means testicles,
batang lelaki,
konek (slang)
penis (formal), zakar from Arabic, less frequent, pelir, alat kelamin laki-laki (euphemism),
kemaluan lelaki (euphemism),
burung (vulgar),
titit (children's slang like "pee-pee"),
kontol (slang, extremely vulgar)
percentperatuspersen,
perseratus (less common, usually used when compared per mille)
perfumeharuman,
minyak wangi
parfum from Dutch,
minyak wangi
periodicberkalaberkala,
periodik
PersiaParsiPersia
pharmacyfarmasiapotek (from Dutch apotheek),
farmasi (usually for medicine manufacturers)
photographgambar (In Indonesian, it means "picture" or "figure"),
foto
foto (lit. photo)
potret
physicsfizik (Indonesian equivalent term, fisik, is used for term physical, e.g. aktivitas fisik [physical activity])fisika
pickpocket nounpenyeluk sakucopet (portmanteau of colong dompet, "wallet thief"),
pencopet
pig, swinebabi
khinzir from Arabic خِنْزِير (khin-zeer)
babi
pipepaippipa
pirate (maritime)lanun
bajak[40]
bajak laut,
perompak (perompak in Malay, means "robber"),
lanun (archaic)
platform (train)platformperon from Dutch perron
PolandPolandPolandia
policepolis (means "insurance policy" (polis asuransi) in Indonesian)polisi from Dutch politie
pollutionpencemaranpencemaran,
polusi
portionsebahagianporsi,
sebagian (a portion of...)
post codeposkodkode pos
potentialkeupayaanpotensial,
daya berkemampuan
PraguePraguePraha (also used in Malay)
prayer (Islam)solat, sembahyangsalat (standard),
shalat,
sholat (from Arabic, 'sh' is usually pronounced as 's'),
sembahyang
prayer room (Islam)surausurau,
musala,
mushollah (from Arabic, 'sh' is usually pronounced as 's')
precipitation (meteorology)kerpasancurah hujan,
presipitasi
predictionramalanprediksi,
ramalan,
prakiraan (not perkiraan estimation)
pregnantmengandung,
hamil (formal, from Arabic حَامِل),
berbadan dua lit. "two bodied",
bunting for animals
mengandung (formal),
hamil (colloquial),
berbadan dua (poetic),
bunting (informal)
prematurepramatangprematur,
dini
PreparationPenyediaanPersiapan
prepositionkata sendi namapreposisi,
kata depan
pressmedia massa,
surat khabar (see above)
pers (from Dutch),
media massa
Private Limited CompanySendirian Berhad
abbreviated as Sdn Bhd (suffix), "sendirian" alone means "alone"
Perseroan Terbatas
abbreviated as PT (prefix)
privatizationpenswastaanprivatisasi,
swastanisasi,
penswastaan
producerpengeluar, penerbit,
penghasil
produsen, produser (mainly refers to musical producers),
penghasil
productkeluaranproduk (from English and Dutch product), hasil, keluaran (more specific term for outcome)
programming (computer)pengaturcaraanpemrograman
property (?)harta
punya,
milik
properti
punya,
milik
propulsionperejanganpropulsi,
pendorong,
penggerak
prostitutepelacur,
perempuan sundal (vulgar)
pelacur,
Wanita Tuna Susila (WTS) (Sanskrit, pronounced 'way-tay-es', i.e. "moral-less women"),
Pekerja Seks Komersial (PSK) (formal, pronounced 'pay-es-ka' (commercial sex workers)),
perek (slang)
prostitutionpelacuranprostitusi,
pelacuran
provincewilayah (used in Indonesian to mean 'area'), daerah (used in Indonesian to mean 'area')provinsi (from Dutch provincie)
publicationpenerbitanpenerbitan,
publikasi,
terbitan
pulsedenyutdenyut,
pulsa
push, to (door)tolak (It used as in tolak peluru (shot put) in Indonesian for this contex, used less primarily in Indonesian to mean 'subtract', it also means 'to refuse/reject', also common meaning in Malay when used in arithmetics)dorong (means "to push" in Malay, but often used to mean "to support")

Q–R

EnglishMalaysianIndonesian
queue (line)barisan (means line "formation" in Indonesian)antre, antri
rabbitarnab (from Arabic) kelinci (from Dutch konijn)
Random-Access Memory (RAM)Ingatan Capaian RawakMemori Akses Acak
raperogolperkosa
raspberryrasberiframbus, frambosen (from Dutch framboos)
rationisbahrasio,
nisbah,
perbandingan
reaction (chemical) tindak balas kimia reaksi kimia
Read-Only Memory (ROM)Ingatan Baca SahajaMemori Hanya Baca
real estatehartanahrealestat,
properti tanah
receiptresit, penerimaankuitansi, kwitansi (substandard, from Dutch kwitantie),
resi,
bon from Dutch,
struk
recession (economy)kemelesetan (In Indonesian, it means "mishit")resesi,
kelesuan (ekonomi)
reclamationtebus gunareklamasi
recruitmentpergerakan (In Indonesian, it means "movement"),
pengambilan (In Indonesian, it means "taking")
perekrutan,
rekrutmen
refractionpembiasanpembiasan,
refraksi
refrigeratorpeti sejuk lit. cool box (rarely used in Indonesian)lemari es,
lemari pendingin (lit. cooler closet),
kulkas (from Dutch koelkast)
religionagama,
ugama (widely used before the 80s)
agama, kepercayaan
renovationpengubahsuaianrenovasi
reproductionpembiakanreproduksi,
pembiakan (also means "breeding")
researchkajian (means research or investigation result in Indonesian)penelitian,
riset
responsibilitytanggungjawabtanggung jawab, pertanggungjawaban
resistorperintangresistor,
hambatan,
perintang
restaurantkedai makan lit. "eating shop",
restoran
rumah makan lit. "eating house",
warung makan lit. "eating café",
restoran
retailingperuncitanritel,
eceran
ring (mathematics)gelanggangring,
gelanggang
robrompak (Indonesian for "to commit piracy")rampok,
rampas
RomeRomRoma
roombilik (usually means "compartment" in Indonesian)kamar (from Dutch kamer),
ruang (Javanese, for storage areas etc.)
roundabout (traffic)bulatan
e.g. Bulatan DBP in Kuala Lumpur
pusing keliling (in Brunei)
bundaran
e.g. Bundaran HI in Jakarta
routingpenghalaanpenghalaan
royaldirajakerajaan (in Malaysia and Brunei means "kingdom" or "government")
rubbergetah may also mean gum or sap or resin in both languages, also figure of speech for "cause of bad deed"karet
rumourkhabar angin,
desas-desus
rumor,
desas-desus,
kabar angin,
kabar burung

S

EnglishMalaysianIndonesian
saltymasinasin,
masin (rare)
SanskritSanskritSanskerta
saucesossaus
sausagesosejsosis (from Dutch saucijs)
scenariosenarioskenario
school (Islamic)sekolah pondokmadrasah,
pesantren,
pondok pesantren
sciencesainsilmu (from Arabic 'ilm) (alam), sains (especially for "natural science")
ScotlandScotlandSkotlandia
secretrahsiarahasia
secretarysetiausaha Indonesian lit. "loyal to work"sekretaris (from Dutch secretaris)
sectionseksyen,
bahagian
seksi (from Dutch sectie),
bagian
sensorpenderia,
pengesan,
sensor
sensor
server (computing)pelayanserver, peladen
sessionsesyen,
sesi
sesi (from Dutch sessie)
sewersaluran najis "najis" means dirty in both languages,
saluran kumbahan
selokan,
parit (means 'ditch' in Malay),
got,
saluran air/pembuangan
sexagesimalperenampuluhanseksagesimal
shampoosyampu (from Anglo-Indian / Hindustani chāmpo, the imperative form of (Hindi) चाँप्ना chāmpnā 'to smear, knead the muscles, massage')sampo
share (verb)berkongsi (In Indonesian, it means "creating trading company" or "plotting something bad")berbagi
shirtbaju (also in Indonesian but more generally refers to clothes)kaos, kemeja (from Portuguese camisa, implies collared shirt)
shoekasut generalized term for any footwear in Indonesian, but usually related to sandals or ancient shoes, sepatusepatu (understood but less frequently used in Malaysia, from Portuguese sapato)
shopkedai (Means eateries stall in Indonesia)toko, warung, kedai
shopping mallpusat beli-belahmal,
pusat perbelanjaan
site (internet)tapak (means foundation (building) or footprint in Indonesia)situs
SlovakiaSlovakiaSlowakia
snowsalji (from Arabic thalj)salju (also from thalj)
sodomyliwat (from Arabic) sodomi,
liwat (only used in Islamic text books)
solarsolar, suria (from Sanskrit 'surya') surya
solutionpenyelesaian,
solusi (rare)
solusi,
pemecahan,
penyelesaian
sourmasamasam,
masam (poetic, usually used in connotative expressions: bermuka masam: sour faced (dissatisfied/unhappy expression))
soya beanskacang soya(kacang) kedelai
SpainSepanyolSpanyol
speak/talkberbicara,
bercakap (means 'to chat' in Indonesian),
bersembang,
berborak
berbicara, ngomong (Javanese ngoko, colloquial)
specialistperubatan,
pakar
spesialis (in case of specialist doctor),
pakar in general, it means expert
spoonsudusendok
sportsukanolahraga (means "athletics" Malay, from Sanskrit, lit. "to train the body")
spousepasangan suami-isteri,
kelamin colloquial, in Indonesian means "sex" or "gender"
pasangan (suami-istri),
suami-istri (husband-wife)
stabilitykestabilanstabilitas,
kestabilan
stadiumstadiumstadion,
stadiun from Dutch
staffkakitangan (phrase "kaki tangan" means subordinate with negative image in Indonesian)staf,
personil from Dutch personeel,
pegawai
stampsetemperangko
standardpiawai, standardstandar
patokan
starfishtapak Sulaimanbintang laut
state (within a federation)negerinegara bagian
stationstesenstasiun (formerly spelled "setasiun")
steering wheelroda sterengroda setir (from Dutch stuur)
stop (verb)berhentiberhenti,
henti,
setop
strawberrystrawberistroberi,
arbei from Dutch aardbei
stupidbodoh, bengap, tolol, bangang, bongok (slang)bodoh, dungu, tolol, goblok (slang), very demeaning in Malay, geblek (slang), bego (slang)
sublimation (phase transition)pemejalwapansublimasi, penyubliman
SundayAhadMinggu (from Portuguese Domingo which means Lord's Day),
Ahad (only used in Islamic calendar)
sunglassescermin mata gelap (In Indonesia, cermin means "mirror")kacamata hitam (lit. black glasses),
kacamata riben (from 'Ray-Ban' brand of sunglasses )
supermarketpasar rayasupermarket,
pasar swalayan (lit. self-service market)
supervisionpenyeliaanpengawasan,
penyeliaan,
supervisi
surveytinjauan (means process or result of observation in Indonesian), kaji selidiksurvei
suspend (hang)menggantung (means 'hang' in Indonesian)menangguhkan (also 'adjourn' in Malay)
SwedenSwedenSwedia
SwitzerlandSwitzerlandSwiss
SyriaSyriaSuriah (from Arabic)

T

EnglishMalaysianIndonesian
table (set of facts or figures)jadual (Indonesian equivalent, jadwal, means "schedule")tabel
tankkereta kebaltank
tap waterair paip (piped water)air keran (from Dutch Kraan),
air ledeng ("ledeng" also means "plumbing", from Dutch "leiding")
tapiocaubi kayu as in Indonesian, understood as the tuber cassava itself(tepung) tapioka,
tepung singkong
taxiteksitaksi
teachercikgu, guruguru
teacher (religious, Islam)ustaz,
ustad (ultimately from Persian اُستَاذ),
ustadzah female
ustad,
ustadzah
teampasukan used in Indonesian to refer to squad (military)tim
telephonetelefon (formerly talipon)telepon
televisiontelevisyen, TVtelevisi (from Dutch televisie) , TV
termstermasyarat (from Arabic: syarṭ شَرْطٌ)
terroristpengganas (means "rioter" in Indonesian)teroris
terrorismpengganasanterorisme
testiclesbuah zakar, testis, buah keranjuttestis, biji kemaluan, buah zakar (slang, vulgar), kanjut (slang, vulgar)
ThailandNegara Thai, Siam, ThailandThailand, Siam, Muangthai used in old scripts
The HagueThe HagueDen Haag (from Dutch)
tickettikettiket, karcis (from Dutch kaartje, usually refers to small-size ticket)
timemasa,
waktu
waktu from Arabic الوقت (al-Waqt),
masa (can be used for 'in a specific long period of time' in Indonesian)
tire (US)/tyre (UK)tayarban (from Dutch [auto]band)
tofutauhutahu, tofu
toiletbilik air, tandastoilet, kamar kecil, WC (pronounced 'way-say') for watercloset
tornadoputing beliungputing beliung, angin puyuh, tornado
toothpasteubat gigipasta gigi, odol
toweltuala (from Portuguese toalha) handuk (from Dutch handdoek)
traffic jamkesesakan lalulintas, jam (slang)kemacetan, macet
traffic lightlampu isyarat (In Indonesian, isyarat means sign)lampu lalu-lintas
trainkereta api, trenkereta (api)
transport,
transportation
pengangkutantransportasi,
pengangkutan,
perhubungan (in case of Ministry of Transportation)
transsexualpondan,
bapok (slang), transseksual
transseksual,
waria (polite) a shortened form of wanita-pria , bencong, banci
treepokok in Indonesian means "principal" or "core" or "staple", in Sundanese poko means authentic, e.g. authentic cuisine, pohonpohon
trillion (1012)triliontrilyun, triliun (from Dutch pronunciation; starting with 1012, Indonesian uses the short scale)
truck (US)Lori (from British English: 'lorry')Truk,
prahoto from Dutch vrachtauto
trycubacoba
turkey (bird)ayam belanda(ayam) kalkun (from Dutch kalkoen)
turnpusing (means 'to spin' in Indonesian, commonly used to mean dizzy as a short form of kepala pusing), belokbelok,
putar

U

EnglishMalaysianIndonesian
uglyhodoh, teruk, burukjelek, buruk
UkraineUkraineUkraina
unclepakcikpaman,
oom, om (derived from Dutch, pronounced and sometimes spelt oom)
unionkesatuan (in Indonesian means "unitary")persatuan,
uni,
serikat
United Arab EmiratesEmiriah Arab BersatuUni Emirat Arab
United KingdomUnited KingdomBritania Raya
United NationsPertubuhan Bangsa-Bangsa BersatuPerserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa
United States of America (USA)
United States (US)
Amerika SyarikatAmerika Serikat (AS)
universityuniversitiuniversitas
untilsehingga (means 'thus' in Indonesian),
sampai
hingga,
sampai

V

EnglishMalaysianIndonesian
vaginafaraj (from Arabic, in Indonesian means "vulva"), pepek/pepet (slang)alat kelamin wanita, liang peranakan, vagina, farji, memek (slang, vulgar), pepek (slang, vulgar)
variable (mathematics)pemboleh ubahvariabel,
peubah
Vatican CityVatican City(Kota) Vatikan
VeniceVeniceVenesia (influenced by Dutch Venetië)
verbkata kerjakata kerja (influenced by Dutch werkwoord, lit. "work word"),
verba
verificationpengesahan (means "validation" in Indonesian)verifikasi
verysangat, amat, sekalisangat, amat, sekali, banget (from Javanese ngoko)
vice (deputy)naibwakil,
naib (less common)
victimmangsa in Indonesian means "prey"korban
ViennaViennaWina (influenced by Dutch Wenen)
violet (colour)lembayungviolet,
ungu,
lembayung (rarely used)
virgin(anak) dara, (anak) gadis, perawanperawan (formal), gadis, (anak) dara
viscositykelikatanviskositas,
kekentalan
visitlawatan, pelanconganwisata,
kunjungan,
pelancongan, lawatan (to foreign country, an excursion),
besuk (from Dutch bezoeken) (to someone sick)
volleyballbola tamparbola voli
volume (math)isi paduvolume,
ruang,
isi
voucherbaucervoucer

W

EnglishMalaysianIndonesian
wantmahumau,
ingin
wardenwarden, penjaga penjarasipir (penjara) (from Dutch cipier)
WarsawWarsawWarsawa
websitelaman web, laman sesawangsitus web,
laman web
weekendhujung mingguakhir pekan,
akhir minggu
well (water hole)perigisumur,
perigi (rarely used)
wheelchairkerusi rodakursi roda
whenbila, apabila, ketika, bilamana (rarely used)kapan, bilamana, (question word)
bila, ketika
windowtingkap, jendelajendela (from Portuguese janela),
tingkap (less common)
windscreen, windshieldcermin keretakaca depan (mobil)
wiredawai,
wayar
kawat (e.g. copper wire),
kabel (e.g. electrical wire, cable)

Y–Z

EnglishMalaysianIndonesian
youanda (very formal), awak, kamu, engkau, kauanda (everyday formal), kamu (familiar only), engkau ('kau) (prose)
zerosifarnol from Dutch nul
zipper (fastener)zipresleting from Dutch ritssluiting
zonezondaerah,
zona
zoozoo,
taman haiwan (kebun binatang was also frequently used in Malaysia before the mid-1960s)
kebun binatang (derived from Dutch dierentuin, lit. "animal garden"),
taman margasatwa (more formal form for zoological park)

False friends

Besides vocabulary differences, there are also a number of false friends in both languages. As these words are in quite common use in either or both of the languages, misunderstandings can arise.

Word Malaysian meaning Indonesian meaning
acara event
  1. event
  2. program, agenda
  3. court examination
ahli
  1. a member (of a group)
    (when the word is used by itself) (from Arabo-Persian "ahli" اهلی 'belonging to a group, people, indigenous or sim.'),
  2. expert in a field (from Arabo-Persian "'aqli" عقلی 'belonging to the intellect or mind, intellectual')
expert in a specific field
akta (from Latino-Dutch acta)act (= law)act (= written legal document)
awakyou (casual)me / I (Used by speakers from Sumatra mainly Malays, people in Medan, etc.),
crew (of transportation)
bajafertilizersteel
Malay: besi waja
bancicensus (Indonesian: sensus)effeminate, transvestite homosexual (negative connotation)
bandarcityport
bangunto develop/ wake up (from sleep)to build / wake up (from sleep)
bapaFather (male parent)specific to 'Father' (God) in religious context (Christianity)
our Father which art in Heaven = Bapa kami yang di surga
Father in Indonesian is bapak (with an additional 'k' letter')
belanjato treat, giving something for freeto shop (note: also carries this meaning in Malay, though in a context more akin to "spend").
berbagito giveto share (something)
berbualto chatto tell a lie
bercintain (the essence of) loveto make love, have sexual intercourse
beredarFrom the root word "edar" which can means; to oscillate (planets only), to leave, or to distributeto oscillate, to distribute
berlakuhappen, occurapply
bijiseedseed, testicles ("balls", offensive)
bilawhenif, when (older version, almost obsolete)
binato buildto develop
bisavenomcan/be able to (also understood but less frequently used in Malay) (same as "boleh" in Malay), venom
bontot/buntutbuttocktail ('ekor' as commonly used in Malay, sometimes in Indonesia)
budakkid
Indonesian:anak or bocah
slave
butoh/butuhmale genitals, an offensive referenceneed
cadangansuggestion, opinion, proposal (example: peti cadangan = suggestion box)
Indonesian:saran
reserve, spare (example: ban cadangan = spare tire)
comelcute, pretty(to call) someone who can not keep a secret (example: mulutnya comel = her mouth can't keep a secret)
daripadaA preposition that carries 5 meanings;
  1. from (to explain the origin of something)
  2. than (to do comparison)
  3. from (to protect from, to avoid from )
  4. from (to state the sender of something)
  5. from (to state the differences)
than (comparison) (example: Kamus ini lebih baik daripada yang itu = This dictionary is better than that one)
detikjiffysecond
doktordoctor (medical); doctorate (educational title)doctorate (educational title)
In Indonesian, the equivalent for medical doctor is dokter
dudukto sit, a place to live on (only used informally)to sit, to occupy
emailelectronic mail (recently changed to "emel")enamel
gampangbastard
from 'anak gampang' lit. easy child.
easy (non-negative meaning)
getahrubber, plant sapplant sap
hematmoral excellencefrugal, pennywise, save money or something e.g. electricity, gas or water usage
ibu negara capital city First Lady
ibu pejabat head office wife of an official
jabatandepartmentposition
jawatanpositiondepartment
jemputto invite, to pick upto pick up
jerukpickles/preserved fruits or vegetablesorange (fruit)
jimatfrugal, pennywise, save money or something e.g. electricityamulet (the Malay equivalent is azimat)
kacakhandsomeber-kacak pinggang (stands with hands on your hips)
The Malay equivalent is bercekak-pinggang, a phrase to mean that a person is being bossy
kadarratecontent, level
kakakelder sisterelder sibling (either elder brother or sister)
kakitanganemployeesubordinate (with negative meaning)
kapanor kafan: Muslim burial shroud (kain kafan/kapan)when (kapan mau pulang? = when do you want to go home?)
karyawork of art (karyawan = artists)to work (karyawan = workers)
result of work Karya seni = work of art
to create a piece of art.
kerajaangovernment
(historical association, most Malay states were governed by monarchs, from Raja = King, now refers to any kind of government)
kingdom
keranjang'bola keranjang' = basketball (no other use than for basketball)basket
keretacarvehicle, carriage, cart (kereta api = train, kereta kuda = horse carriage/cart, kereta gantung = cable car)
kesalregret Indonesian:sesalannoyed
khidmatservice Indonesian: layananfully concentrate
koneksi'konek' = dick (slang/vulgar)connection
Malay: Sambungan
konfeksiA soft solid made by incorporating a medicinal substance or substances with sugar, sirup, or honeyclothing industry, any fancy or luxurious women's clothes
(Dutch: confectie. A non-standard spelling sometimes used is: "konveksi")
kontrol control
  1. control
  2. examination
  3. checkup
kuruncenturya long (time)
lucufunnyfunny, cute (slang)
mangsavictimprey (for animal)
mengacauto disturb, to stir Indonesian: mengaduk to disturb
olahraga athletics (sport) sport
operasimathematic operational symbol, tactical operationmathematic operational symbol, police operation, operation/surgery (as in Dutch)
pajakto mortgage, pawntax
paketpacketpacket, package (normally used for promotion purposes, as in Dutch)
pantasspeedilyappropriate, 'no wonder'
pantatbuttock (Sabahan Malay meaning), vagina/pussy (slang/vulgar)buttock
pegawai high-rank officer/officials officials
pelanplan
(associated with architectural work, site map etc. only)
slow (perlahan in Malay)
penyelenggaraanmaintenanceorganizing
pejabatofficehigh-rank officer/officials
(those who hold office, Malay (pegawai))
pembangkangoppositionrebel (noun), insurgent
pemerintahrulergovernment
pengacara master of ceremonies, host
Indonesian: pembawa acara
lawyer
pengajianstudies
Indonesian: pelajaran
mass recitation of Qur'an, (Islamic) teaching
penganjurorganizerpromoter
percumafree of charge
percuma can also mean free of charge in Indonesian, but its usage has become obsolete, replaced by cuma-cuma/gratis (taken from Dutch: gratis = free)
useless, not needed
perhubungan 1. connection

2. communication

1. connection

2. transportation

petangafternoonevening
piawaistandard; correct
bahasa piawai = standard language
expert; skillful (on something)
pijatbugs
(software bugs i.e. Year 2000 bug and also commonly referring to the bed bugs)
massage
Javanese pijet
pohontree, to plea or to beg (from basic word: "mohon") tree
pokoktreeessential, basic, main kebutuhan pokok = essential necessities
polispolice(insurance) policy (as in Dutch)
polisipolicypolice (as in Dutch)
punggungbuttockback Malay: belakang
pupukto nurturefertilizer (also means 'to nurture' in the metaphorical sense of the word)
pusingto go around a place, circular in motion, to spin/rotate
Indonesian: putar
dizzy, confused, headache
puteraprince
(Indonesian: Pangeran
son
rambuthair (for head only)hair
rayuanappeal (neutral)flattery, seduction (emotional or sexual connotation)
saatsecondjiffy
sarjanamaster's degreebachelor's degree
sederhanamedium, normalsimple, easy
senangeasyhappy, relax
seronokgood, enjoyablein nonstandard usage: "impolite", "pornography-related"[41][42] gambar seronok = porn picture
sulitconfidential, difficultdifficult
tambangfare
Indonesian: tarif
mine, rope (as tali tambang)
tandastoiletto explain, to finish
undang-undang law
  1. legislation
  2. law (rare, commonly use hukum instead)
wakilrepresentativevice (for example, 'vice chancellor' and 'vice president'), representative

Same words, same meaning, but different forms

English Standard Malay Indonesian
account akaun akun
accountability akauntabliti akuntabilitas
accountant akauntan akuntan
amateur amatur amatir
architect arkitek arsitek
armed forces tentera tentara
auction lelong lelang
autonomy autonomi otonomi
balcony balkoni balkon
bell loceng lonceng
because (grammatical conjunction) kerana karena
biome biom bioma
bridge jambatan jembatan
broken, damaged rosak rusak
business bisnes bisnis
bus bas bus
cancer (diseases) kanser kanker
case (legal) kes kasus
cement simen semen
chancellor canselor kanselir
civil sivil sipil
community komuniti komunitas
concert konsert konser
counter kaunter konter
December Disember Desember
dialect loghat logat
diarrhea diarea diare
different beza beda
doctor (medical practitioner) doktor dokter
eight lapan delapan
Europe Eropah Eropa
export eksport ekspor
faculty fakulti fakultas
finance kewangan keuangan
garage garaj garasi
gonorrhea gonorea gonore
idea idea ide
immigration imigresen imigrasi
mathematics matematik matematika
magistrate majistret magistrat
meaning erti arti
medication ubat obat
minute minit menit
money wang uang
music muzik musik
namely, e.g. iaitu yaitu
news khabar kabar
newspaper surat khabar surat kabar
number nombor nomor
official (adj.) rasmi resmi
official position jawatan jabatan
parliament parlimen parlemen
party (political) parti partai
passport pasport paspor
pencil pensel pensil
phase fasa fase
physics fizik fisika
plan pelan plan
popular popular populer
prestige prestij prestise
prototype prototaip prototipe
punishment (divine) seksa siksa
sauce sos saus
sausage sosej sosis
scenario senario skenario
scheme skim skema
secret rahsia rahasia
snow salji salju
sputum kahak dahak
station stesen stasiun
taxi teksi taksi
tempo tempoh tempo
thin nipis tipis
Thursday Khamis Kamis
truck, lorry trak truk
university universiti universitas
want mahu mau
zone zon zona

Syllabification

Word Malaysian syllabification Indonesian syllabification
StartingMu la iMu lai
WeatherCua caCu a ca

Influence from English

One of the most important aspect in differences between Malaysian and Indonesian is the degree of influence from English. Apart from being heavily influenced by the Dutch language, Indonesian language also adopted a significant number of English loanwords in its vocabulary, although English did not play significant role on the Indonesian language and in fact most of these vocabulary are of Dutch origin – Dutch and English share a similar Germanic origin, and Dutch has also borrowed from Latin, although to a lesser extent than English. There have been many changes in Indonesian as a result of its historical development. Words have been freely borrowed from English and only partly assimilated, in many cases, to the Indonesian patterns of structure.[43]

By the late 1970s, English words began pouring into the language, leading one commentator, writing in 1977, to refer to the "trend towards Indo-Saxonization",[44] known in Indonesian as pengindosaksonan. Many loanwords from English sometimes fulfill no communicative need, expressing concepts adequately covered by existing words. Among the examples are: akurat instead of tepat (accurate), aliansi in the place of sekutu (alliance), eksis rather than wujud (exist), kandidat as well as calon (candidate), konklusi instead of kesimpulan (conclusion), kontaminasi in the place of pencemaran (contamination), opini rather than pendapat (opinion) and opsi in the place of pilihan (option). Contrary to its Indonesian counterpart, Malay has shown a remarkable resilience, despite formerly being part of British Empire.[45] However, these pengindosaksonan is not directly borrowed from English, but through their (possible) cognates in Dutch pronunciations as Pedoman Umum Pembentukan Istilah is heavily influenced by Dutch pronunciation.

Some in Indonesia view this trend of excessive borrowings as "language dynamism", while some Malaysian linguists called it mass "language pollution",[46] and lack of creativity in creating new terms.

Example

The original text in Indonesian:

[47] Apabila peraturan pakta stabilitas Eropa dihormati sampai ke detailnya, rasio utang publik dibanding produk domestik bruto pada hari krisis akan berada di posisi 10 persentase poin kurang dalam zona euro, katanya.

The same text rendered in Malaysian:

Apabila peraturan pakatan kestabilan Eropah dihormati secara terperinci, nisbah hutang awam berbanding keluaran dalam negara kasar pada zaman krisis akan berada di kedudukan 10 mata peratusan kurang dalam zon euro, kata beliau.

English translation:

If the European stability pact rules had been respected in detail, the ratio of public debt to gross domestic product on the days of crisis would have been at the position 10 percentage points less in the eurozone, he said.

Convergence of vocabulary

The rift of evolution between the two languages is based more on political nuance and the history of their formation than on cultural reasons. As a result, views regarding each other's languages differ amongst Malaysians and Indonesians. In Malaysia, the national language is Malaysian; in Indonesia, it is Indonesian. Malaysians tend to assert that Malaysian and Indonesian are merely different varieties of the same language, while Indonesians tend to treat them as separate – albeit closely related – languages. The result of this attitude is that the Indonesians feel little need to synchronize their language with Malaysia, Singapore and Brunei, whereas the Malaysians are keener to coordinate the evolution of the language with the Indonesians.[48] However, both parties have realized that communication benefits from mutually comprehensible and intelligible languages, which motivated efforts to synchronize the languages' development. The effort to synchronize both languages' evolution to increase their mutual intelligibility has been embarked by imposing standard rules of language. This process is headed by Pusat Bahasa[49] on the Indonesian side and Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka as its Malaysian counterpart. Authorities in both Brunei and Singapore generally abide by the Malaysian standard in disputes.

Sample

The following texts are excerpts from the official translations of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Indonesian and Malay, along with the original declaration in English.

  • Indonesian text sample:[50]
Maka,
Majelis Umum memproklamasikan
PERNYATAAN UMUM TENTANG HAK ASASI MANUSIA sebagai satu standar umum keberhasilan untuk semua bangsa dan negara, dengan tujuan agar setiap orang dan setiap badan dalam masyarakat dengan senantiasa mengingat Pernyataan ini, akan berusaha dengan jalan mengajar dan mendidik untuk menggalakkan penghargaan terhadap hak-hak dan kebebasan-kebebasan tersebut, dan dengan jalan tindakan-tindakan progresif yang bersifat nasional maupun internasional, menjamin pengakuan dan penghormatannya secara universal dan efektif, baik oleh bangsa-bangsa dari negara anggota sendiri maupun oleh bangsa-bangsa dari daerah-daerah yang berada di bawah kekuasaan hukum mereka.
Pasal 1
Semua orang dilahirkan merdeka dan mempunyai martabat dan hak-hak yang sama. Mereka dikaruniai akal dan hati nurani dan hendaknya bergaul sesama lain dalam semangat persaudaraan.
  • Malay text sample:[51]
Maka dengan ini,
Perhimpunan Agung mengisytiharkan
PERISYTIHARAN SEJAGAT HAK ASASI MANUSIA ini sebagai suatu ukuran bersama terhadap pencapaian oleh seluruh umat manusia dan kesemua negara dengan tujuan supaya setiap individu dan setiap badan masyarakat, dengan sentiasa mengingati Perisytiharan ini, hendaklah berazam melalui pengajaran dan pendidikan bagi memajukan sanjungan terhadap seluruh hak-hak dan kebebasan ini dan secara langkah-langkah berperingkat-peringkat, di bidang negara dan antarabangsa, bagi menjaminkan pengkitirafan dan pematuhan sejagatnya yang berkesan, kedua-duanya di antara negara-negara anggota masing-masing dan rakyat wilayah-wilayah di bawah bidang kuasa mereka.
Perkara 1.
Semua manusia dilahirkan bebas dan samarata dari segi kemuliaan dan hak-hak. Mereka mempunyai pemikiran dan perasaan hati dan hendaklah bertindak di antara satu sama lain dengan semangat persaudaraan.
  • The original English version of the text:[52]
Now, therefore,
the General Assembly proclaims
this UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS as a common standard of achievement for all peoples and all nations, to the end that every individual and every organ of society, keeping this Declaration constantly in mind, shall strive by teaching and education to promote respect for these rights and freedoms and by progressive measures, national and international, to secure their universal and effective recognition and observance, both among the peoples of Member States themselves and among the peoples of territories under their jurisdiction.
Article 1
All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

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  38. RIS constitution: "persekutuan"
  39. jahe, jahi, halia: http://www.kamus-online.com/?lang=en
  40. Source: Kenny Ong from Melaka Told me: "Najib Razak adalah BAJAK terbesar di Malaysia" meaning: Najib Razak "is the greatest pirate in Malaysia", the source that I learned what Bajak is...
  41. Balai Bahasa Jawa Tengah
  42. Hasil Pencarian – KBBI Daring
  43. Roderick Ross Macdonald (1976). Indonesian reference grammar. Georgetown, USA: Georgetown University Press. p. 2. ISBN 9780878401635.
  44. The Indonesian Quarterly, Yayasan Proklamasi, Centre for Strategic and International Studies, 1977 Volume 5, Issues 1–3, page 76
  45. Seong Chee Tham (1991). A Study of the Evolution of the Malay Language: Social Change and Cognitive Development. Singapore: Singapore University Press. p. 14. ISBN 978-9971691363.
  46. "Bahasa Melayu dan Bahasa Indonesia" (PDF). Berita Harian. 19 March 2008. Retrieved 9 February 2011.
  47. Antara News – Draghi: Krisis Zona Euro Berisiko "Sistemik"
  48. Who is Malay?, July 2005
  49. due to several reorganization in current cabinet, the Indonesian Language Regulator is Badan Pengembangan dan Pembinaan Bahasa Archived 6 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine, Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan, Republik Indonesia
  50. "Pernyataan Umum tentang Hak-Hak Asasi Manusia" [Universal Declaration of Human Rights]. OHCHR (in Indonesian).
  51. "PERISYTIHARAN HAK ASASI MANUSIA SEJAGAT" [Universal Declaration of Human Rights]. OHCHR (in Malay).
  52. "Universal Declaration of Human Rights: English". OHCHR.
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