Shot put

The shot put is a track and field event involving "putting" (pushing rather than throwing)[1] a heavy spherical ball—the shot—as far as possible. The shot put competition for men has been a part of the modern Olympics since their revival in 1896, and women's competition began in 1948.

Athletics
Shot put
Polish double Olympic champion Tomasz Majewski
World records
Men Randy Barnes 23.12 m (1990)
Women Natalya Lisovskaya 22.63 m (1987)
Olympic records
Men Ryan Crouser 22.52 m (2016)
Women Ilona Slupianek 22.41 m (1980)

History

Czechoslovak shot putter Plíhal at the 1957 East German Indoor Athletics Championships
Shot putter at the University of Nebraska, 1942, showing the circle and stopboard

Homer mentions competitions of rock throwing by soldiers during the Siege of Troy but there is no record of any dead weights being thrown in Greek competitions. The first evidence for stone- or weight-throwing events were in the Scottish Highlands, and date back to approximately the first century.[2] In the 16th century King Henry VIII was noted for his prowess in court competitions of weight and hammer throwing.[3]

The first events resembling the modern shot put likely occurred in the Middle Ages when soldiers held competitions in which they hurled cannonballs. Shot put competitions were first recorded in early 19th century Scotland, and were a part of the British Amateur Championships beginning in 1866.[4]

Competitors take their throw from inside a marked circle 2.135 m (7 ft) in diameter, with what’s known as a “toe board” about 10 centimetres (3.9 in) high at the front of the circle. The distance thrown is measured from the inside of the circumference of the circle to the nearest mark made on the ground by the falling shot, with distances rounded down to the nearest centimetre under IAAF and WMA rules.

Czechoslovak shot putter Jiří Skobla showing the correct technique for keeping the shot near the neck

The following rules (indoor and outdoor) must be adhered to for a legal throw:

  • Upon calling the athlete's name, the athlete may choose any part of the throwing circle to enter inside. They have thirty seconds to commence the throwing motion; otherwise it counts as a forfeit for the current round.
  • The athlete may not wear gloves; IAAF rules permit the taping of individual fingers.
  • The athlete must rest the shot close to the neck, and keep it tight to the neck throughout the motion.
  • The shot must be released above the height of the shoulder, using only one hand.
  • The athlete may touch the inside surface of the circle or toe board, but must not touch the top or outside of the circle or toe board, or the ground beyond the circle. Limbs may, however, extend over the lines of the circle in the air.
  • The shot must land in the legal sector (34.92°) of the throwing area. Note that the sector has been narrowed multiple times over the years to improve safety with the latest revision (from 40°) occurring in 2004.
  • The athlete must leave the throwing circle from the back half.

Foul throws occur when an athlete:

  • Does not pause within the circle before beginning the putting motion.
  • Does not complete the putting movement initiated within thirty seconds of having their name called.
  • Allows the shot to drop below his shoulder or outside the vertical plane of his shoulder during the put.

At any time if the shot loses contact with the neck then it is technically an illegal put.

  • During the putting motion, touches with any part of the body (including shoes):
    • the top or ends of the toe board
    • the top of the iron ring
    • anywhere outside the circle.
  • Puts a shot which either falls outside the throwing sector or touches a sector line on the initial impact.
  • Leaves the circle before the shot has landed.
  • The athlete exceeds the 30 second time frame they have to make their throw.
  • Does not leave from the rear half of the circle.

Regulation misconceptions

The following are either obsolete or non-existent, but commonly believed rules within professional competition:

  • The athlete must enter the circle from the back (none of the rule books contain such a clause).
  • The athlete entering the circle, then exiting and re-entering it prior to starting the throw results in a foul (all the rule books allow an athlete to leave a circle prior to starting a throw, but this still counts within the 30 second time limit; the allowable method of exiting the circle varies by rule book).
  • Loose clothing, shoelaces, or long hair touching outside the circle during a throw, or an athlete bringing a towel into the circle and then throwing it out prior to the put, results in a foul.

Competition

Shot put area

Shot put competitions have been held at the modern Summer Olympic Games since their inception in 1896, and it is also included as an event in the World Athletics Championships.

Each of these competitions in the modern era have a set number of rounds of throws. Typically there are three qualification rounds to determine qualification for the final. There are then three preliminary rounds in the final with the top eight competitors receiving a further three throws. Each competitor in the final is credited with their longest throw, regardless of whether it was achieved in the preliminary or final three rounds. The competitor with the longest legal put is declared the winner.

Weight

In open competitions the men's shot weighs 7.26 kilograms (16.0 lb), and the women's shot weighs 4 kilograms (8.8 lb). Junior, school, and masters competitions often use different weights of shots, typically below the weights of those used in open competitions; the individual rules for each competition should be consulted in order to determine the correct weights to be used.

Putting styles

Two putting styles are in current general use by shot put competitors: the glide and the spin. With all putting styles, the goal is to release the shot with maximum forward velocity at an angle of approximately forty-five degrees.

Glide

The origin of this technique glide dates to 1951, when Parry O'Brien from the United States invented a technique that involved the putter facing backwards, rotating 180 degrees across the circle, and then tossing the shot. Unlike spin this technique is a linear movement.[5]

With this technique, a right-hand thrower would begin facing the rear of the circle. They would typically adopt a specific type of crouch, involving their bent right leg, in order to begin the throw from a more beneficial posture whilst also isometrically preloading their muscles. The positioning of their bodyweight over their bent leg, which pushes upwards with equal force, generates a preparatory isometric press. The force generated by this press will be channelled into the subsequent throw making it more powerful. To initiate the throw they kick to the front with the left leg, while pushing off forcefully with the right. As the thrower crosses the circle, the hips twist toward the front, the left arm is swung out then pulled back tight, followed by the shoulders, and they then strike in a putting motion with their right arm. The key is to move quickly across the circle with as little air under the feet as possible, hence the name 'glide'.

Spin

Also known as rotational technique.[6] It was first practiced in Europe in the 1950s but did not receive much attention until the 1970s.[7] In 1972 Aleksandr Baryshnikov set his first USSR record using a new putting style, the spin ("круговой мах" in Russian), invented by his coach Viktor Alexeyev.[8][9] The spin involves rotating like a discus thrower and using rotational momentum for power. In 1976 Baryshnikov went on to set a world record of 22.00 m (72.18 ft) with his spin style, and was the first shot putter to cross the 22-meter mark.[10]

With this technique, a right-hand thrower faces the rear, and begins to spin on the ball of the left foot. The thrower comes around and faces the front of the circle and drives the right foot into the center of the circle. Finally, the thrower reaches for the front of the circle with the left foot, twisting the hips and shoulders like in the glide, and puts the shot.

When the athlete executes the spin, the upper body is twisted hard to the right, so the imaginary lines created by the shoulders and hips are no longer parallel. This action builds up torque, and stretches the muscles, creating an involuntary elasticity in the muscles, providing extra power and momentum. When the athlete prepares to release, the left foot is firmly planted, causing the momentum and energy generated to be conserved, pushing the shot in an upward and outward direction.

Another purpose of the spin is to build up a high rotational speed, by swinging the right leg initially, then to bring all the limbs in tightly, similar to a figure skater bringing in their arms while spinning to increase their speed. Once this fast speed is achieved the shot is released, transferring the energy into the shot put.

Until 2016, a woman has never made an Olympic final (top 8) using the spin technique. The first woman to enter a final and win a medal at the Olympics was Anita Márton.[11][7]

Usage

Currently, most top male shot putters use the spin. However the glide remains popular since the technique leads to greater consistency compared to the rotational technique. Almost all throwers start by using the glide. Tomasz Majewski notes that although most athletes use the spin,[12] he and some other top shot putters achieved success using this classic method (for example he became first to defend the Olympic title in 56 years).

The world record by a male putter of 23.12 m (75 ft 10 in) by Randy Barnes was completed with the spin technique, while the second-best all-time put of 23.06 m (75 ft 7 34 in) by Ulf Timmermann was completed with the glide technique.

The decision to glide or spin may need to be decided on an individual basis, determined by the thrower's size and power. Short throwers may benefit from the spin and taller throwers may benefit from the glide, but many throwers do not follow this guideline.

Types of shots

The shot is made of different kinds of materials depending on its intended use. Materials used include sand, iron, cast iron, solid steel, stainless steel, brass, and synthetic materials like polyvinyl. Some metals are more dense than others making the size of the shot vary. For example, different materials are used to make indoor and outdoor shot - because damage to surroundings must be taken into account - so the latter are smaller. There are various size and weight standards for the implement that depend on the age and gender of the competitors as well as the national customs of the governing body.

World records

The current world record holders are:[13]

Type Athlete Distance Place Date
Men
Outdoor Randy Barnes 23.12 m (75 ft 10 in) Los Angeles, California, USA May 20, 1990
Indoor Ryan Crouser 22.82 m (74 ft 10 14 in) Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA January 24, 2021
Women
Outdoor Natalya Lisovskaya 22.63 m (74 ft 2 34 in) Moscow, USSR June 7, 1987
Indoor Helena Fibingerová 22.50 m (73 ft 9 34 in) Jablonec, CZE February 19, 1977

Continental records

The current records held on each continent are:[14]

Area Men's Women's
Distance Athlete Nation Distance Athlete Nation
Africa 21.97 m (72 ft 34 in) Janus Robberts  South Africa 18.43 m (60 ft 5 12 in) Vivian Chukwuemeka  Nigeria
Asia 21.13 m (69 ft 3 34 in) Sultan Abdulmajeed Al-Hebshi  Saudi Arabia 21.76 m (71 ft 4 12 in) Meisu Li  China
Europe 23.06 m (75 ft 7 34 in) Ulf Timmermann  East Germany 22.63 m (74 ft 2 34 in) WR Natalya Lisovskaya  Soviet Union
North and Central
America, and Caribbean
23.12 m (75 ft 10 in) WR Randy Barnes  United States 20.96 m (68 ft 9 in) A Belsy Laza  Cuba
Oceania 22.90 m (75 ft 1 12 in) Tomas Walsh  New Zealand 21.24 m (69 ft 8 in) Valerie Adams  New Zealand
South America 22.61 m (74 ft 2 in) Darlan Romani  Brazil 19.30 m (63 ft 3 34 in) A Elisângela Adriano Brazil

All-time top 25 shot putters

  • i = indoor performance

Men

Rank Mark Technique Athlete Nationality Date Place Ref
1 23.12 m (75 ft 10 in) spin Randy Barnes  United States 20 May 1990Westwood
2 23.06 m (75 ft 7 34 in) glide Ulf Timmermann East Germany22 May 1988Khania
3 22.91 m (75 ft 1 34 in) glide Alessandro Andrei  Italy 12 August 1987 Viareggio
spin Joe Kovacs  United States 5 October 2019 Doha [17]
spin Ryan Crouser  United States 18 July 2020 Marietta [18]
6 22.90 m (75 ft 1 12 in) spin Tomas Walsh  New Zealand 5 October 2019 Doha [17]
7 22.86 m (75 ft 0 in) A spin Brian Oldfield  United States 10 May 1975 El Paso
8 22.75 m (74 ft 7 12 in) glide Werner Günthör   Switzerland 23 August 1988 Bern
9 22.67 m (74 ft 4 12 in) spin Kevin Toth  United States 19 April 2003Lawrence
10 22.64 m (74 ft 3 14 in) glide Udo Beyer East Germany20 August 1986Berlin
11 22.61 m (74 ft 2 in) spin Darlan Romani  Brazil 30 June 2019 Stanford [19]
12 22.54 m (73 ft 11 14 in) spin Christian Cantwell  United States 5 June 2004Gresham
13 22.52 m (73 ft 10 12 in) glide John Brenner  United States 26 April 1987 Walnut
14 22.51 m (73 ft 10 in) spin Adam Nelson  United States 18 May 2002Gresham
15 22.44 m (73 ft 7 14 in) spin Darrell Hill  United States 31 August 2017 Brussels [20]
16 22.43 m (73 ft 7 in) spin Reese Hoffa  United States 3 August 2007 London
17 22.32 m (73 ft 2 12 in) spin Michał Haratyk  Poland 28 July 2019 Warsaw [21]
3 August 2019 Władysławowo [22]
18 22.28 m (73 ft 1 in) spin Ryan Whiting  United States 10 May 2013 Doha
19 22.25 m (72 ft 11 34 in) spin Konrad Bukowiecki  Poland 14 September 2019 Chorzów [23]
20 22.24 m (72 ft 11 12 in) glide Sergey Smirnov  Soviet Union 21 June 1986 Tallinn
21 22.22 m (72 ft 10 34 in) spin Bob Bertemes  Luxembourg 4 August 2019 Luxembourg City [24]
22 22.21 m (72 ft 10 14 in) A spin Dylan Armstrong  Canada 25 June 2011 Calgary
23 22.20 m (72 ft 10 in) glide David Storl  Germany 9 July 2015 Lausanne [25]
spin John Godina  United States 22 May 2005 Carson
25 22.17 m (72 ft 8 34 in)i spin Tomáš Staněk  Czech Republic 6 February 2018 Düsseldorf [26]

Notes

Below is a list of all other throws equal or superior to 22.42 m:

  • Randy Barnes also threw 23.10 (1990) and 22.66i (1989).
  • Ryan Crouser also threw 22.90 (2019), 22.82i (2021), 22.74 (2019 & 2020), 22.73 (2019 & 2020), 22.72 (2020), 22.71 (2019), 22.70 (2020, 2021i), 22.68 (2020), 22.67 (2019), 22.66i (2021), 22.65 (2017, 2021i), 22.63 (2020), 22.62 (2019), 22.60i (2020), 22.59 (2020), 22.58i (2020), 22.57 (2020), 22.56 (2020), 22.55 (2020), 22.53 (2018, 2020), 22.52 (2016, 2020), 22.48i (2021), 22.47 (2017), 22.44 (2019 & 2020), 22.43 (2017, 2020 & 2021i) and 22.42 (2020).
  • Ulf Timmermann also threw 22.62 (1985), 22.61 (1988), 22.60 (1986), 22.56 (1988), 22.55i (1989), 22.51 (1986) and 22.47 (1986 & 1988).
  • Joe Kovacs also threw 22.57 (2017) and 22.56 (2015).
  • Darlan Romani also threw 22.55 (2019), 22.53 (2019) and 22.46 (2019).
  • Tom Walsh also threw 22.67 (2018) 22.60 (2018), 22.56 (2019), 22.45 (2018) and 22.44 (2019).
  • Brian Oldfield also threw 22.45 A (1976).
  • Christian Cantwell also threw 22.45 (2006).
  • Werner Günthör also threw 22.47 and 22.43 (both 1987).

Women

Rank Mark Technique Athlete Nationality Place Date
1 22.63 m (74 ft 2 34 in)glideNatalya Lisovskaya Soviet UnionMoscowJune 7, 1987
2 22.50 m (73 ft 9 34 in)iglideHelena Fibingerová CzechoslovakiaJablonec nad NisouFebruary 19, 1977
3 22.45 m (73 ft 7 34 in)glideIlona Slupianek East GermanyPotsdamMay 11, 1980
4 22.19 m (72 ft 9 12 in)glideClaudia Losch West GermanyHainfeldAugust 23, 1987
5 21.89 m (71 ft 9 34 in)glideIvanka Khristova BulgariaBelmekenJuly 4, 1976
6 21.86 m (71 ft 8 12 in)glideMarianne Adam East GermanyLeipzigJune 23, 1979
7 21.76 m (71 ft 4 12 in)glideLi Meisu ChinaShijiazhuangApril 23, 1988
8 21.73 m (71 ft 3 12 in)glideNatalya Akhrimenko Soviet UnionLeselidzeMay 21, 1988
9 21.69 m (71 ft 1 34 in)glideVita Pavlysh UkraineBudapestAugust 15, 1998
10 21.66 m (71 ft 34 in)glideSui Xinmei ChinaBeijingJune 9, 1990
11 21.62 m (70 ft 11 in)glideVerzhinia Veselinova BulgariaSofiaAugust 21, 1982
12 21.60 m (70 ft 10 14 in)iglideValentina Fedyushina Soviet UnionSimferopolDecember 28, 1991
13 21.58 m (70 ft 9 12 in)glideMargitta Pufe East GermanyErfurtMay 28, 1978
14 21.57 m (70 ft 9 in)glideInes Müller East GermanyAthensMay 16, 1988
15 21.53 m (70 ft 7 12 in)glideNunu Abashidze Soviet UnionKievJune 20, 1984
16 21.52 m (70 ft 7 in)glideHuang Zhihong ChinaBeijingJune 27, 1990
17 21.46 m (70 ft 4 34 in)glideLarisa Peleshenko RussiaBudapestAugust 26, 2000
18 21.45 m (70 ft 4 14 in)glideNadezhda Chizhova Soviet UnionVarnaSeptember 29, 1973
19 21.43 m (70 ft 3 12 in)glideEva Wilms West GermanyMunichJune 27, 1977
20 21.42 m (70 ft 3 14 in)glideSvetlana Krachevskaya Soviet UnionMoscowJuly 24, 1980
21 21.31 m (69 ft 10 34 in)glideHeike Hartwig East GermanyAthensMay 16, 1988
22 21.27 m (69 ft 9 14 in)glideLiane Schmuhl East GermanyCottbusJune 26, 1982
23 21.24 m (69 ft 8 in)glideValerie Adams New ZealandDaeguAugust 29, 2011
24 21.22 m (69 ft 7 14 in)glideAstrid Kumbernuss GermanyGothenburgAugust 5, 1995
25 21.21 m (69 ft 7 in)glideKathrin Neimke East GermanyRomeSeptember 5, 1987

Notes

Best women's throw using a spin technique is 19.87 by Anita Márton and Jillian Camarena-Williams.

Below is a list of all other performances (excluding ancillary throws) equal or superior to 21.99 m:

  • Natalya Lisovskaya also threw 22.55 (1988), 22.53 (1984 & 1988), 22.24 (1988), 22.06 (1988) and 22.14i (1987).
  • Helena Fibingerová also threw 22.32 (1977) and 21.99 (1976).
  • Ilona Slupianek also threw 22.41 (1980), 22.40 (1983), 22.38 (1980), 22.36 (1980), 22.34 (twice in 1980), 22.22 (1980), 22.13 (1980), 22.06 (1978), 22.05 (twice in 1980) and 22.04 (twice in 1979).

Annulled

The following athletes had their performance (inside 21.49 m) annulled due to doping offenses:

Olympic medalists

Men

Games Gold Silver Bronze
1896 Athens
Robert Garrett
 United States
Miltiadis Gouskos
 Greece
Georgios Papasideris
 Greece
1900 Paris
Richard Sheldon
 United States
Josiah McCracken
 United States
Robert Garrett
 United States
1904 St. Louis
Ralph Rose
 United States
Wesley Coe
 United States
Lawrence Feuerbach
 United States
1908 London
Ralph Rose
 United States
Denis Horgan
 Great Britain
John Garrels
 United States
1912 Stockholm
Pat McDonald
 United States
Ralph Rose
 United States
Lawrence Whitney
 United States
1920 Antwerp
Ville Pörhölä
 Finland
Elmer Niklander
 Finland
Harry Liversedge
 United States
1924 Paris
Bud Houser
 United States
Glenn Hartranft
 United States
Ralph Hills
 United States
1928 Amsterdam
John Kuck
 United States
Herman Brix
 United States
Emil Hirschfeld
 Germany
1932 Los Angeles
Leo Sexton
 United States
Harlow Rothert
 United States
František Douda
 Czechoslovakia
1936 Berlin
Hans Woellke
 Germany
Sulo Bärlund
 Finland
Gerhard Stöck
 Germany
1948 London
Wilbur Thompson
 United States
Jim Delaney
 United States
Jim Fuchs
 United States
1952 Helsinki
Parry O'Brien
 United States
Darrow Hooper
 United States
Jim Fuchs
 United States
1956 Melbourne
Parry O'Brien
 United States
Bill Nieder
 United States
Jiří Skobla
 Czechoslovakia
1960 Rome
Bill Nieder
 United States
Parry O'Brien
 United States
Dallas Long
 United States
1964 Tokyo
Dallas Long
 United States
Randy Matson
 United States
Vilmos Varjú
 Hungary
1968 Mexico City
Randy Matson
 United States
George Woods
 United States
Eduard Gushchin
 Soviet Union
1972 Munich
Władysław Komar
 Poland
George Woods
 United States
Hartmut Briesenick
 East Germany
1976 Montreal
Udo Beyer
 East Germany
Yevgeniy Mironov
 Soviet Union
Aleksandr Baryshnikov
 Soviet Union
1980 Moscow
Vladimir Kiselyov
 Soviet Union
Aleksandr Baryshnikov
 Soviet Union
Udo Beyer
 East Germany
1984 Los Angeles
Alessandro Andrei
 Italy
Mike Carter
 United States
Dave Laut
 United States
1988 Seoul
Ulf Timmermann
 East Germany
Randy Barnes
 United States
Werner Günthör
 Switzerland
1992 Barcelona
Mike Stulce
 United States
Jim Doehring
 United States
Vyacheslav Lykho
 Unified Team
1996 Atlanta
Randy Barnes
 United States
John Godina
 United States
Oleksandr Bagach
 Ukraine
2000 Sydney
Arsi Harju
 Finland
Adam Nelson
 United States
John Godina
 United States
2004 Athens
Adam Nelson
 United States
Joachim Olsen
 Denmark
Manuel Martínez
 Spain
2008 Beijing
Tomasz Majewski
 Poland
Christian Cantwell
 United States
Dylan Armstrong
 Canada
2012 London
Tomasz Majewski
 Poland
David Storl
 Germany
Reese Hoffa
 United States
2016 Rio de Janeiro
Ryan Crouser
 United States
Joe Kovacs
 United States
Tomas Walsh
 New Zealand

Women

Games Gold Silver Bronze
1948 London
Micheline Ostermeyer
 France
Amelia Piccinini
 Italy
Ina Schäffer
 Austria
1952 Helsinki
Galina Zybina
 Soviet Union
Marianne Werner
 Germany
Klavdiya Tochenova
 Soviet Union
1956 Melbourne
Tamara Tyshkevich
 Soviet Union
Galina Zybina
 Soviet Union
Marianne Werner
 United Team of Germany
1960 Rome
Tamara Press
 Soviet Union
Johanna Lüttge
 United Team of Germany
Earlene Brown
 United States
1964 Tokyo
Tamara Press
 Soviet Union
Renate Culmberger
 United Team of Germany
Galina Zybina
 Soviet Union
1968 Mexico City
Margitta Gummel
 East Germany
Marita Lange
 East Germany
Nadezhda Chizhova
 Soviet Union
1972 Munich
Nadezhda Chizhova
 Soviet Union
Margitta Gummel
 East Germany
Ivanka Khristova
 Bulgaria
1976 Montreal
Ivanka Khristova
 Bulgaria
Nadezhda Chizhova
 Soviet Union
Helena Fibingerová
 Czechoslovakia
1980 Moscow
Ilona Slupianek
 East Germany
Svetlana Krachevskaya
 Soviet Union
Margitta Pufe
 East Germany
1984 Los Angeles
Claudia Losch
 West Germany
Mihaela Loghin
 Romania
Gael Martin
 Australia
1988 Seoul
Natalya Lisovskaya
 Soviet Union
Kathrin Neimke
 East Germany
Li Meisu
 China
1992 Barcelona
Svetlana Krivelyova
 Unified Team
Huang Zhihong
 China
Kathrin Neimke
 Germany
1996 Atlanta
Astrid Kumbernuss
 Germany
Sui Xinmei
 China
Irina Khudoroshkina
 Russia
2000 Sydney
Yanina Karolchik
 Belarus
Larisa Peleshenko
 Russia
Astrid Kumbernuss
 Germany
2004 Athens
Yumileidi Cumbá
 Cuba
Nadine Kleinert
 Germany
Not awarded[29]
2008 Beijing
Valerie Vili
 New Zealand
Misleydis González
 Cuba
Gong Lijiao
 China
2012 London
Valerie Adams
 New Zealand
Gong Lijiao
 China
Li Ling
 China
2016 Rio de Janeiro
Michelle Carter
 United States
Valerie Adams
 New Zealand
Anita Márton
 Hungary

World Championship medalists

Men

Championships Gold Silver Bronze
1983 Helsinki
 Edward Sarul (POL)  Ulf Timmermann (GDR)  Remigius Machura (TCH)
1987 Rome
 Werner Günthör (SUI)  Alessandro Andrei (ITA)  John Brenner (USA)
1991 Tokyo
 Werner Günthör (SUI)  Lars Arvid Nilsen (NOR)  Aleksandr Klimenko (URS)
1993 Stuttgart
 Werner Günthör (SUI)  Randy Barnes (USA)  Oleksandr Bagach (UKR)
1995 Gothenburg
 John Godina (USA)  Mika Halvari (FIN)  Randy Barnes (USA)
1997 Athens
 John Godina (USA)  Oliver-Sven Buder (GER)  C. J. Hunter (USA)
1999 Seville
 C. J. Hunter (USA)  Oliver-Sven Buder (GER)  Oleksandr Bagach (UKR)
2001 Edmonton
 John Godina (USA)  Adam Nelson (USA)  Arsi Harju (FIN)
2003 Saint-Denis
 Andrei Mikhnevich (BLR)  Adam Nelson (USA)  Yuriy Bilonoh (UKR)
2005 Helsinki
 Adam Nelson (USA)  Rutger Smith (NED)  Ralf Bartels (GER)
2007 Osaka
 Reese Hoffa (USA)  Adam Nelson (USA)  Rutger Smith (NED)
2009 Berlin
 Christian Cantwell (USA)  Tomasz Majewski (POL)  Ralf Bartels (GER)
2011 Daegu
 David Storl (GER)  Dylan Armstrong (CAN)  Christian Cantwell (USA)
2013 Moscow
 David Storl (GER)  Ryan Whiting (USA)  Dylan Armstrong (CAN)
2015 Beijing
 Joe Kovacs (USA)  David Storl (GER)  O'Dayne Richards (JAM)
2017 London
 Tom Walsh (NZL)  Joe Kovacs (USA)  Stipe Žunić (CRO)
2019 Doha
 Joe Kovacs (USA)  Ryan Crouser (USA)  Tom Walsh (NZL)

Women

Championships Gold Silver Bronze
1983 Helsinki
 Helena Fibingerová (TCH)  Helma Knorscheidt (GDR)  Ilona Schoknecht-Slupianek (GDR)
1987 Rome
 Natalya Lisovskaya (URS)  Kathrin Neimke (GDR)  Ines Müller (GDR)
1991 Tokyo
 Huang Zhihong (CHN)  Natalya Lisovskaya (URS)  Svetlana Krivelyova (URS)
1993 Stuttgart
 Huang Zhihong (CHN)  Svetlana Krivelyova (RUS)  Kathrin Neimke (GER)
1995 Gothenburg
 Astrid Kumbernuss (GER)  Huang Zhihong (CHN)  Svetla Mitkova (BUL)
1997 Athens
 Astrid Kumbernuss (GER)  Vita Pavlysh (UKR)  Stephanie Storp (GER)
1999 Seville
 Astrid Kumbernuss (GER)  Nadine Kleinert (GER)  Svetlana Krivelyova (RUS)
2001 Edmonton
 Yanina Karolchik (BLR)  Nadine Kleinert (GER)  Vita Pavlysh (UKR)
2003 Saint-Denis
 Svetlana Krivelyova (RUS)  Nadzeya Ostapchuk (BLR)  Vita Pavlysh (UKR)
2005 Helsinki[30]
 Olga Ryabinkina (RUS)  Valerie Vili (NZL)  Nadine Kleinert (GER)
2007 Osaka
 Valerie Vili (NZL)  Nadzeya Ostapchuk (BLR)  Nadine Kleinert (GER)
2009 Berlin
 Valerie Vili (NZL)  Nadine Kleinert (GER)  Gong Lijiao (CHN)
2011 Daegu
 Valerie Adams (NZL)  Nadzeya Ostapchuk (BLR)  Jillian Camarena-Williams (USA)
2013 Moscow
 Valerie Adams (NZL)  Christina Schwanitz (GER)  Gong Lijiao (CHN)
2015 Beijing
 Christina Schwanitz (GER)  Gong Lijiao (CHN)  Michelle Carter (USA)
2017 London
 Gong Lijiao (CHN)  Anita Márton (HUN)  Michelle Carter (USA)
2019 Doha
 Gong Lijiao (CHN)  Danniel Thomas-Dodd (JAM)  Christina Schwanitz (GER)

World Indoor Championships medalists

Men

Games Gold Silver Bronze
1985 Paris[A]  Remigius Machura (TCH)  Udo Beyer (GDR)  Jānis Bojārs (URS)
1987 Indianapolis
 Ulf Timmermann (GDR)  Werner Günthör (SUI)  Sergey Smirnov (URS)
1989 Budapest
 Ulf Timmermann (GDR)  Randy Barnes (USA)  Georg Andersen (NOR)
1991 Seville
 Werner Günthör (SUI)  Klaus Bodenmüller (AUT)  Ron Backes (USA)
1993 Toronto
 Mike Stulce (USA)  Jim Doehring (USA)  Oleksandr Bagach (UKR)
1995 Barcelona
 Mika Halvari (FIN)  C. J. Hunter (USA)  Dragan Perić (FRY)
1997 Paris
 Yuriy Bilonoh (UKR)  Oleksandr Bagach (UKR)  John Godina (USA)
1999 Maebashi
 Oleksandr Bagach (UKR)  John Godina (USA)  Yuriy Bilonoh (UKR)
2001 Lisbon
 John Godina (USA)  Adam Nelson (USA)  Manuel Martínez (ESP)
2003 Birmingham
 Manuel Martínez (ESP)  John Godina (USA)  Yuriy Bilonoh (UKR)
2004 Budapest
 Christian Cantwell (USA)  Reese Hoffa (USA)  Joachim Olsen (DEN)
2006 Moscow
 Reese Hoffa (USA)  Joachim Olsen (DEN)  Pavel Sofin (RUS)
2008 Valencia
 Christian Cantwell (USA)  Reese Hoffa (USA)  Tomasz Majewski (POL)
2010 Doha
 Christian Cantwell (USA)  Ralf Bartels (GER)  Dylan Armstrong (CAN)
2012 Istanbul
 Ryan Whiting (USA)  David Storl (GER)  Tomasz Majewski (POL)
2014 Sopot
 Ryan Whiting (USA)  David Storl (GER)  Tomas Walsh (NZL)
2016 Portland
 Tomas Walsh (NZL)  Andrei Gag (ROU)  Filip Mihaljević (CRO)
2018 Birmingham
 Tomas Walsh (NZL)  David Storl (GER)  Tomáš Staněk (CZE)

Women

Games Gold Silver Bronze
1985 Paris[A]  Natalya Lisovskaya (URS)  Ines Müller (GDR)  Nunu Abashidze (URS)
1987 Indianapolis
 Natalya Lisovskaya (URS)  Ilona Briesenick (GDR)  Claudia Losch (FRG)
1989 Budapest
 Claudia Losch (FRG)  Huang Zhihong (CHN)  Christa Wiese (GDR)
1991 Seville
 Sui Xinmei (CHN)  Huang Zhihong (CHN)  Natalya Lisovskaya (URS)
1993 Toronto
 Svetlana Krivelyova (RUS)  Stephanie Storp (GER)  Zhang Liuhong (CHN)
1995 Barcelona
 Kathrin Neimke (GER)  Connie Price-Smith (USA)  Grit Hammer (GER)
1997 Paris
 Vita Pavlysh (UKR)  Astrid Kumbernuss (GER)  Irina Korzhanenko (RUS)
1999 Maebashi
 Svetlana Krivelyova (RUS)  Krystyna Danilczyk-Zabawska (POL)  Teri Steer-Tunks (USA)
2001 Lisbon
 Larisa Peleshenko (RUS)  Nadzeya Ostapchuk (BLR)  Svetlana Krivelyova (RUS)
2003 Birmingham
 Irina Korzhanenko (RUS)  Nadzeya Ostapchuk (BLR)  Astrid Kumbernuss (GER)
2004 Budapest
 Svetlana Krivelyova (RUS)  Yumileidi Cumbá (CUB)  Nadine Kleinert (GER)
2006 Moscow
 Natallia Mikhnevich (BLR)  Nadine Kleinert (GER)  Olga Ryabinkina (RUS)
2008 Valencia
 Valerie Vili (NZL)  Li Meiju (CHN)  Misleydis González (CUB)
2010 Doha
 Valerie Adams (NZL)  Anna Avdeyeva (RUS)  Nadine Kleinert (GER)
2012 Istanbul
 Valerie Adams (NZL)  Michelle Carter (USA)  Jillian Camarena-Williams (USA)
2014 Sopot
 Valerie Adams (NZL)  Christina Schwanitz (GER)  Gong Lijiao (CHN)
2016 Portland
 Michelle Carter (USA)  Anita Márton (HUN)  Valerie Adams (NZL)
2018 Birmingham
 Anita Márton (HUN)  Danniel Thomas-Dodd (JAM)  Gong Lijiao (CHN)
  • A Known as the World Indoor Games

Season's bests

See also

Notes and references

  1. "Dictionary of the Scots Language:: SND :: Putt v n1".
  2. Colin White (31 December 2009). Projectile Dynamics in Sport: Principles and Applications. Taylor & Francis. pp. 131–. ISBN 978-0-415-47331-6. Retrieved 6 July 2011.
  3. "Hammer Throw". IAAF. Retrieved 12 September 2015.
  4. Shot Put - Introduction. IAAF. Retrieved on 2010-02-28.
  5. "Follow These Directions for the Glide Technique in Shot Put".
  6. http://track.coachesdirectory.com/article/rotational-vs-glide-revisited--comparing-shot-techniques-article.html
  7. "Shot Put Spin and Glide Technique Comparison". 2013-09-17.
  8. Aleksandr Baryshnikov biography on sportsdaily.ru (in Russian) reference tested at 11 May 2009
  9. Aleksandr Baryshnikov, Athlete from Russia (in Russian) Archived 2010-09-17 at the Wayback Machine reference tested at 11 May 2009
  10. Григорий РУДЕРМАН (Израиль), заслуженный тренер России «Метания в хх веке : тенденции развития.» reference tested at 11 May 2009
  11. http://www.ltfca.com/assets/glide-vs-spin.pdf"
  12. Playboy Poland 8/2012, page 44,45
  13. "Ryan Crouser breaks world indoor shot put record with 2 best throws in history". 24 January 2021.
  14. "Outdoor: Shot Put: Area Records". Official website. International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF). Retrieved 10 March 2011.
  15. "Shot Put Men Senior Outdoor". IAAF. 6 October 2019. Retrieved 6 October 2019.
  16. "All-time men's best Shot Put". alltime-athletics.com. 6 October 2019. Retrieved 6 October 2019.
  17. "Shot Put Results" (PDF). IAAF. 5 October 2019. Retrieved 6 October 2019.
  18. "American Track League ATL #2 Results". milesplit.com. 18 July 2020. Retrieved 21 July 2020.
  19. Brian Russell (1 July 2019). "Romani takes surprise shot put win in Stanford – IAAF Diamond League". IAAF. Retrieved 18 July 2019.
  20. Mike Rowbottom (31 August 2017). "Hill hits the shot put jackpot in Brussels' Place de la Monnaie – IAAF Diamond League". IAAF. Retrieved 2 September 2017.
  21. "Haratyk smashes Polish shot put record with 22.32m in Warsaw". European Athletics. 28 July 2019. Retrieved 6 August 2019.
  22. "Haratyk equals Polish shot put record with 22.32m in Cetniewo". European Athletics. 4 August 2019. Retrieved 6 August 2019.
  23. Bob Ramsak (14 September 2019). "Bukowiecki improves to 22.25m in Chorzow". IAAF. Retrieved 1 October 2019.
  24. "Cessange -Luxembourg- (Luxembourg), 3-4.8.2019 -Mémorial J.-P. Kops & J.-M. Reuter-". trackinsun.blogspot.com. 4 August 2019. Retrieved 1 October 2019.
  25. "Shot Put Results" (PDF). sportresult.com. 9 July 2015. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 10 July 2015.
  26. "Shot Put Results" (PDF). sportresult.com. 6 February 2018. Retrieved 8 February 2018.
  27. "Shot Put Women Senior Outdoor". IAAF. 6 October 2019. Retrieved 6 October 2019.
  28. "All-time women's best Shot Put". alltime-athletics.com. 30 August 2019. Retrieved 6 October 2019.
  29. Athens 2004 Athletics Medalists. Olympic.org. Retrieved on 2014-04-19.
  30. Revision of results following sanctions of Tsikhan and Ostapchuk
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