Condylostoma

Condylostoma
	Condylostoma patens
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
(unranked):	SAR
(unranked):	Alveolata
Phylum:	Ciliophora
Subphylum:	Postciliodesmatophora
Class:	Heterotrichea
Family:	Condylostomatidae
Genus:	Condylostoma; Bory de Saint Vincent, 1826

Condylostoma is a genus of unicellular ciliate protists, belonging to the class Heterotrichea.

Species list

According to the World Register of Marine Species, genus Condylostoma contains 24 species:[1]

Condylostoma acuta Dragesco, 1954
Condylostoma ancestralis Villeneuve-Brachon, 1940
Condylostoma arenarium Spiegel, 1926
Condylostoma caudatum Lauterborn, 1908
Condylostoma curva Burkovsky, 1970
Condylostoma enigmatica Dragesco, 1954
Condylostoma fjeldi Hartwig, 1973
Condylostoma granulosum Bullington, 1940
Condylostoma kahli Dragesco, 1960
Condylostoma magnum Spiegel, 1926
Condylostoma minima Dragesco, 1960
Condylostoma minutum Bullington, 1940
Condylostoma nigra Dragesco, 1960
Condylostoma patens O.F. Müller, 1786
Condylostoma patulum Claparède & Lachmann, 1858
Condylostoma psammophilum Bock, 1952
Condylostoma remanei Spiegel, 1928
Condylostoma rugosa Kahl, 1928
Condylostoma spatiosum Ozaki & Yagiu in Yagiu, 1944
Condylostoma subterraneum Lepsi, 1964
Condylostoma tardum Penard, 1922
Condylostoma tenuis Faure-Fremiet, 1958
Condylostoma vastum Bock, 1955
Condylostoma vorticella Ehrenberg, 1833

Phylogeny

Molecular analyses based on either a single locus (small subunit rRNA) or several loci (SSU rDNA, large subunit rRNA, ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region, alpha-tubulin and COI) showed that Condylostoma is phylogenetically related to the genera Condylostentor and Chattonidium, and with Condylostomides possibly being their sister-group.[2][3][4]

Alternative genetic code

An alternative genetic code is used by the nuclear genome of Condylostoma magnum.[5] This code corresponds to translation table 28 and involves the unusual reassignment of the three standard termination codons to sense codons.

Table of conditional stop codons and comparison with the standard genetic code
Genetic code	Translation table	Codon		Conditional translation			Standard translation
Genetic code	Translation table	DNA	RNA	Conditional translation			Standard translation
Condylostoma nuclear	28	`TAA`	`UAA`	`Ter` `(*)`	or	`Gln` `(Q)`	`Ter` `(*)`
		`TAG`	`UAG`	`Ter` `(*)`	or	`Gln` `(Q)`	`Ter` `(*)`
		`TGA`	`UGA`	`Ter` `(*)`	or	`Trp` `(W)`	`Ter` `(*)`

Amino-acid biochemical properties	Nonpolar	Polar		Termination: stop codon

References

"WoRMS - World Register of Marine Species - Condylostoma Bory de St. Vincent, 1824". www.marinespecies.org. Retrieved 2017-01-20.
Guo, Wenbo; Song, Weibo; Al-Rasheid, Khaled A. S.; Shao, Chen; Miao, Miao; Al-Farraj, Saleh A.; Al-Qurishy, Saleh A.; Chen, Zigui; Yi, Zhenzhen (2008-09-10). "Phylogenetic position of three Condylostoma species (Protozoa, Ciliophora, Heterotrichea) inferred from the small subunit rRNA gene sequence". Progress in Natural Science. 18 (9): 1089–1093. doi:10.1016/j.pnsc.2008.04.003.
Yan, Ying; Chen, Xumiao; Chen, Xiangrui; Gao, Feng; Al-Farraj, Saleh A.; Al-Rasheid, Khaled A. S. (2015-02-01). "Morphology and molecular phylogeny of three marine Condylostoma species from China, including two new ones (Ciliophora, Heterotrichea)". European Journal of Protistology. 51 (1): 66–78. doi:10.1016/j.ejop.2014.11.001.
Fernandes, Noemi M.; Paiva, Thiago da Silva; da Silva-Neto, Inácio D.; Schlegel, Martin; Schrago, Carlos G. (2016-02-01). "Expanded phylogenetic analyses of the class Heterotrichea (Ciliophora, Postciliodesmatophora) using five molecular markers and morphological data". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 95: 229–246. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2015.10.030.
Heaphy, Stephen M.; Mariotti, Marco; Gladyshev, Vadim N.; Atkins, John F.; Baranov, Pavel V. (2016-11-01). "Novel Ciliate Genetic Code Variants Including the Reassignment of All Three Stop Codons to Sense Codons in Condylostoma magnum". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 33 (11): 2885–2889. doi:10.1093/molbev/msw166. hdl:10468/3302. ISSN 0737-4038. PMC 5062323. PMID 27501944.

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[1] "WoRMS - World Register of Marine Species - Condylostoma Bory de St. Vincent, 1824". www.marinespecies.org. Retrieved 2017-01-20.

[2] Guo, Wenbo; Song, Weibo; Al-Rasheid, Khaled A. S.; Shao, Chen; Miao, Miao; Al-Farraj, Saleh A.; Al-Qurishy, Saleh A.; Chen, Zigui; Yi, Zhenzhen (2008-09-10). "Phylogenetic position of three Condylostoma species (Protozoa, Ciliophora, Heterotrichea) inferred from the small subunit rRNA gene sequence". Progress in Natural Science. 18 (9): 1089–1093. doi:10.1016/j.pnsc.2008.04.003.

[3] Yan, Ying; Chen, Xumiao; Chen, Xiangrui; Gao, Feng; Al-Farraj, Saleh A.; Al-Rasheid, Khaled A. S. (2015-02-01). "Morphology and molecular phylogeny of three marine Condylostoma species from China, including two new ones (Ciliophora, Heterotrichea)". European Journal of Protistology. 51 (1): 66–78. doi:10.1016/j.ejop.2014.11.001.

[4] Fernandes, Noemi M.; Paiva, Thiago da Silva; da Silva-Neto, Inácio D.; Schlegel, Martin; Schrago, Carlos G. (2016-02-01). "Expanded phylogenetic analyses of the class Heterotrichea (Ciliophora, Postciliodesmatophora) using five molecular markers and morphological data". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 95: 229–246. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2015.10.030.

[5] Heaphy, Stephen M.; Mariotti, Marco; Gladyshev, Vadim N.; Atkins, John F.; Baranov, Pavel V. (2016-11-01). "Novel Ciliate Genetic Code Variants Including the Reassignment of All Three Stop Codons to Sense Codons in Condylostoma magnum". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 33 (11): 2885–2889. doi:10.1093/molbev/msw166. hdl:10468/3302. ISSN 0737-4038. PMC 5062323. PMID 27501944.