Czech Republic–Russia relations

During the entire medieval period and early modern period, the Czech lands, in the form of Duchy of Bohemia and Kingdom of Bohemia, were aligned with the Holy Roman Empire and later Austrian Empire. During the first half of the 20th century, Czech-Russian relations were formalized as Czechoslovakia–Soviet Union relations. Czechoslovakia recognized the Soviet Union de jure in 1934. On May 16, 1935 the Czechoslovak–Soviet Treaty of Alliance was signed between the two states as the consequence of Soviet alliance with France (which was Czechoslovakia's main ally).[1]

By the autumn of 1938, relations between Prague and Moscow were not entirely satisfactory. For domestic as well as personal reasons, the Czech President resisted pressing for confirmation of Soviet aid in the event of war. Indeed, no joint military planning had taken place between the two governments.[2]When war appeared to be imminent, however, Edvard Benes recognised the necessity of putting aside the ideological suspicion and hostility of many within his country.

On 20 September, Moscow replied to Benes’s enquiry about Soviet sincerity. The Kremlin repeated its support and rejected the proposal to cede the Sudetenland. Benes, however, conceded to the demands. The Czech President had been warned that if he refused his country would be left to face Hitler alone. On 22 September, the Czech government, led by Milan Hadza, resigned. On the same day at Godesberg, Hitler rejected Chamberlain’s proposals as inadequate.

After the German occupation of Czechoslovakia and the establishment of the pro-German Slovak state in March 1939, The Soviet Union quickly recognized the new status quo and terminated diplomatic relations with Czech representatives. Shortly after the Munich Agreement, many Czechoslovak Communists gained asylum in the Soviet Union, however hundreds of non-communist refugees were sent to the labor camps.[3]

1989-present

After the Velvet Revolution of 1989, the independent Czech Republic joined NATO in 1999 and the European Union in 2004, formally re-joined the political Western world after four decades of absence and re-aligned its foreign policy and economic interests with its Western allies.

On December 7, 2011, Russian president Dmitry Medvedev visited Prague, to sign economic contracts and cultural exchange. Both countries consider each other as an important economic partner.

European Union (green) and Russia (orange)

As a response to the Russian military intervention in Ukraine from 2014, the Czech Republic has participated in enacting economic sanctions against Russia. In March 2018, the Czech Republic expelled three Russian diplomats as a reaction to the poisoning of Sergei and Yulia Skripal in the United Kingdom.[4] In March 2018, The Czech Republic arrested and extradited a Russian hacker into the United States on their request.[5] Ongoing tensions in the Russia–European Union relations and NATO–Russia relations since the late 2010s have been described as the Cold War II.

Russian gas pipelines in Europe

The value of trade between the Czech Republic and Russia is in billions of US dollars. Most imports from Russia into the Czech Republic are raw materials such as fuels and metals; exports from the Czech Republic to Russia are mostly manufactured products.[6]

However, Russia is a marginal trade partner for the Czech Republic, as it is the destination of only 1.7% of Czech exports, as of 2016.[7] The vast majority of exports from the Czech Republic go to other EU members[8] (84.1% in 2016)[7] while most imports into the Czech Republic come from other EU members (76,6% in 2013)[9] or from China (7,3% in 2016).[10]

A caricature of a Russian matryoshka doll as a symbol of communism in a museum in Prague

While economic relations were good prior to the 2014 sanctions, and the Czech Republic is a common tourist destination for Russians, the Czech people themselves tend to be distrustful of Russia due to the Soviet invasion of 1968, and tend to have a negative opinion of Russians.[11] Russia remains continuously among the most negatively perceived countries among Czechs in polls conducted since 1991, and 26% of Czechs responded that they have a positive opinion about Russia in November 2016. However the numbers are still improving overall where as in 1993, Russia was only 18% favorable. And the 2016 poll shows that other Eastern European countries like Ukraine were gaining only 22% in positive responses too, putting political aspects into doubt.[12]

NATO (green) and Russia (orange)

The Czech intelligence agency Security Information Service (BIS) reports high levels of Russian espionage in the Czech Republic and highlighted "security risks including an increasing influence by organized crime in the state sector" in a 2007 report.[13] The report also states that "intelligence services of the Russian Federation operating on Czech territory organize media campaigns and other activities supporting Russian interests" and that the Czech Republic has been targeted by Russia due to its membership in NATO and the EU reflecting Russia's interests to acquire information about the functioning of these institutions.[13] Russian influence has targeted especially Russian economic interests in the Czech Republic[14] (i.e. the energy sector),[13] but has also infiltrated into politics and media.[15] The Russian intelligence activity focused on pro-Russian propaganda and on political, scientific, technical and economic espionage.[15]

In 2009, two Russian diplomats were expelled from the Czech Republic due to espionage.[16] As of 2015, according to the Security Information Service, the most active foreign espionage in the Czech Republic originated from Russia, followed by China. As of 2017, there were officially 140 Russian diplomats in the Czech Republic, a disproportionately large number compared to other countries, and also compared to only 65 Czech diplomats in Russia.[17]

In December 2018, the BIS revealed that it prevented the activity of dozens of Russian spies during the previous five years, and earlier that year it uncovered and broke up a network of Russian intelligence informants.[18][19]

According to a 2016 study by the Czech Masaryk University in Brno, pro-Russian websites Sputnik and Parlamentní listy are major sources of Russian propaganda in the Czech Republic; the latter of which is described by the report as a particular source of disinformation along with several other publications.[20] Russian information war focuses on spreading misinformation about the EU and NATO, trying to change public perception of Russia and bribing local politicians.[17] Czech officials estimate that the Russian government is behind approximately 40 Czech-language websites presenting radical views, conspiracy theories and inaccurate reports.[21] According to Tomáš Prouza, the "key goal of Russian propaganda in the Czech Republic is to sow doubts into the minds of the people that democracy is the best system to organise a country, to build negative images of the European Union and NATO, and [to] discourage people from participation in the democratic processes".[21]

In 2017, a special unit, the Centre Against Terrorism and Hybrid Threats, was founded under the Ministry of the Interior to counter the threats from Russia among other issues.[21] Czech investigative journalists publish an up-to date list of pro-Russian publications. [22]

Czech and Russian foreign relations

• Foreign relations of the Czech Republic
• Foreign relations of Russia
• List of diplomatic missions of the Czech Republic
• List of diplomatic missions of Russia
• Czech Republic–United States relations
• Russia–United States relations

Other

• Enlargement of NATO
• Enlargement of the European Union
• Euroscepticism in the Czech Republic
• Russian military deception

EU–Russia relations

• Common Security and Defence Policy
• Defence forces of the European Union

• Embassy of the Czech Republic in Moscow
• Consulate-General of the Czech Republic in Saint Petersburg (in Russian)
• Embassy of the Russian Federation in Prague