Emanuel School, Australia

Pre-1780s local Aboriginal people in the area used the site for fishing and cultural activities - rock engravings, grinding grooves and middens remain in evidence. In 1789 Governor Arthur Phillip referred to "a long bay", which became known as Long Bay. Aboriginal people are believed to have inhabited the Sydney region for at least 20,000 years.[9] The population of Aboriginal people between Palm Beach and Botany Bay in 1788 has been estimated to have been 1,500. Those living south of Port Jackson to Botany Bay were the Cadigal people who spoke Dharug,[10] while the local clan name of Maroubra people was "Muru-ora-dial".[11] By the mid nineteenth century the traditional owners of this land had typically either moved inland in search of food and shelter, or had died as the result of European disease or confrontation with British colonisers.[10][6]

One of the earliest land grants in this area was made in 1824 to Captain Francis Marsh, who received 4.9 hectares (12 acres) bounded by the present Botany and High Streets, Alison and Belmore Roads. In 1839 William Newcombe acquired the land north-west of the present town hall in Avoca Street.[6]

Randwick takes its name from the town of Randwick, Gloucestershire, England. The name was suggested by Simeon Pearce (1821–86) and his brother James. Simeon was born in the English Randwick and the brothers were responsible for the early development of both Randwick and its neighbour, Coogee. Simeon had come to the colony in 1841 as a 21 year old surveyor. He built his Blenheim House on the 1.6 hectares (4 acres) he bought from Marsh, and called his property "Randwick". The brothers bought and sold land profitably in the area and elsewhere. Simeon campaigned for construction of a road from the city to Coogee (achieved in 1853) and promoted the incorporation of the suburb. Pearce sought construction of a church modelled on the church of St. John in his birthplace. In 1857 the first St Jude's stood on the site of the present post office, at the corner of the present Alison Road and Avoca Street.[6][12]^:217–8

Randwick was slow to progress. The village was isolated from Sydney by swamps and sand hills, and although a horse-bus was operated by a man named Grice from the late 1850s, the journey was more a test of nerves than a pleasure jaunt. Wind blew sand over the track, and the bus sometimes became bogged, so that passengers had to get out and push it free. From its early days Randwick had a divided society. The wealthy lived elegantly in large houses built when Pearce promoted Randwick and Coogee as a fashionable area. But the market gardens, orchards and piggeries that continued alongside the large estates were the lot of the working class. Even on the later estates that became racing empires, many jockeys and stable hands lived in huts or even under canvas. An even poorer group were the immigrants who existed on the periphery of Randwick in a place called Irishtown, in the area now known as The Spot, around the junction of St.Paul's Street and Perouse Road. Here families lived in makeshift houses, taking on the most menial tasks in their struggle to survive.[6]

In 1858 when the NSW Government passed the Municipalities Act, enabling formation of municipal districts empowered to collect rates and borrow money to improve their suburb, Randwick was the first suburb to apply for the status of a municipality. It was approved in February 1859, and its first Council was elected in March 1859.[6]

Randwick had been the venue for sporting events, as well as duels and illegal sports, from the early days in the colony's history. Its first racecourse, the Sandy Racecourse or Old Sand Track, had been a hazardous track over hills and gullies since 1860. When a move was made in 1863 by John Tait, to establish Randwick Racecourse, Simeon Pearce was furious, especially when he heard that Tait also intended to move into Byron Lodge. Tait's venture prospered, however and he became the first person in Australia to organise racing as a commercial sport. The racecourse made a big difference to the progress of Randwick. The horse-bus gave way to trams that linked the suburb to Sydney and civilisation. Randwick soon became a prosperous and lively place, and it still retains a busy residential, professional and commercial life.[6]

Today, some of the houses have been replaced by home units. Many European migrants have made their homes in the area, along with students and workers at the nearby University of NSW and the Prince of Wales Hospital.[6][12]^:218–9

The area of land which subsequently was developed into the Aston Lodge Estate was offered for sale by the NSW Government in August 1862. The Crown land, released for sale under the recently enacted Crown Lands Alienation Act, 1861, offered a total of 18 lots. The public auction was undertaken by Messrs W. Dean and Co. of Pitt and O'Connell Streets.[6]

Lots 1, 2, 11, part 3 and part 10 of Section 8 (being a total of 11 acres which formed the Aston Estate) was purchased by John Watkins. Watkins also purchased another 12 acres of land to the east in the block bounded by present-day Carrington Road, Hooper Street, Bella Lane and Darley Road, it adjoins Queens Park.[6]

The Torrens Title land title deed for the 11 acres was registered by the Registrar General and issued to John Watkins in August 1864. The Crown grant included a Building Covenant to the effect that "only one residence with the necessary out-buildings shall be erected on the said land.." This Restriction was rescinded in May 1899.[6]

Watkins is known to have engaged the architect Edmund Thomas Blacket to design the extant double storey, sandstone built, suburban villa known as Aston Lodge. A tender for a dwelling house in Randwick was placed by Edmund Blacket in The Sydney Morning Herald on 20 May 1863 which may relate to Watkins house. Blacket was born in England in 1817. Blacket's professional training included a period as railway surveyor. He had a considerable interest in English medieval architecture, which later provided Blacket with the intellectual background for his work in Australia in the Gothic Revival style.[6]

Blacket arrived in Sydney in November, 1842. For the first seven years in the colony he was largely preoccupied with church and school commissions. In December 1849 he succeeded Mortimer Lewis as the Colonial Architect of New South Wales (which at that time was also responsible for what is now Queensland). He resigned from this position in September, 1854. During this period Blacket was responsible for a number of varied, but small scale projects. Back in private practice he produced a variety of residential, ecclesiastical and commercial works. He died in 1883.[6]

The first entry for Watkins residency at Aston Lodge is 1865.5 John Watkins was born in Monmouth, Wales on 22 May 1811. It is believed Watkins came to Australia in 1843 and initially resided in Tasmania. He married Ann Frazier in 1844, and the couple had at least two children - John Leo (1849) and Aston James (1852), but there may have been others as the published genealogies of this family are often contradictory in their detail giving different places of marriage, birth, etc. He was a Catholic.[6]

The Watkins family came to Sydney in 1853. By the time of residency at Randwick he was in partnership with James M. Leigh trading as Watkins and Leigh, importing merchants with premises in George Street, and a bonded store in Phillip Street. Watkins residency of Aston Lodge was for the years 1865-1867, 1871-1875 (the house appears to have been left vacant through all or part 1876), and from 1877 until his death in 1884 (on 21 April at the age of 74 years). Mrs John Watkins continued to reside in the house until 1887.[6]

During his life Watkins served as an alderman of Randwick Council for the years 1874- 1880 (being the alderman for West Ward (which included Aston Lodge) for 1875-1880) and as mayor for the terms 1870-1872, and 1884. He was also a Board Member of the Society for Relief of Destitute Children.[6]

For the interims of Watkins non-residency the house was tenanted as follows:- 1868 to c.1871 by, Walter Bradley (1836-1893). Bradley's tenure is believed to have occurred due to the building of his own residence at this time, Sunnyside, also situated in Randwick. For the latter half of this period (1870-1871) he served as mayor of Randwick Council. Bradley arrived in Sydney in the mid-1850s, and established a large auctioneering house which later traded as Bradley Newton Lamb. Apart from his commercial interests (which included the noted coaching company Cobb and Co.), Bradley was instrumental in establishing a number of ornithological societies and the Sydney Zoological Gardens. As mentioned, Bradley was mayor of Randwick for the terms of 1870, 1871, 1872 and 1884. He was also the M.L.A. for East Sydney for a time.[6]

In 1873 the house was tenanted by William Colbum Mayne. In 1886 this being Henry Grimslow, and in 1889 Henry G. Lomax (squatter), and then from 1890 to 1892 by the Hales family.[6]

In January 1894 John Watkins's first born son, John Leo, was registered as the owner of the Aston Lodge Estate. John Leo after education at Sydney Grammar School and Christ's College, Cambridge was called to the London Bar in 1872. Having returned to Sydney in 1873, in 1874 he was admitted to the N.S.W Bar. He married Agnes Jane Makinson daughter of Thomas Cooper Makinson of the legal firm ? in 1879, and subsequently resided at Llanthony, Hunters Hill in 1885. After at period at the Bar, John Leo was appointed to the position of N.S.W. Parliamentary Draftsman in 1892 and retained this position until 1918. As such he was involved in the drafting of many pieces of legislature during this period, and, with Edmund Barton and others, the draft constitutions for the Commonwealth of Australia.[6]

In 1891 the first of two schools which operated in Aston Lodge in the closing years of the nineteenth century was established by Misses Anne A. Hales (Hales father? George, a tea merchant, was also resident at this time). Hales' residence and presumably school continued until May 1892.14 This school was one of about seven such private schools operating in the Randwick area at the time.[6]

In July 1892 the Loreto Sisters of Ballarat, Victoria opened their first school (with convent) in New South Wales at Aston Lodge. The Loreto Sisters had arrived in Sydney in mid-January 1892 initially staying at Avonmore Terraces, The Avenue, Randwick. After a brief lease of a property known as Selbourne on Alison Road between late January and April 1892 (which was considered too far from Randwick village and tram route) a lease of Aston Lodge (with 11 acres) was negotiated with John Leo Watkins at an annual rental of £300.[6]

The Loreto Sisters' school was advertised as a Boarding and Day School run by the sisters under the charge of M.M. Dorothea Frizell for a "limited number of Young Lady Boarders". The use of the site by the Loreto Sisters included the residence as a convent, school, chapel and boarders' dormitories. Within a short period of time a double storey timber dormitory was also constructed, the architect for which was Richard Dennehy. (This building is reported to have been later removed to the Loreto's Normanhurst campus).[6]

The Sisters of Loreto Order was established in Germany in the early seventh century by a number of expatriate English Catholics. The work of this Order was first extended to Australia in 1875 from the Irish Mother House with the establishment of Mary's Mount Ballarat, Victoria. The Order expanded into New South Wales at the beginning of 1892 with four nuns under the charge of Mother Mary Dorothea Frizelle.[6]

The Loreto school proved very successful within its first years of opening providing courses in instruction at moderate cost for both boarders and day girls who whom were prepared for the Senior, Junior and Matriculation Public examinations. The goal of the Sisters was to train the girls in "character, and to educate them without cramming. In point of fact, to bring them up naturally, moulding their lives into those of women of genuine piety and nobility of nature, developing their intellects." The Sisters adopted the "kindergarten system" for instruction of younger children.[6]

In June 1894 'after lobbying by the Catholic Archbishop of Sydney Cardinal Moran, the Sisters assumed responsibility for religious education of primary school girls in the Randwick Parish. Histories of the Loreto Sisters mention that a wooden school building was erected in the grounds of Aston Lodge for this purpose, which was blessed and opened by the Cardinal, and that his building was later removed to the Loreto's Normanhurst campus, but it not entirely clear if this a mistaken reference to the boarder's dormitory previously mentioned.[6]

In October 1897 the boarders and four nuns moved to the new purpose built school and convent established in the upper North Shore suburb of Normanhurst. The day girls continued to be educated at Randwick until the school at Kirribilli was opened in 1901 (occupying their present premises in 1907)20. The last move was reported to have been due to Kirribilli being more convenient for the school's pupils in terms of contiguity to the tram, ferry and rail services.[6]

Commencing in early 1901, the Aston Lodge Estate site was subdivided by John Leo Watkins. The present-day curtilage of the site 3 acres 2 roods 20 114 perches (being Lots 1, 2 and 11 of this subdivision) bounded by present-day Avoca Street, Stephen Street, Stanley Street and Chepstow Street) was acquired by the Little Sisters of the Poor in July 1901. The Little Sisters gave the Loreto Sisters one month's notice to leave the premises.[6]

The Little Sisters of the Poor Order was established in France by Jeanne Jugan in 1839 with the role of caring for the elderly poor in the community. By their own fundamental rule, the Order could not accept any funds or any permanent endowment, with their help extended to the poor coming from providential dispensation of daily charity. The members of the order practice four vows of poverty, chastity, obedience, and hospitality. By the turn of this century the Order comprised approximately 5,000 sisters around the world. The mother house (La Tour St. Joseph) is at St. Pern, France.[6]

The first congregation of the Little Sisters of the Poor in Australia was founded in Melbourne in November 1884. The second foundation in Australia followed two years later in Sydney with seven nuns arriving in November 1886. The invitation to undertake charitable work in Sydney came from the Catholic Archbishop of Sydney, Cardinal Moran, with the provision of financial help came from prominent Catholics of the day such as John Hughes, M.L.C. and member of the St. Vincent de Paul Society, and a Miss Sharkey and her Ladies' Association of Charity.[6]

The Little Sisters of the Poor were one of about seven comparable Catholic religious caring orders established in New South Wales in the late nineteenth century. The other orders were: -[6]

Aston Lodge was converted to a novitiate for the Order with its first 7 postulants starting in 1901. A wooden chapel was built soon after, replaced by the present chapel in 1921. Its interior was intended to recall the chapel at the Order's Mother House in St.Pern, France. Further additions comprised a laundry and old men's quarters built in 1929 to the design of Scott, Green and Scott, who also designed a gate house built in 1932-3. In the 1930s with increasing numbers of young women wishing to enter the order, an extensive new Novitiate building was built in 1936-7 designed by Scott, Green & Scott. A building known as Marian House on the Chepstow Street side was built for extra accommodation.[6]

By the 1970s, the number of young women wishing to enter the Order had declined dramatically. In 1982 the Little Sisters of the Poor proposed selling Aston Lodge to developer Beinda P/L for $3.1m to raise funds to rebuild and upgrade their aged care facilities nearby at Mount St. Joseph's. To facilitate the sale the Order sought a rezoning of the site from church use to 2 (C2) to allow high rise development. The original scheme had a number of 3 and 8 storey flat buildings and 20 town houses and necessitated demolishing the 1921 chapel and 1936 novitiate and converting Aston Lodge to flats. It met widespread opposition from the community and interest groups. The Heritage Council of NSW placed a section 130 order on Aston Lodge (stopping demolition) on 15 May 1983. The Heritage Council refused the development application in 1983. The Novitiate subsequently relocated to its Hastings, New Zealand establishment and the Aston Lodge novitiate site was sold in 1984. Randwick City Council approved the Mount St. Joseph's development in April 1984 and the old buildings there were demolished and the site redeveloped.[6]

Emanuel School, pictured in 2015.

In February 1984 the Little Sisters of the Poor conveyed part of the Aston Lodge site under lease-purchase agreement to the International Grammar School, a non-denominational independent school. Under the arrangement the IGS acquired an interest in the use of the novitiate, Aston Lodge and chapel for school purposes. Simultaneously the Emanuel School expressed an interest in purchasing the site and entered negotiations with the Little Sisters of the Poor. The Order decided in favour of The Emanuel School in July 1984, who in turn offered to accommodate the IGS for two years to allow them to find a new site. IGS leased the site through 1984 and relocated to Surry Hills in 1985. In February 1985 title of a substantial area of the property was registered to The Emanuel School. The remainder of the present site, at the corner of Chepstow and Stanley Streets, was bought in 1986. This allowed The Emanuel School to consolidate their schools for infants, primary and secondary pupils on a single site. In February 1986 Government approval was granted to use the property as an infants and secondary school. It was officially opened by Prime Minister Bob Hawke on 17 August 1986. A range of works converted Aston Lodge to offices (now called the Saunders Administration Building), deconsecration of the chapel to convert it to classrooms and library, conversion of laundry into Art Block, novitiate into classrooms (Brender Moss Building), assembly hall and synagogue, converting Marian House to use as the Adler School, building a new entrance off Stanley Street and two demountable classroom blocks. Since 1986 the School embarked on a major capital works program, with a new hall, kindergarten, various blocks, new perimeter walls etc. A conservation management study was prepared for the property by Clive Lucas, Stapleton & Partners in 1999 and updated in 2002 with more of a focus on the landscape components of the school grounds.[13][6]

The Lynette Sandra Phillips Art Building was built in brick with terracotta tile roof as a laundry and adjacent drying yard in 1929, designed by Scott, Green & Scott.[14] It sits on a sandstone retaining wall which may date to the second half of the 20th century.[15] Perhaps during the 1940s dormer windows were modified and verandahs on north and south sides enclosed.[16][6]

While outside the scope of this report (see section 1.5), the place may be of Aboriginal archaeological potential in that it is probably sited on the same massive dune system as the Prince of Wales Hospital site where in recent years shell middens have been unearthed through controlled archaeological investigation.[6]

The site has a documented European occupation back to the mid-19th century. It is the location of one of a comparatively small number of large domestic residences built in the eastern suburbs of Sydney. A succession of surveys dating from c. 1890-1930s and photographs from c. 1920s-c. 1960s describe the physical evolution of the site to indicate that the first permanent capital improvement was made c. 1864 for a stone residence and stables for the Watkins family which has been altered, adapted and extended with addition of new buildings over time to the present.[6]

Within this known occupational history, the earlier c.1864-1901 phase in view of the generally domestic nature of land uses and improvement may be of archaeological potential in that:

• the physical survey indicates that there have been few major internal alterations to Aston Lodge. Controlled intervention may therefore reveal details of original/early space finishes and fittings and potential deposits within concealed sub-floor spaces;
• while the site has potentially been disturbed by building works undertaken from c.1920 there are areas in the vicinity of Aston Lodge, in particular within the enclosed kitchen/work yard which may not have been disturbed and may therefore be of archaeological potential for features such as latrines and wells, food dumps, sewerage and drainage works, etc.;
• landscaping works in the form of paths, drives, etc. laid out during this period may be extant under the existing reinforced concrete system.[6]

Of the next phase, c.1901- say c.1940, that being the construction and operation of the former Novitiate, the site may be of archaeological potential in that:

• archaeological investigation may therefore reveal new information about the configuration and uses of a number of now demolished buildings shown on a c.1930s survey (figure A4.9);
• archaeological investigation may reveal new information about the configuration of some of the extant buildings located near the entrance drive and their potential date of construction.[17][6]

• 1860s+: 11 acre estate - Aston Lodge (Watkins, who also purchased another 12 acres of land to the east)
• 1891: run as a boarding school privately.
• 1892: Loreto Sisters opened their first school in NSW on this site.
• 1901: subdivision down to c3ha site; sale to Little Sisters of the Poor for a home for the aged poor, and novitiate
• 1983 - part of site leased to International Grammar School
• 1984 - site sold to the Emanuel School.[6]

• City Plan Services (2009). Concept Staged Development Application - Master Plan - Emanuel School - Statement of Environmental Effects.
• Clive Lucas, Stapleton & Partners (1999). Conservation Management Plan - the Emanuel School, 20 Stanley St., Randwick.
• FORM Architects (aust.) P/L (2008). Heritage Impact Statement: demolition of the Avoca Street boundary wall, erection of temporary fencing.
• FORM Architects (Aust.) P/L (2008). Heritage Impact Statement: alterations and additions to Specialist Learning Centre.
• HBO+EMTB (2009). Heritage Impact Statement: Specialist Learning Centre: (DA/874/2008) Emanuel School, 20 Stanley St., Randwick -.
• HBO+EMTB Heritage P/L (2009). Archival Recording: prior alterations & additions to Specialist Learning Centre.
• Mayne-Wilson & Associates Landscape Architects (2002). Draft conservation plan for the grounds of The Emanuel School, Stanley St., Randwick.
• NBRS & Partners (2015). Statement of Heritage Impact: Art Building, Emanuel School, Randwick.
• Pollon, F.; Healy, G., eds. (1988). Randwick entry, in 'The Book of Sydney Suburbs'.
• Phillips, Weir (2010). Heritage Impact Statement (new Avoca Street wall) - Emanuel School.

This Wikipedia article contains material from Emanuel School, entry number 00386 in the New South Wales State Heritage Register published by the State of New South Wales and Office of Environment and Heritage 2018 under CC-BY 4.0 licence, accessed on 1 June 2018.