Flight airspeed record

An air speed record is the highest airspeed attained by an aircraft of a particular class. The rules for all official aviation records are defined by Fédération Aéronautique Internationale (FAI),[1] which also ratifies any claims. Speed records are divided into multiple classes with sub-divisions. There are three classes of aircraft: landplanes, seaplanes, and amphibians; then within these classes, there are records for aircraft in a number of weight categories. There are still further subdivisions for piston-engined, turbojet, turboprop, and rocket-engined aircraft. Within each of these groups, records are defined for speed over a straight course and for closed circuits of various sizes carrying various payloads.

The Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird is the current record-holder for a manned airbreathing jet engine aircraft.

Timeline
Flight speed records over time, taken from the table below.

Records in "gray" font color are unofficial, including unconfirmed or unpublicized (wartime) secrets.

Date Pilot Airspeed Location Notes
mph km/h Aircraft
17 December 1903Wilbur Wright6.8210.98Wright FlyerKitty Hawk, North Carolina, USThis figure is groundspeed, not airspeed. The Wrights' first flight covered just over 120 ft (37 m) and about 12 seconds into a gusty wind. The Wrights estimated airspeed at 31 mph (50 km/h).
5 October 1905Wilbur Wright37.8560.23Wright Flyer IIIHuffman Prairie, Ohio, US
12 November 1906Alberto Santos-Dumont25.6541.292Santos-Dumont 14-bisBagatelle Castle, Paris, FranceFirst officially recognized airspeed record.[2][3]:7
26 October 1907Henry Farman32.7352.700Voisin-Farman IIssy-les-Moulineaux, France[2][3]:9
25 May 1909Paul Tissandier34.0454.810Wright Model APau, France[2][3]:11
23 August 1909Glenn Curtiss44.36769.821Curtiss No. 2Reims, France1909 Gordon Bennett Cup.[2][4]:37–38
24 August 1909Louis Blériot46.16074.318Blériot XIReims, France[2][3]:13
28 August 1909Louis Blériot47.82376.995Blériot XIReims, France[2][3]:13
23 April 1910Hubert Latham48.18677.579Antoinette VIINice, France[2][3]:18
10 July 1910Léon Morane66.154106.508BlériotReims, France[2][3]:13
29 October 1910Alfred Leblanc68.171109.756Blériot XINew York, New York, US[2][3]:13
12 April 1911Alfred Leblanc69.420111.801BlériotPau, France[2][3]:14
11 May 1911Édouard Nieuport73.385119.760Nieuport IINChâlons, France[2][3]:25
12 June 1911Alfred Leblanc77.640125.000Blériot[2]
16 June 1911Édouard Nieuport80.781130.057Nieuport IINChâlons, France[2][3]:25
21 June 1911Édouard Nieuport82.693133.136Nieuport IINChâlons, France[2][3]:25
13 January 1912Jules Védrines87.68145.161Deperdussin MonocoquePau, France[2][3]:27
22 February 1912Jules Védrines100.18161.290Deperdussin MonocoquePau, France[2][3]:27
29 February 1912Jules Védrines100.90162.454Deperdussin MonocoquePau, France[2][3]:27
1 March 1912Jules Védrines103.62166.821Deperdussin MonocoquePau, France[2][3]:27
2 March 1912Jules Védrines104.29167.910Deperdussin MonocoquePau, France[2][3]:27
13 July 1912Jules Védrines106.07170.777Deperdussin MonocoqueReims, France[2][3]:27
9 September 1912Jules Védrines108.14174.100Deperdussin MonocoqueChicago, Illinois, US[2][3]:27
17 June 1913Maurice Prévost111.69179.820Deperdussin MonocoqueReims, France[2][3]:31
27 September 1913Maurice Prévost119.19191.897Deperdussin MonocoqueReims, France[2][3]:31
29 September 1913Maurice Prévost126.61203.850Deperdussin MonocoqueReims, France[2][3]:31
1914Norman Spratt134.5216.5Royal Aircraft Factory S.E.4Unofficial
August 1918Roland Rohlfs163262.3Curtiss WaspNot officially recognised.[4]:140
1919Joseph Sadi-Lecointe191.1307.5Nieuport-Delage NiD 29VNot officially recognised.
7 February 1920Joseph Sadi-Lecointe171.0275.264Nieuport-Delage NiD 29VVillacoublay, France.[5] First official record post World War 1.[2][3]:33
28 February 1920Jean Casale176.1283.464SPAD S.20bisVillacoublay, France[2][3]:37[6]
9 October 1920Bernard de Romanet181.8292.682SPAD S.20bisBuc, France[2][3]:37[7]
10 October 1920Joseph Sadi-Lecointe184.3296.694Nieuport-Delage NiD 29VBuc, France[2][3]:33
20 October 1920Joseph Sadi-Lecointe187.9302.529Nieuport-Delage NiD 29VVillacoublay, France[2][3]:33
4 November 1920Bernard de Romanet191.9309.012SPAD S.XXBuc, France[2][8]
12 December 1920Joseph Sadi-Lecointe194.4313.043Nieuport-Delage NiD 29VVillacoublay, France[2][3]:33
26 September 1921Joseph Sadi-Lecointe205.2330.275Nieuport-Delage SesquiplanVille Sauvage, France[3]:39[9]
13 October 1922Billy Mitchell222.88358.836Curtiss RDetroit, Michigan, US[2][10]
18 October 1922Billy Mitchell224.28360.93Curtiss R-6Selfridge Field, Detroit, Michigan, US[3]:41[4]:232–3[11]
15 February 1923Joseph Sadi-Lecointe232.91375.00Nieuport-Delage NiD 42SIstres, France[10]
29 March 19231st Lt. Russell L. Maughan236.587380.74Curtiss R-6Wright Field, Dayton, Ohio, US[3]:41[4]:233[12]
2 November 1923Lt. Harold J. Brow259.16417.07Curtiss R2C-1Mineola, New York, US[3]:43[4]:235
4 November 1923Lt. Alford J. Williams266.59429.02Curtiss R2C-1Mineola, New York, US[3]:43[4]:235[13]
11 November 1924Florentin Bonnet278.37448.171Bernard-Ferbois V.2[2]
4 November 1927Mario de Bernardi297.70479.290Macchi M.52 seaplaneVenice, ItalyDatabase ID 11828 [1][2]
30 March 1928Mario de Bernardi318.620512.776Macchi M.52bis seaplaneVenice, ItalyDatabase ID 11827 [1][14]
August 1929Giuseppe Motta362.0582.6Macchi M.67 seaplaneUnofficial
10 September 1929George H. Stainforth336.3541.4Gloster VI seaplaneCalshot, UKDatabase ID 11829[1][15]
12 September 1929Augustus Orlebar357.7575.5Supermarine S.6 seaplaneCalshot, UKDatabase ID 11830 [1][16]
13 September 1931George H. Stainforth407.5655.8Supermarine S.6B seaplaneLee-on-the-Solent, UKDatabase ID 11831 [1][17]
10 April 1933Francesco Agello423.6682.078Macchi M.C.72 seaplaneDesenzano del Garda, ItalyDatabase ID 11836 [1][2]
23 October 1934Francesco Agello440.5709.209Macchi M.C.72 seaplaneDesenzano del Garda, ItalyDatabase ID 4497, current piston-engined seaplane speed record.[1][2]
13 September 1935Howard Hughes354.4567.12Hughes H-1 RacerSanta Ana, California, USFAI Database ID 8748 [18]
11 November 1937Dr. Hermann Wurster379.63610.95Messerschmitt Bf 109 V.13Augsburg, GermanyFAI Database ID 8747 [19]
30 March 1939Hans Dieterle466.6746.60Heinkel He 100 V8Oranienburg, GermanyFAI Database ID 8744 [20]
26 April 1939Fritz Wendel469.220755.138Messerschmitt Me 209 V1Augsburg, GermanyPiston-engined record until 1969 [21]
2 October 1941Heini Dittmar623.651003.67Messerschmitt Me 163A "V4"Peenemünde-West, GermanyRocket powered – World War II secret, not an Official FAI record but over the 3 km (1.9 mi) FAI distance[22]:122[23][24]
1944Heinz Herlitzius6241004Messerschmitt Me 262 S2Leipheim, GermanyWorld War II secret, not an Official FAI record. Steep dive. [22]:122
6 July 1944Heini Dittmar7021130Messerschmitt Me 163B "V18"Lagerlechfeld, GermanyRocket powered – World War II secret, not an Official FAI record. Dive, details unknown. [22]:122
7 November 1945H. J. Wilson606.4975.9Gloster Meteor F Mk.4Herne Bay, UKEE454 Britannia, first official record post World War II.[3]:107[25]
7 September 1946Edward Mortlock Donaldson615.78990.79Gloster Meteor F Mk.4Littlehampton, UK[25] EE530, a long-span Mk 4.[3]:107
19 June 1947Col. Albert Boyd623.741003.60Lockheed P-80R Shooting StarMuroc (Edwards AFB), California, US[26]
20 August 1947Cmdr. Turner Caldwell640.6631031.049Douglas D-558-1 SkystreakMuroc, California, USFirst record flight to exceed secret October 1941 Me 163A V4 figure[27]
25 August 1947Major Marion Eugene Carl USMC650.7961047.356Douglas D-558-1 SkystreakMuroc, California, US[27]
14 October 1947Chuck Yeager670.01078Bell X-1 (flight #50)Muroc, California, USRocket powered – Cold War secret, not an official FAI C-1 record
6 November 1947Chuck Yeager891.01434Bell X-1 (flight #58)Muroc, California, USRocket powered – Cold War secret, not an official FAI C-1 record, first record to exceed secret July 1944 Me 163B V18 figure
15 September 1948Maj. Richard L. Johnson, USF670.841079.6North American F-86A-3 SabreCleveland, Ohio, US[2][28]
18 November 1952J. Slade Nash698.5051,124.13North American F-86D SabreSalton Sea, California, US[29]
16 July 1953William Barnes715.7451,151.88North American F-86D SabreSalton Sea, California, US[30]
7 September 1953Neville Duke727.61,171Hawker Hunter Mk.3Littlehampton, UK[31]
26 September 1953Mike Lithgow735.71,184Supermarine Swift F4Castel Idris, Tripoli, Libya[32]
3 October 1953James B. Verdin, US Navy752.91,211.5Douglas F4D SkyraySalton Sea, California, US[33]
29 October 1953Frank K. Everest USAF755.11,215.3North American F-100 Super SabreSalton Sea, California, US
20 August 1955Horace A. Hanes822.11,323North American F-100C Super SabrePalmdale, California, US
10 March 1956Peter Twiss1,1321,822Fairey Delta 2Chichester, UK[34]
12 December 1957USAF1,207.61,943.5McDonnell F-101A VoodooMuroc, California, US[35]
16 May 1958Capt. Walt Wayne Irwin, USF1,404.0122,259.538Lockheed YF-104A StarfighterMuroc, California, US[3]:147 [36]
14 September 1958Test Pilot Janusz Żurakowski1,450.12,333.8Avro CF-105 ArrowMalton, Ontario, Canada[37]:116
31 October 1959Col. Georgi Mosolov1,4842,388Mikoyan-Gurevich Ye-6/3 or Ye-66)USSR[38]
15 December 1959Maj. Joseph Rogers, USAF1,525.92,455.7Convair F-106 Delta DartMuroc, California, USThe record should have gone to Charles Myers, who flew a Delta Dart at 2,485 kilometres per hour (1,544 mph) in 1959, but Cold War pressures dictated that the award go to a military pilot.[39][40][41]
22 November 1961Robert B. Robinson, US Navy1,606.32,585.1McDonnell-Douglas F4H-1F Phantom IIMuroc, California, US[3]:165[42]
7 July 1962Col. Georgi Mosolov1,665.92,681Mikoyan Gurevich Ye-166USSR[43][44] Name adopted for record attempt, a version of a Ye-152 a.k.a. E-166.[3]:179
12 January 1966Alvin S. White and Carl Cross2,0203,250North American XB-70 ValkyrieMuroc, California, US[45]
1 May 1965Robert L. Stephens
and Daniel Andre		2,070.13,331.5Lockheed YF-12AMuroc, California, US[46]
28 July 1976then-Capt. Eldon W. Joersz (P) and
then-Maj. George T. Morgan Jr. (RSO)		2,193.23,529.6Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird #61-7958Beale AFB, US[47]

Official records versus unofficial

The Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird holds the official Air Speed Record for a manned airbreathing jet engine aircraft with a speed of 3,530 km/h (2,190 mph). The record was set on 28 July 1976 by Eldon W. Joersz and George T. Morgan Jr. near Beale Air Force Base, California, USA. It was able to take off and land unassisted on conventional runways.[48] SR-71 pilot Brian Shul claimed in The Untouchables that he flew in excess of Mach 3.5 on 15 April 1986, over Libya, in order to avoid a missile.[49]

Although the official record for fastest piston-engined aeroplane in level flight is held by a Grumman F8F Bearcat, the Rare Bear, with a speed of 850.23 km/h (528.31 mph), the unofficial record for fastest piston-engined aeroplane in level flight is held by a British Hawker Sea Fury at 880 km/h (547 mph). Both were demilitarised and modified fighters, while the fastest stock (original, factory-built) piston-engined aeroplane was unofficially the German Dornier Do 335 Pfeil, with a maximum speed of 765 km/h (475 mph) in level flight. The unofficial record for fastest piston-engined aeroplane (not in level flight) is held by a Supermarine Spitfire Mk.XIX, which was calculated to have achieved a speed of 1,110 km/h (690 mph) in a dive on 5 February 1952.

The last new speed record ratified before the outbreak of World War II was set on 26 April 1939 with a Me 209 V1, at 755 km/h (469 mph). The chaos and secrecy of World War II meant that new speed breakthroughs were neither publicized nor ratified. In October 1941, an unofficial speed record of 1,004 km/h (624 mph) was secretly set by a Messerschmitt Me 163A "V4" rocket aircraft. Continued research during the war extended the secret, unofficial speed record to 1,130 km/h (700 mph) by July 1944, achieved by a Messerschmitt Me 163B "V18". The first new official record in the post-war period was achieved by a Gloster Meteor F Mk.4 in November 1945, at 975 km/h (606 mph). The first aircraft to exceed the unofficial October 1941 record of the Me 163A V4 was the Douglas D-558-1 Skystreak, which achieved 1,032 km/h (641 mph) in August 1947. The July 1944 unofficial record of the Me 163B V18 was officially surpassed in November 1947, when Chuck Yeager flew the Bell X-1 to 1,434 km/h (891 mph).

The official speed record for a seaplane moved by piston engine is 709.209 km/h (440.682 mph), which attained on 23 October 1934, by Francesco Agello in the Macchi-Castoldi M.C.72 seaplane ("idrocorsa") and it remains the current record.[50] It was equipped with the Fiat AS.6 engine (version 1934) developing a power of 2,300 kW (3,100 hp) at 3300 rpm, with coaxial counter-rotating propellers. The original record holding Macchi-Castoldi M.C.72 MM.181 seaplane is at the Air Force Museum at Vigna di Valle in Italy.

Other air speed records
Year Pilot Airspeed Aircraft Comments
mph km/h
2 October 1985Holger Rochelt27.5444.32Musculair 2Fastest human-powered aircraft[51]
23 March 2017Walter Kampsmann214342.86Extra 330LEFastest electric-only aircraft[52][53]
22 December 2006Klaus Ohlmann & Matias Garcia Mazzaro190.6306.8Schempp-Hirth Nimbus-4DMFastest (powered) glider over 500 km[54]
11 August 1986Trevor Egginton249400.87Westland LynxFastest helicopter[55][56][57]
31 December 1988L.P. Krantov258.8415Tupolev Tu-134AFastest landing speed record for a civil aircraft [58]
11 June 2013Hervé Jammayrac293472Eurocopter X3Fastest propeller compound helicopter[59]
15 September 2010Kevin Bredenbeck299481Sikorsky X2Fastest compound helicopter, shallow dive (unofficial)[60]
19 March 1989Unknown pilot316509Bell Boeing V-22 Osprey [61][62]Tiltrotor
15 April 1969Unknown pilot316509Bell 533Compound jet helicopter[63][64]
2 September 2017Steve Hinton Jr.531.53855.41P-51 "Voodoo"Fastest straight-line piston-engined aircraft in level flight[65][66]
24 March 1960Ivan Sukhomlin, B. Timochuk & 4 crew541.45871.38Tupolev Tu-114Four-engined Turboprop powered Soviet airliner, fastest-ever record speed for a propeller-driven aircraft of any type.[67][68]
5 February 1952Flight Lieutenant Edward Powles6901,110.447Supermarine Spitfire PR.XIX PS852Reached (Mach 0.96) during an emergency dive while carrying out spying flights over China, the highest speed ever recorded for a piston-engined aircraft (though not in level flight).[69]
14 October 2012Felix Baumgartner8441358NoneFastest unpowered descent of a human[70][71]
3 October 1967William 'Pete' Knight4,5197,274North American X-15Rocket plane[72]
16 November 2004Unmanned7,54612,144NASA X-43AAir-launched hypersonic scramjet; fastest free-flying air breathing vehicle.
22 April 2010Unmanned13,20121,245HTV-2 FalconAir-launched hypersonic glider; fastest unmanned aerial vehicle[73]
14 November 1981Joe H. Engle17,50028,000Space Shuttle ColumbiaFastest manually controlled flight in atmosphere during atmospheric reentry of STS-2 mission.

Flying between any two airports allow a large number of combinations, so setting a speed record ("speed over a recognised course") is fairly easy with an ordinary aircraft; but it does require some paperwork.[74][75][76]

See also

References
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