Genistin

Genistin is an isoflavone found in a number of dietary plants like soy and kudzu. It was first isolated in 1931 from the 90% methanol extract of a soybean meal, when it was found that hydrolysis with hydrochloric acid produced 1 mole each of genistein and glucose.[1] Chemically it is the 7-O-beta-D-glucoside form of genistein and is the predominant form of the isoflavone naturally occurring in plants. In fact, studies in the 1970s revealed that 99% of the isoflavonoid compounds in soy are present as their glucosides. The glucosides are converted by digestive enzymes in the digestive system to exert their biological effects. Genistin is also converted to a more familiar genistein, thus, the biological activities including antiatherosclerotic, estrogenic and anticancer effects are analogous.

Not to be confused with Genistein.
Genistin
Names
IUPAC name
5-hydroxy-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-7-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxychromen-4-one
Other names
Genistoside
Genistine
Genistein 7-glucoside
Genistein glucoside
Genistein-7-glucoside
Genisteol 7-monoglucoside
Glucosyl-7-genistein
Genistein 7-O-beta-D-glucoside
Identifiers
3D model (JSmol)
ChEBI
ChEMBL
ChemSpider
ECHA InfoCard 100.120.406
UNII
Properties
C21H20O10
Molar mass 432.37 g/mol
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Infobox references

Metabolism

When ingested along the diet, genistin is readily converted to its aglycone form, genistein. It is hydrolyzed by removing the covalently bound glucose to form genistein and that genistein is the form of the compound that is absorbed in the intestine and is the form responsible for the biological activities of the isoflavone. The digestive metabolism was first demonstrated in 2002 that the gut microflora played a large role in the conversion of genistin to genistein.[2] It was later found that enzymes present in the human small intestine and liver also have the ability to convert the isoflavone. Hydrolysis actually starts very quickly in the digestive system once genistin is ingested, conversion begins in the mouth and then continues in the small intestine. Moreover, both human saliva and the intestinal cell-free extract from mice can cause the complete conversion.[2]

Biological importance

Estrogenic activity

Genistin, like genistein, is a phytoestrogen as it was shown to stimulate estrogen-dependent breast cancer cell growth in vivo. At a concentration of 1200 ppm, genistin caused significant increase of growth of breast tumors (MCF-7), cellular proliferation and estrogen-responsive pS2 gene expression in mice. Removal of genistin or genistein from the diet caused tumors to regress.[3]

Antiviral activity

Genistin and other isoflavones are demonstrated to be bioactive within the neonatal intestine and may reduce the severity of rotavirus infections; genistin alone shows inhibition of the viral infectivity by 40-60%.[4]

Bone metabolism

In vitro study have shown that both genistin and genistein are capable of enhancing bone metabolism in the femoral-metaphyseal tissues of elderly rats.[5] The presence of genistein or genistin in the tissue culture caused a significant increase in alkaline phosphatase activity, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and calcium contents. The effect of genistein was greater than that of genistin. It is also revealed that genistin has a strong bone loss preventive activity on experimental rats, and is especially enhanced by combination with fructooligosaccharides.[6] The amount of new bone produced by grafting genistin in collagen matrix was compared to the bone produced by collagen matrix alone in New Zealand white rabbits, and was observed that genistin caused significant increase in bone formation.[7]

References
  1. Walter ED (1941). "Genistin (an isoflavone glucoside) and its aglucone, genistein, from soybeans". J Am Chem Soc. 62 (12): 3273–3276. doi:10.1021/ja01857a013.
  2. Coldham NG, Darby C, Hows M, King LJ, Zhang AQ, Sauer MJ (2001). "Comparative metabolism of genistin by human and rat gut microflora: detection and identification of the end-products of metabolism". Xenobiotica. 32 (10): 45–62. doi:10.1080/00498250110085809. PMID 11820509.
  3. Allred CD, Ju YH, Allred KF, Chang J, Helferich WG (2001). "Dietary genistin stimulates growth of estrogen-dependent breast cancer tumors similar to that observed with genistein". Carcinogenesis. 22 (10): 1667–1673. doi:10.1093/carcin/22.10.1667. PMID 11577007.
  4. Donovan SM, Andres A, Mathai RA, Kuhlenschmidt TB, Kuhlenschmidt MS (2009). "Soy formula and isoflavones and the developing intestine". Nutr. Rev. 67 (S2): 192–200. doi:10.1111/j.1753-4887.2009.00240.x. PMID 19906223.
  5. Yamaguchi M, Gao YH (January 1998). "Anabolic effect of genistein and genistin on bone metabolism in the femoral-metaphyseal tissues of elderly rats: the genistein effect is enhanced by zinc". Mol. Cell. Biochem. 178 (1–2): 377–82. doi:10.1023/A:1006809031836. PMID 9546622.
  6. Hooshmand S, Juma S, Arjmandi BH (2010). "Combination of Genistin and Fructooligosaccharides Prevents Bone Loss in Ovarian Hormone Deficiency". J Med Food. 13 (2): 320–5. doi:10.1089/jmf.2009.0059. PMID 20132047.
  7. Wong RW, Rabie AB (2010). "Effect of genistin on bone formation". Front Biosci. 2 (1): 764–770. PMID 20036920.
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