Gliese 876

Gliese 876 is a red dwarf approximately 15 light-years away from Earth in the constellation of Aquarius. It is one of the closest known stars to the Sun confirmed to possess a planetary system with more than two planets, after Gliese 1061, YZ Ceti, Tau Ceti, and Luyten's Star; as of 2018, four extrasolar planets have been found to orbit the star. The planetary system is also notable for the orbital properties of its planets. It is the only known system of orbital companions to exhibit a near-triple conjunction in the rare phenomenon of Laplace resonance (a type of resonance first noted in Jupiter's inner three Galilean moons). It is also the first extrasolar system around a normal star with measured coplanarity. While planets b and c are located in the system's habitable zone, they are giant planets believed to be analogous to Jupiter.

Gliese 876
Location of Gliese 876 in Aquarius (red dot)
Observation data
Epoch J2000.0      Equinox J2000.0
Constellation Aquarius
Pronunciation /ˈɡliːzə/
Right ascension 22h 53m 16.7323s[1]
Declination −14° 15′ 49.3034″[1]
Apparent magnitude (V) 10.15[2]
Characteristics
Spectral type M4V[3]
U−B color index 1.15
B−V color index 1.597±0.035[4]
V−R color index 0.30
R−I color index 1.22
Variable type BY Draconis[5]
Astrometry
Radial velocity (Rv)−1.519±0.157[6] km/s
Proper motion (μ) RA: 957.961±0.117[1] mas/yr
Dec.: −673.638±0.102[1] mas/yr
Parallax (π)213.8669 ± 0.0758[1] mas
Distance15.250 ± 0.005 ly
(4.676 ± 0.002 pc)
Absolute magnitude (MV)11.81[4]
Details
Mass0.37[7] M☉
Radius0.3761±0.0059[7] R☉
Luminosity0.0122±0.0002[7] L☉
Surface gravity (log g)4.89[8] cgs
Temperature3129±19[7] K
Metallicity [Fe/H]+0.19±0.17[9] dex
Rotation96.9[10] days
Rotational velocity (v sin i)0.16,[10] km/s
Age0.1–9.9[10][11] Gyr
Other designations
IL Aquarii, BD−15°6290, HIP 113020, G 156-057, LHS 530, Ross 780, GCTP 5546.00, Vys 337
Database references
SIMBADGliese 876
d
c
b
e
Exoplanet Archivedata
ARICNSdata
Extrasolar Planets
Encyclopaedia		data

Distance and visibility

Gliese 876 is located fairly close to the Solar System. According to astrometric measurements made by the Hipparcos satellite, the star shows a parallax of 213.28 milliarcseconds,[2] which corresponds to a distance of 4.69 parsecs (15.3 ly).[10] Despite being located so close to Earth, the star is so faint that it is invisible to the naked eye and can only be seen using a telescope.

Stellar characteristics

As a red dwarf, Gliese 876 is much less massive than the Sun: estimates suggest it has only 32% of the mass of the Sun.[12] The surface temperature of Gliese 876 is cooler than the Sun and the star has a smaller radius.[13] These factors combine to make the star only 1.24% as luminous as the Sun, and most of this is at infrared wavelengths. Estimating the age and metallicity of cool stars is difficult due to the formation of diatomic molecules in their atmospheres, which makes the spectrum extremely complex. By fitting the observed spectrum to model spectra, it is estimated that Gliese 876 has a slightly lower abundance of heavy elements compared to the Sun (around 75% the solar abundance of iron).[8] Based on chromospheric activity the star is likely to be around 6.5 to 9.9 billion years old, depending on the theoretical model used.[11] However, its membership among the young disk population suggest that the star is less than 5 billion years old but the long rotational period of the star implies that it is at least older than 100 million years.[10] Like many low-mass stars, Gliese 876 is a variable star. Its variable star designation is IL Aquarii and it is classified as a BY Draconis variable. Its brightness fluctuates by around 0.04 magnitudes.[5] This type of variability is thought to be caused by large starspots moving in and out of view as the star rotates.[14] Gliese 876 emits X-rays.[15]

Planetary system

Observation history
The orbits of the planets of Gliese 876. Note that the strong gravitational interactions between the planets causes rapid orbital precession, so this diagram is only valid at the stated epoch.

On June 23, 1998, an extrasolar planet was announced in orbit around Gliese 876 by two independent teams led by Geoffrey Marcy and Xavier Delfosse.[12][16][17] The planet was designated Gliese 876 b and was detected by Doppler spectroscopy. Based on luminosity measurement, the circumstellar habitable zone (CHZ) is believed to be located between 0.116 and 0.227 AU.[18] On January 9, 2001, a second planet designated Gliese 876 c was detected, inside the orbit of the previously-discovered planet.[19][20] The relationship between the orbital periods initially disguised the planet's radial velocity signature as an increased orbital eccentricity of the outer planet. Eugenio Rivera and Jack Lissauer found that the two planets undergo strong gravitational interactions as they orbit the star, causing the orbital elements to change rapidly.[21] On June 13, 2005, further observations by a team led by Rivera revealed a third planet, designated Gliese 876 d inside the orbits of the two Jupiter-size planets.[22] In January 2009, the mutual inclination between planets b and c was determined using a combination of radial velocity and astrometric measurements. The planets were found to be almost coplanar, with an angle of only 5.0+3.9
−2.3° between their orbital planes.[23]

On June 23, 2010, astronomers announced a fourth planet, designated Gliese 876 e. This discovery better constrained the mass and orbital properties of the other three planets, including the high eccentricity of the innermost planet.[24] This also filled out the system inside e's orbit; additional planets there would be unstable at this system's age.[25] In 2014, reanalysis of the existing radial velocities showed the possible presence of two additional planets. These planets would have almost the same mass as Gliese 876d.[26] In 2018 a study using hundreds of new radial velocity measurements found no evidence for these planets.[27] If this system has a comet disc, it is undetectable "brighter than the fractional dust luminosity 10−5" of a recent Herschel study.[28] None of these planets transit the star from the perspective of Earth, making it difficult to study their properties.[29]

GJ 876 is a candidate parent system for the ʻOumuamua object. The trajectory of this interstellar object took it near the star about 820,000 years ago with a velocity of 5 km/s, after which it has been perturbed by six other stars.[30]

Orbital arrangement

Gliese 876 has a notable orbital arrangement. It is the first planetary system around a normal star to have mutual inclination between planets measured without transits (previously the mutual inclination of the planets orbiting the pulsar PSR B1257+12 had been determined by measuring their gravitational interactions[31]). Later measurements reduced the value of the mutual inclination,[10] and in the latest four-planet models the incorporation mutual inclinations does not result in significant improvements relative to coplanar solutions.[24] The system has the second known example of a Laplace resonance with a 1:2:4 resonance of its planets. The first known example was Jupiter's closest Galilean moons - Ganymede, Europa and Io. Numerical integration indicates that the coplanar, four-planet system is stable for at least another billion years. This planetary system comes close to a triple conjunction between the three outer planets once per orbit of the outermost planet.[24]

Planets

The outermost three of the known planets likely formed further away from the star, and migrated inward.[25]

The Gliese 876 planetary system[24][note 1]
Companion
(in order from star)		 Mass Semimajor axis
(AU)		 Orbital period
(days)		 Eccentricity Inclination Radius
d 6.83 ± 0.4 M⊕ 0.02080665 1.937780 0.207 ± 0.055 — —
c 0.7142 ± 0.004 MJ 0.129590 ± 0.000024 30.0081 ± 0.008 0.25591 ± 0.0009 — —
b 2.2756 ± 0.0045 MJ 0.208317 ± 0.00002 61.1166 ± 0.0086 0.0324 ± 0.0013 — —
e 14.6 ± 1.7 M⊕ 0.3343 ± 0.0013 124.26 ± 0.70 0.055 ± 0.012 — —
Gliese 876 d
Main article: Gliese 876 d

Gliese 876d, discovered in 2005, is the innermost known planet. With an estimated minimum mass only 5.88 times that of the Earth, it is possible that it is a dense terrestrial planet.

Gliese 876 c
Main article: Gliese 876 c

Gliese 876 c, discovered in 2001, is a giant planet at 0.62 Jupiter-mass planet. It is in a 1:2 orbital resonance with the outermost known planet, taking 30.340 days to orbit the star. The planet orbits within the habitable zone. Its temperature makes it more likely to be a Class III planet in the Sudarsky extrasolar planet classification.[32] The presence of surface liquid water is possible on sufficiently massive satellites should they exist.

Gliese 876 b
Main article: Gliese 876 b

Gliese 876 b, discovered in 1998 is around twice the mass of Jupiter and revolves around its star in an orbit taking approximately 61 days to complete, at a distance of only 0.208 AU, less than the distance from the Sun to Mercury.[33] Its temperature makes it more likely to be a Class II or Class III planet in the Sudarsky model.[32] The presence of surface liquid water is possible on sufficiently massive satellites should they exist.

Gliese 876 e
Main article: Gliese 876 e

Gliese 876 e, discovered in 2010, has a mass similar to that of the planet Uranus and its orbit takes 124 days to complete.

See also

Notes
  1. Uncertainties in the planetary masses and semimajor axes do not take into account the uncertainty in the mass of the star.

References
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  29. As of 2006: Shankland, PD; et al. (2006). "On the search for transits of the planets orbiting Gliese 876" (PDF). The Astrophysical Journal. 653 (1): 700–707. arXiv:astro-ph/0608489. Bibcode:2006ApJ...653..700S. doi:10.1086/508562. hdl:10211.3/170010. S2CID 875634.. No transit has been found as of 2012, either; so they are unlikely.
  30. Dybczyński, Piotr A.; Królikowska, Małgorzata (February 2018). "Investigating the dynamical history of the interstellar object 'Oumuamua". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 610: 12. arXiv:1711.06618. Bibcode:2018A&A...610L..11D. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201732309. S2CID 119513894. L11.
  31. Konacki, Maciej; Wolszczan, Alex (July 2003). "Masses and Orbital Inclinations of Planets in the PSR B1257+12 System". The Astrophysical Journal. 591 (2): L147–L150. arXiv:astro-ph/0305536. Bibcode:2003ApJ...591L.147K. doi:10.1086/377093. S2CID 18649212.
  32. Sudarsky, David; Burrows, Adam; Hubeny, Ivan (2003). "Theoretical Spectra and Atmospheres of Extrasolar Giant Planets". The Astrophysical Journal. 588 (2): 1121–1148. arXiv:astro-ph/0210216. Bibcode:2003ApJ...588.1121S. doi:10.1086/374331. hdl:10150/280087. ISSN 0004-637X. GJ 876b and c are both Class III planets because their temperatures are too cool for a silicate layer to appear in the troposphere, but too hot for H2O to condense ... Given somewhat lower incident irradiation than that of our scaled Kurucz model for GJ 876, or given an observation of GJ 876b at apastron, some water condensation may occur in its outermost atmosphere, rendering it a Class II EGP.
  33. Butler, R. P.; et al. (December 2006). "Catalog of Nearby Exoplanets". The Astrophysical Journal. 646 (1): 505–522. arXiv:astro-ph/0607493. Bibcode:2006ApJ...646..505B. doi:10.1086/504701. S2CID 119067572.

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