Greg Mankiw

Nicholas Gregory Mankiw (/ˈmænkj/; born February 3, 1958) is an American macroeconomist who is currently the Robert M. Beren Professor of Economics at Harvard University. Mankiw is best known in academia for his work on New Keynesian economics.

Greg Mankiw
21st Chair of the Council of Economic Advisers
In office
May 29, 2003  February 18, 2005
PresidentGeorge W. Bush
Preceded byGlenn Hubbard
Succeeded byHarvey Rosen
Personal details
Born
Nicholas Gregory Mankiw

(1958-02-03) February 3, 1958
Trenton, New Jersey, U.S.
Political partyRepublican (Before 2019)
Independent (2019–present)
Spouse(s)Deb Roloff
EducationPrinceton University (AB)
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MA, PhD)
Harvard University
Academic career
FieldMacroeconomics
School or
tradition
New Keynesian economics[1]
Doctoral
advisor
Stanley Fischer[2]
Doctoral
students
Miles Kimball
Xavier Sala-i-Martin[3]
Karen Dynan
Jason Furman
Ricardo Reis
Information at IDEAS / RePEc

Mankiw has written widely on economics and economic policy. As of February 2020, the RePEc overall ranking based on academic publications, citations, and related metrics put him as the 45th most influential economist in the world, out of nearly 50,000 registered authors.[4] He was the 11th most cited economist and the 9th most productive research economist as measured by the h-index.[5] In addition, Mankiw is the author of several best-selling textbooks, writes a popular blog,[6] and since 2007 has written a column, approximately monthly, for the Sunday business section of The New York Times.[7] According to the Open Syllabus Project, Mankiw is the most frequently cited author on college syllabi for economics courses.[8]

Mankiw is a conservative[9][10][11][12] and has been an economic adviser to several Republican politicians. From 2003 to 2005, Mankiw was Chairman of the Council of Economic Advisers under President George W. Bush. In 2006, he became an economic adviser to Mitt Romney, and worked with Romney during his presidential campaigns in 2008 and 2012. In October 2019, he announced he was no longer a Republican due to his critiques to President Trump and the Republican Party.[13]

Early life and education

Mankiw was born in Trenton, New Jersey. His grandparents were all Ukrainians.[14][15][16][17] He grew up in Cranford, New Jersey, where he worked in Republican politics,[18] and graduated from the Pingry School in 1976.[19] In 1975, he studied astrophysics at the Summer Science Program.[20] He graduated from Princeton University summa cum laude in 1980 with a Bachelor of Arts in economics.[21] Mankiw completed a 72-page long senior thesis titled "Understanding Employment Fluctuation."[22] At Princeton, Mankiw was classmates with economist David Romer, who would later become a coauthor of his, and roommates with playwright Richard Greenberg.

After college, Mankiw spent a year working on his Doctor of Philosophy at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and a subsequent year studying at Harvard Law School. He worked as a staff economist for the Council of Economic Advisers from 1982 to 1983, foreshadowing his later position as Chairman of that organization. After leaving the council, he earned his PhD in economics from MIT in 1984 under the supervision of Stanley Fischer. He returned to Harvard Law for a year but, having completed his PhD and realizing he was better at economics,[23] he left to teach at MIT for a year and then became an assistant professor of economics at Harvard University in 1985. He was promoted to full professor in 1987 at the age of 29.

Academic writings

Mankiw is widely considered a New Keynesian economist, although at least one financial journalist says he resists such easy categorisation.[1] Mankiw did important work on menu costs, which are a source of price stickiness. His paper "Small Menu Costs and Large Business Cycles: A Macroeconomic Model of Monopoly," published in the Quarterly Journal of Economics in 1985, compared a firm's private incentive to adjust prices after a shock to nominal aggregate demand with the social welfare implications of that decision. The paper concluded that expansion in aggregate demand may either increase welfare or reduce it, but the welfare reduction is never greater than the menu cost. A contraction in aggregate demand, however, reduces welfare, possibly in an amount much larger than the menu cost. Put another way, from a social planner's point of view, prices may be stuck too high, but never too low.[24] This paper was a building block for work by Olivier Blanchard and Nobuhiro Kiyotaki[25] on aggregate-demand externalities and for work by Laurence Ball and David Romer[26] on the interaction between real and nominal rigidities.

In 2002, Mankiw and Ricardo Reis proposed an alternative to the widely used New Keynesian Phillips curve, based on the slow diffusion of information among the population of price setters. Their sticky-information model displays three related properties that are more consistent with accepted views about the effects of monetary policy. First, disinflations are always contractionary (although announced disinflations are less contractionary than surprise ones). Second, monetary policy shocks have their maximum impact on inflation with a substantial delay. Third, the change in inflation is positively correlated with the level of economic activity.[27]

A related 2003 article by Mankiw, Reis, and Justin Wolfers analyzed data on inflation expectations, documenting substantial disagreement among both consumers and professional economists about expected future inflation. This disagreement is shown to vary over time, moving with inflation, the absolute value of the change in inflation, and relative price variability. The paper argues that a satisfactory model of economic dynamics must address these business-cycle moments. Noting that most macroeconomic models do not endogenously generate disagreement, they show that a sticky-information model broadly matches many of these facts. The model is also consistent with other observed departures of inflation expectations from full rationality, including auto-correlated forecast errors and insufficient sensitivity to recent macroeconomic news.[28]

Mankiw has also written several papers on the empirical analysis of consumer behavior, often emphasizing the role of heterogeneity. An article coauthored with John Campbell in 1989 found that the aggregate consumption data are best described by a model in which about half of consumers obey the permanent income hypothesis and half simply consume their current income (sometimes called hand-to-mouth behavior).[29] An article coauthored with Stephen Zeldes in 1991 found that the consumption of stockholders covaried more strongly with the stock market than the consumption of nonstockholders does, providing a possible explanation for the equity premium puzzle.[30]

Mankiw's most widely cited paper is "A Contribution to the Empirics of Economic Growth," coauthored with David Romer and David Weil and published in the Quarterly Journal of Economics in 1992. The paper argues that the Solow growth model, once augmented to include a role for human capital, does a reasonably good job of explaining international differences in standards of living. According to Google Scholar, it has been cited more than 15,000 times, making it one of the most cited articles in the field of economics.

Beyond his work in macroeconomics, Mankiw has also written several other notable papers. In 1989, he coauthored a paper with David Weil examining the demographic determinants of housing demand and predicting that the aging of the baby boomers would undermine the housing market in the 1990s and 2000s.[31] In 1986, he coauthored a paper with Michael Whinston in microeconomic theory showing that, under imperfect competition, entry tends to be excessive in homogeneous goods industries because entrants fail to take into account the business-stealing externality they impose on their rivals; when goods are heterogeneous, it is ambiguous whether free entry produces too many or too few firms because of offsetting business-stealing and product-variety externalities.[32]

Textbooks

Mankiw has written two popular college-level textbooks: the intermediate-level Macroeconomics (now in its 10th edition, published by Worth Publishers) and the more famous introductory text Principles of Economics (now in its 9th edition, published by Cengage). Subsets of chapters from the latter book are sold under the titles Principles of Microeconomics, Principles of Macroeconomics, Brief Principles of Macroeconomics, and Essentials of Economics. This book was signed for a record advance. The New York Times reported in 1995 that Mankiw "was offered a $1.4 million advance by Harcourt Brace in Fort Worth to write a basic economics textbook. That's about three times as big as any other in the college textbook market and rivals those of all but a few celebrity authors."[33]

When the first edition of the Principles book was published in 1997, The Economist magazine wrote,[34]

Mr. Mankiw has produced something long overdue: an accessible introduction to modern economics. By writing more in the style of a magazine than a stodgy textbook and explaining even complex ideas in an intuitive, concise way, he will leave few students bored or bewildered ... Most refreshing, though, is the book's even-handedness. Mr Mankiw seems to revel in setting out how different schools of thought have contributed to economists' current state of knowledge.

Since then, more than one million copies have been sold, and Mankiw has received an estimated $42 million in royalties from the book, which is priced at $280 per copy.[35]

Other career activities

In May 2003, President George W. Bush appointed Mankiw as Chairman of the Council of Economic Advisers. Mankiw served in that post from 2003 to 2005, followed by Harvey S. Rosen and then Ben Bernanke. While CEA chair, Mankiw was part of a Bush administration effort seeking greater oversight of the government-sponsored enterprises (GSEs), Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac. In a November 2003 speech to a conference of bank supervisors,[36] he said:

The enormous size of the mortgage-backed securities market means that any problems at the GSEs matter for the financial system as a whole. This risk is a systemic issue also because the debt obligations of the housing GSEs are widely held by other financial institutions. The importance of GSE debt in the portfolios of other financial entities means that even a small mistake in GSE risk management could have ripple effects throughout the financial system.

The proposed regulatory reforms were not passed into law until years later, when the financial crisis of 2007–2008 was well underway.

After leaving the CEA, Mankiw resumed teaching at Harvard, taking over one of the most popular classes at Harvard College, the introductory economics course Ec 10, from Martin Feldstein.[37] He has become an influential figure in the blogosphere and online journalism since launching his eponymous blog. The blog,[6] originally designed to assist his Ec10 students, has gained a readership that extends far beyond students of introductory economics.[38] Subtitled "Random Observations for Students of Economics," it was ranked the number one economics blog by US economics professors in a 2011 survey.[39]

In November 2006, Mankiw became an official economic adviser to then-Massachusetts governor Mitt Romney's political action committee, Commonwealth PAC.[40] In 2007, he signed on as an economic adviser to Romney's presidential campaign.[41] He continued in that role during Romney's 2012 presidential bid.[42][43]

From 2012 to 2015, Mankiw served as chairman of the Harvard economics department.[44]

In February 2013, Mankiw publicly supported legal recognition for same-sex marriage in an amicus brief submitted to the U.S. Supreme Court.[45]

Mankiw is a trustee of the Urban Institute.[46] In 2016 he became a member of the US Partnership on Mobility from Poverty, an effort funded by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation and run by the Urban Institute. The group of 24 scholars and activists is "a new collaborative aimed at discovering permanent ladders of mobility for the poor. The partnership will identify breakthrough solutions that can be put into action by philanthropy, practitioners, and the public and private sectors."[47]

2004 Economic Report of the President

Several controversies arose from CEA's February 2004 Economic Report of the President. In a press conference, Mankiw spoke of the gains from free trade, noting that outsourcing of jobs by U.S. companies is "probably a plus for the economy in the long run."[48][49] While this reflected mainstream economic analysis, it was criticized by many politicians[50][51] who drew a link between outsourcing and the still-slow recovery of the U.S. labor market in early 2004.[51]

Controversy also arose from a rhetorical question posed by the report (and repeated by Mankiw in a speech about the report):[52] "when a fast-food restaurant sells a hamburger, is it providing a service or combining inputs to manufacture a product?" The intended point was that the distinction between manufacturing jobs and service industry jobs is somewhat arbitrary and therefore a poor basis for policy. Even though the issue was not raised in the report, a news account led to criticism that the Administration was seeking to cover up job losses in manufacturing by redefining jobs such as cooking hamburgers as manufacturing.[53]

2011 student walkout

On November 2, 2011, a number of students in Mankiw's Economics 10 class walked out of his lecture. Several dozen of the 750 students participated.[54][55] Before leaving, they handed Mankiw an open letter critical of his course, saying in part:

we found a course that espouses a specific—and limited—view of economics that we believe perpetuates problematic and inefficient systems of economic inequality in our society today ... Economics 10 makes it difficult for subsequent economics courses to teach effectively as it offers only one heavily skewed perspective rather than a solid grounding on which other courses can expand. ... Harvard graduates play major roles in the financial institutions and in shaping public policy around the world. If Harvard fails to equip its students with a broad and critical understanding of economics, their actions are likely to harm the global financial system. The last five years of economic turmoil have been proof enough of this.[56]

The students concluded their letter by stating they would instead be attending the Occupy Boston demonstration then under way. Counter protesters showed up in that class and Mankiw replied to his students in an article in The New York Times.[57] An editorial in the student-run Harvard Crimson condemned the protest,[58] stating the following:

The truth is that Ec 10, a requirement for economics concentrators, provides a necessary academic grounding for the study of economics as a social science. Professor Mankiw's curriculum sticks to the basics of economic theory without straying into partisan debate. We struggle to believe that we must defend his textbook, much maligned by the protesters, which is both peer reviewed and widely used.... Supply-and-demand economics is a popular idea of how society is organized, and Mankiw's Ec 10 never presents itself as more than that.

2016 opposition to Donald Trump

In August 2016, Mankiw expressed opposition to the election of Donald Trump to the presidency.[59] On his blog, he wrote:[60]

Mr. Trump has not laid out a coherent economic worldview, but one recurrent theme is hostility to a free and open system of international trade. From my perspective as an economics policy wonk, that by itself is disqualifying. And then there are issues of temperament.... he does not show the admirable disposition that I saw in previous presidents and presidential candidates I have had the honor to work for.

2019 departure from the Republican Party

On October 28, 2019, Mankiw left the Republican Party and registered as an independent, citing his disappointment in the party's overlooking of President Trump's misdeeds and a wish to vote in either primary in his state of Massachusetts.[13]

Advocacy of Pigovian taxation

Throughout his career, Mankiw has advocated the implementation of Pigovian taxes, such as a revenue-neutral carbon tax, to correct for externalities.[61][62][63][64] Toward that end, on his blog he founded the informal Pigou Club.[65] In 2016, he had a part in the Leonardo DiCaprio film Before the Flood, a documentary about global climate change, where he was interviewed about carbon taxation.[66] In 2017, Mankiw was one of eight "Republican elder statesmen" proposing that conservatives embrace of a policy of carbon taxes, with all revenue rebated as lump-sum dividends; the group also included James A. Baker III, Martin S. Feldstein, Henry M. Paulson Jr., and George P. Shultz.[67][68]

Honors and awards

Mankiw is referenced in the 2011 film Elles, which shows an episode in the life of Anne (Juliette Binoche), a journalist writing an article about female student prostitution. When asked about her classes, one of the students, Polish immigrant Alicja (Joanna Kulig), replies that she has been studying neoliberal economist Greg Mankiw.[77]

In addition, Mankiw is briefly mentioned in the novels Nineteen Minutes by Jodi Picoult [78] and The Female Persuasion by Meg Wolitzer.[79]

On February 18, 2019, Mankiw was mentioned in a clue on the television show Jeopardy!:[80] "N. Gregory Mankiw has penned texts on these 'large' and 'small' fields, relating to how governments spend & how you do."

Personal life

Mankiw lives in Massachusetts with his wife Deborah, to whom he has been married since 1984.[81] They have three children, Catherine, Nicholas and Peter, and a dog, Tobin.

Selected bibliography

  • N. Gregory Mankiw (1985). "Small Menu Costs and Large Business Cycles: A Macroeconomic Model of Monopoly". Quarterly Journal of Economics. 100 (2): 529–537. doi:10.2307/1885395. JSTOR 1885395.
  • N. Gregory Mankiw; David Romer; David Weil (1992). "A Contribution to the Empirics of Economic Growth". Quarterly Journal of Economics. 107 (2): 407–437. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.335.6159. doi:10.2307/2118477. JSTOR 2118477. S2CID 1369978.
  • N. Gregory Mankiw (1998). Principles of Economics (1st ed.). Fort Worth, Texas: Dryden Press. ISBN 978-0-03098238-5.
    • N. Gregory Mankiw (2006). Principles of Economics (4th ed.). South-Western College Pub. ISBN 978-0-324-22472-6.
    • N. Gregory Mankiw (2011). Principles of Economics (6th ed.). Cengage Learning. ISBN 978-0-538-45305-9.
  • N. Gregory Mankiw (2010). Macroeconomics (7th ed.). Worth Publishers. ISBN 978-1-4292-1887-0.

References

  1. Smith, Noah (13 January 2017). "Tribal warfare in economics a thing of the past". The Australian Financial Review. Fairfax Media. Bloomberg. Look on the Wikipedia pages of economists Joseph Stiglitz and Greg Mankiw or any of a number of prominent economists. On the sidebar on the right, you'll see an entry for "school or tradition". Both Stiglitz and Mankiw are listed as "New Keynesian". That makes absolutely no sense whatsoever. Stiglitz and Mankiw's research is in totally different areas. Stiglitz did work on asymmetric information, efficiency wages, land taxes and a host of other microeconomic phenomena. Mankiw's work is about macroeconomics, monetary policy, and the business cycle. Nor are their policy positions even remotely similar – Stiglitz is a hero to the left, while Mankiw is a small-government conservative. In fact, Mankiw did important research on some models called "New Keynesian". Stiglitz did not.
  2. "A Profile of Stanley Fischer". GREG MANKIW'S BLOG. September 19, 2016.
  3. "Thesis". www.columbia.edu.
  4. "Economist Rankings | IDEAS/RePEc". ideas.repec.org. Retrieved 2020-03-16.
  5. zimmermann@stlouisfed.org. "Economist Rankings at IDEAS". ideas.repec.org.
  6. For Greg Mankiw's blog, see "GREG MANKIW'S BLOG / Random Observations for Students of Economics".
  7. "Columns and Talks".
  8. https://opensyllabus.org/results-list/authors?size=50&fields=Economics
  9. "Let's pick on Greg Mankiw". The Economist. March 10, 2009.
  10. Rampell, Catherine (August 29, 2011). "Alan Krueger's New White House Job". New York Times.
  11. Chandler, Clay (October 2, 1994). "From the GOP, Old Lines for New Times; On Tax Cuts, Capital Gains, the Budget and Other Issues, Republicans Return to an '80s Hit". Washington Post.
  12. Maggs, John (October 11, 2003). "Deconstructing the Deficit". National Journal.
  13. "I am no longer a Republican". Greg Mankiw’s Blog.
  14. "N. Gregory Mankiw: America's Economy and the Case for Free Markets".
  15. "N. Gregory Mankiw Transcript - Conversations with Bill Kristol".
  16. "Greg Mankiw's Blog: My Family's Flatware". gregmankiw.blogspot.ca.
  17. http://scholar.harvard.edu/files/mankiw/files/confirm.pdf
  18. Andrews, Edmund L. "Economics Adviser Learns the Principles of Politics", The New York Times, February 26, 2004. Accessed September 19, 2019. "He describes himself as a lifelong Republican, which sets him apart from many Harvard colleagues. He distributed campaign literature for Richard Nixon in the early 1970's, and he grew up in Cranford, a fairly affluent suburb in New Jersey, the son of an engineer and a teacher."
  19. CV for N. Gregory Mankiw, National Bureau of Economic Research. Accessed September 19, 2019. "The Pingry School. Graduated, 1976."
  20. "New Mexico Tech News". New Mexico Tech. June 17, 2004. Archived from the original on May 28, 2010. Retrieved November 29, 2010.
  21. Andres, Edmund L. "A Salesman for Bush's Tax Plan Who Has Belittled Similar Ideas", The New York Times, February 28, 2003.
  22. Mankiw, Nicholas Gregory. Princeton University. Department of Economics (ed.). "Understanding Employment Fluctuation". Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  23. "Greg Mankiw's Blog: JD vs PhD: My Story".
  24. "Mankiw's menu cost model - Policonomics". www.policonomics.com.
  25. Blanchard, Olivier Jean; Kiyotaki, Nobuhiro (1987). "Monopolistic Competition and the Effects of Aggregate Demand". The American Economic Review. 77 (4): 647–666. JSTOR 1814537.
  26. Ball, Laurence; Romer, David (1990). "Real Rigidities and the Non-Neutrality of Money" (PDF). The Review of Economic Studies. 57 (2): 183–203. doi:10.2307/2297377. JSTOR 2297377.
  27. Mankiw, N. Gregory; Reis, Ricardo (1 November 2002). "Sticky Information versus Sticky Prices: A Proposal to Replace the New Keynesian Phillips Curve" (PDF). The Quarterly Journal of Economics. 117 (4): 1295–1328. doi:10.1162/003355302320935034. S2CID 1146949.
  28. https://www.nber.org/chapters/c11444.pdf
  29. https://www.nber.org/chapters/c10965.pdf
  30. Mankiw, N. Gregory; Zeldes, Stephen P. (1991). "The consumption of stockholders and nonstockholders". Journal of Financial Economics. 29 (1): 97–112. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.364.2730. doi:10.1016/0304-405X(91)90015-C. S2CID 3084416.
  31. Mankiw, N. Gregory; Weil, David N. (1990). "The Baby Boom, The Baby Bust, and the Housing Market". NBER Working Paper. W2794 (2): 235–58. doi:10.1016/0166-0462(89)90005-7. PMID 12283640. SSRN 245837.
  32. http://www.nuff.ox.ac.uk/users/klemperer/IO_Files/free%20entry%20%20Mankiw%20and%20Whinston.pdf
  33. Nasar, Sylvia (14 March 1995). "A Hard Act to Follow? Here Goes". The New York Times.
  34. "Play it again, Samuelson". The Economist. 1997-08-21.
  35. Read, Richard (February 12, 2015). "A $280 college textbook busts budgets, but Harvard author Gregory Mankiw defends royalties". OregonLive.com. Retrieved 2015-12-17.
  36. "Remarks at the Conference of State Bank Supervisors (Text Only)". georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov.
  37. "Harvard Course Catalog". Archived from the original on 29 May 2014. Retrieved 18 February 2013.
  38. "The invisible hand on the keyboard". The Economist. August 3, 2006.
  39. Davis, William L, Bob Figgins, David Hedengren, and Daniel B. Klein. "Economic Professors' Favorite Economic Thinkers, Journals, and Blogs," Econ Journal Watch 8(2): 126–146, May 2011. econjwatch.org
  40. "Mitt Romney's Free and Strong America PAC". Thecommonwealthpac.com. 2009-11-09. Archived from the original on 2016-09-19. Retrieved 2010-07-29.
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  42. Romney Taps Bush Hands to Shape Economic Policies, February 24, 2012
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  45. Avlon, John (28 February 2013). "The Pro-Freedom Republicans Are Coming: 131 Sign Gay Marriage Brief". The Daily Beast via www.thedailybeast.com.
  46. "Board of Trustees". Urban Institute. 2017-10-25.
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  48. "Bush adviser backs off pro-outsourcing comment". CNN. February 11, 2004. Retrieved May 19, 2010.
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  52. Remarks on the 2004 Economic Report of the President to the National Economists Club and Society of Government Economists Archived 2006-01-22 at the Wayback Machine
  53. "In the New Economics: Fast-Food Factories?", The New York Times, February 20, 2004. Retrieved March 28, 2008.
  54. Oremus, Will (November 8, 2011). "Harvard Students Stage Walkout in OWS-Like Protest". Slate. Archived from the original on December 18, 2011. where some 70 students walked out of an introductory economics class last week to protest what they saw as biased teachings.
  55. Isidore, Chris (November 2, 2011). "O.W.S. stages walk-out of Harvard econ class". CNN. Jose DelReal, a reporter with The Harvard Crimson, the student newspaper, said about 60 students participated in the walk-out.
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  57. Mankiw, N. Gregory (December 3, 2011). "Know What You're Protesting – Economic View". The New York Times.
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  78. Picoult, Jodi (2008-02-05). Nineteen Minutes. Simon and Schuster. p. 449. ISBN 9780743496735. mankiw picoult.
  79. Wolitzer, Meg (2018-04-03). The Female Persuasion: A Novel. ISBN 9780525533221.
  80. "Greg Mankiw's Blog: A Clue in Today's Jeopardy!".
  81. "Miss Roloff Has Nuptials". The New York Times. 17 June 1984.
Political offices
Preceded by
Glenn Hubbard
Chair of the Council of Economic Advisers
2003–2005
Succeeded by
Harvey Rosen
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