Governor of Massachusetts

Any person seeking to become Governor of Massachusetts must meet the following requirements:[8]

• Be at least eighteen years of age
• Be a registered voter in Massachusetts
• Be a Massachusetts resident for at least seven years when elected
• Receive 10,000 signatures from registered voters on nomination papers

The role of Governor has existed in Massachusetts since the Royal Charter of 1628. The original role of the governor was one of a president of the board of a joint-stock company, namely the Massachusetts Bay Company. The governor would be elected by freemen, who were shareholders of the company. These shareholders were mostly colonists themselves who fit certain religious requirements. The governor acted in a vice-regal manner, overseeing the governance and functioning of the colony. Originally they were supposed to reside in London, as was the case with other colonial company governors, although this protocol was broken when John Winthrop was appointed Governor. The governor served as the executive of the colony, originally elected annually, they were joined by a Council of Assistants. This council was a group of magistrates who performed judicial functions, acted as an upper house of the General Court, and provided advice and consent to the governor. The early governors of Massachusetts Bay were staunchly Puritan colonists who wished to form a state that coincided with religious law.[9]

With the founding of the Dominion of New England, the New England colonies were combined with the Province of New York, Province of West Jersey, and the Province of East Jersey. During this period (1686-1689) Massachusetts had no governor of its own. Instead there existed a royally appointed governor who resided in Boston and served at the King's pleasure. Though there existed a council which served as a quasi-legislature, however the logistics of calling the council to meet were so arduous that the Dominion was essentially governed by the Crown through the Royal Governor. The reason for the creation of such a post was there existed tremendous hostility between the Kingdom of England and the colonists of Massachusetts Bay. In an effort to bring the colonies under tighter control the Crown dismantled the old assembly system and created the Viceroy system based on the Spanish model in New Spain. This model of government was greatly disliked by the colonists all throughout British North America but especially in New England where colonists at one time did have some semblance of democratic and local control. With the Glorious Revolution and the Boston Revolt the Dominion was abolished in 1689.[10]

With the creation of the Massachusetts Charter in 1691, the role of civilian governor was restored in Massachusetts Bay. Now the Province of Massachusetts Bay, the colony then encompassed the territory of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, the Plymouth Colony, and areas of what is now the state of Maine. The governor however would not be chosen by the electorate, instead the position would remain a royal appointment. In order to ease tensions with royal authorities and the colonists the General Court was reestablished and given significant powers. This created acrimony between the governors and the assembly of the General Court. The governor could veto any decision made by the assembly and had control over the militia, however the General Court had authority of the treasury and provincial finances. This meant that in the event the governor did not agree with or consent with the rulings and laws of the General Court then the assembly would threaten to withhold any pay for the governor and other Royal Officers.[11]

From 1765 on the unraveling of the Province into a full political crisis only increased the tensions between the governor and the people of Massachusetts Bay. Following the passage of the Stamp Act Governor Thomas Hutchinson had his home broken into and ransacked. The early stages of the American Revolution saw political turmoil in Massachusetts Bay. With the passage of the Intolerable Acts the then Royal Governor Thomas Gage dissolved the General Court and began to govern the province by decree. In 1774 the Massachusetts Provincial Congress was formed as an alternative revolutionary government to the royal government in Boston. With Massachusetts Bay declaring its independence in May 1776 the role of Governor was vacant for four years. The executive role during this time was filled by the Governor's Council, the Committee of Safety, and the president of the Congress when in session.[11]

With the adoption of the Constitution of Massachusetts in 1780 the role of an elected civilian governor was restored. John Hancock was elected as the first governor of the independent commonwealth on October 25, 1780.[11]

Part the Second, Chapter II, Section I, Article I of the Massachusetts Constitution reads,

There shall be a supreme executive magistrate, who shall be styled, The Governor of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts; and whose title shall be – His Excellency.

The governor of Massachusetts is the chief executive of the commonwealth, and is supported by a number of subordinate officers. He, like most other state officers, senators, and representatives, was originally elected annually. In 1918 this was changed to a two-year term, and since 1966 the office of governor has carried a four-year term. The governor of Massachusetts does not receive a mansion, other official residence, or housing allowance. Instead, he resides in his own private residence. The title "His Excellency" is a throwback to the royally appointed governors of the Province of Massachusetts Bay. The first governor to use the title was Richard Coote, 1st Earl of Bellomont, in 1699; since he was an Earl, it was thought proper to call him "Your Excellency." The title was retained until 1742, when an order from King George II forbade its further use. However, the framers of the state constitution revived it because they found it fitting to dignify the governor with this title.[12]

The governor also serves as commander-in-chief of the commonwealth's armed forces.

According to the Massachusetts State Constitution:

Whenever the chair of the governor shall be vacant, by reason of his death, or absence from the commonwealth, or otherwise, the lieutenant governor, for the time being, shall, during such vacancy, perform all the duties incumbent upon the governor, and shall have and exercise all the powers and authorities, which by this constitution the governor is vested with, when personally present.[13]

The Constitution does not use the term "acting governor," but the practice in Massachusetts has been that the lieutenant governor retains his or her position and title as "lieutenant governor" and becomes acting governor, not governor. The lieutenant governor, when acting as governor, is referred to as "the lieutenant-governor, acting governor" in official documents.[14]

Despite this terminology, the Massachusetts courts have found that the full authority of the office of the governor devolves to the lieutenant governor upon vacancy in the office of governor, and that there is no circumstance short of death, resignation, or impeachment that would relieve the acting governor from the full gubernatorial responsibilities.

The first use of the succession provision occurred in 1785, five years after the constitution's adoption, when Governor John Hancock resigned the post, leaving Lieutenant Governor Thomas Cushing as acting governor. Most recently, Jane Swift became acting governor upon the resignation of Paul Cellucci.

When the constitution was first adopted, the Governor's Council was charged with acting as governor in the event that both the governorship and lieutenant governorship were vacant. This occurred in 1799 when Governor Increase Sumner died in office on June 7, 1799, leaving Lieutenant Governor Moses Gill as acting governor. Acting Governor Gill never received a lieutenant and died on May 20, 1800, between that year's election and the inauguration of Governor-elect Caleb Strong. The Governor's Council served as the executive for ten days; the council's chair, Thomas Dawes was at no point named governor or acting governor.

Article LV of the Constitution, enacted in 1918, created a new line of succession:

• Governor (Charlie Baker)
• Lieutenant governor (Karyn Polito)
• Secretary of the Commonwealth (William F. Galvin)
• Attorney general (Maura Healey)
• Treasurer and receiver-general (Deb Goldberg)
• State auditor (Suzanne M. Bump)

The governor has a 10-person cabinet, each of whom oversees a portion of the government under direct administration (as opposed to independent executive agencies). See Government of Massachusetts for a complete listing.

The front doors of the State House are only opened when a governor leaves office, a head of state or the president of the United States comes to visit the State House, or for the return of flags from Massachusetts regiments at the end of wars. The tradition of the ceremonial door originated when departing governor Benjamin Butler kicked open the front door and walked out by himself in 1884.

Incoming governors usually choose at least one past governor's portrait to hang in their office.

Immediately before being sworn into office, the governor-elect receives four symbols from the departing governor: the ceremonial pewter "Key" for the governor's office door, the Butler Bible, the "Gavel", and a two-volume set of the Massachusetts General Statutes with a personal note from the departing governor to his/her successor added to the back of the text. The governor-elect is then escorted by the sergeant-at-arms to the House Chamber and sworn in by the senate president before a joint session of the House and Senate.[15]

Despite several proposals for establishing an official residence for the governor of Massachusetts, including the Endicott Estate which was once acquired for the purpose, the Commonwealth of Massachusetts does not have a governor's mansion.

In 1955, Governor Foster Furcolo turned down a proposal to establish the Shirley–Eustis House in Roxbury, built by royal Governor William Shirley, as the official residence.[19]

At one time, Governor John A. Volpe accepted the donation of the Endicott Estate in Dedham from the heirs of Henry Bradford Endicott. He intended to renovate the 19th-century mansion into a splendid governor's residence.[20] After Volpe resigned to become secretary of transportation in the Nixon Administration, the plan was aborted by his successor in consideration of budgetary constraints and because the location was considered too far from the seat of power, the State House in Boston.

Prior to their early-20th century demolitions, the Province House and the Hancock Manor[20] were also proposed as official residences.

Since the governor has no official residence, the expression "corner office," rather than "governor's mansion," is commonly used in the press as a metonym for the office of governor. This refers instead to the governor's office on the third floor of the State House.[21]

Since 1780, 65 people have been elected governor, six to non-consecutive terms (John Hancock, Caleb Strong, Marcus Morton, John Davis, John Volpe, and Michael Dukakis), and seven lieutenant governors have acted as governor without subsequently being elected governor. Thomas Talbot served a stint as acting governor, but later was elected governor several years later. Prior to 1918 constitutional reforms, both the governor's office and that of lieutenant governor were vacant on one occasion, when the state was governed by the Governor's Council.

Commonwealth of Massachusetts: 1780–present

In the table below, acting governors are denoted in the leftmost column by the letter "A", and are not counted as actual governors. The longest-serving governor was Michael Dukakis, who served twelve years in office, although they were not all consecutive. The longest period of uninterrupted service by any governor was nine years, by Levi Lincoln Jr. The shortest service period by an elected governor was one year, achieved by several 19th century governors. Increase Sumner, elected by a landslide to a third consecutive term in 1799, was on his deathbed and died not long after taking the oath of office; this represents the shortest part of an individual term served by a governor. Sumner was one of four governors to die in office; seven governors resigned, most of them to assume another office.

Political party	Number of governors
Democratic	19
Democratic-Republican	6
Federalist	3
Know Nothing	1
National Republican	1
No party affiliation	6
Republican	31
Whig	7

#	Governor	Party	Years	Lieutenant Governor	Electoral history
1	John Hancock	None	October 25, 1780 – February 17, 1785	Thomas Cushing (1780–1788)	Resigned due to claimed illness (recurring gout).
A[22]	Thomas Cushing	None	February 17, 1785 – May 27, 1785		Acted as governor for the remainder of Hancock's term. Lost election in his own right.
2	James Bowdoin	None	May 27, 1785 – May 30, 1787		Lost re-election.
3	John Hancock	None	May 30, 1787 – October 8, 1793		Died.
				Benjamin Lincoln (1788–1789)
				Samuel Adams (1789–1794)
4	Samuel Adams	None	October 8, 1793 – June 2, 1797		Acted as governor for the remainder of Hancock's term. Elected and re-elected in his own right until retirement.
				Moses Gill (1794–1800)
5	Increase Sumner	Federalist	June 2, 1797 – June 7, 1799		Died.
A[22]	Moses Gill	None	June 7, 1799 – May 20, 1800		Acted as governor for most of the remainder of Sumner's term. Died ten days before its end.
A[22]	Governor's Council	None	May 20, 1800 – May 30, 1800	None.	The council was headed by Thomas Dawes. this is the only time both the governorship and the lieutenant governorship were vacant.
6	Caleb Strong	Federalist	May 30, 1800 – May 29, 1807	Samuel Phillips Jr. (1801–1802)	Lost re-election.
				Edward Robbins (1802–1806)
7	James Sullivan	Democratic- Republican	May 29, 1807 – December 10, 1808	Levi Lincoln Sr.	Died.
A[22]	Levi Lincoln Sr.	Democratic- Republican	December 10, 1808 – May 1, 1809		Acted as governor for the remainder of Sullivan's term. Lost election in his own right.
8	Christopher Gore	Federalist	May 1, 1809 – June 10, 1810	David Cobb	Lost re-election.
9	Elbridge Gerry	Democratic- Republican	June 10, 1810 – June 5, 1812	William Gray	Lost re-election.
10	Caleb Strong	Federalist	June 5, 1812 – May 30, 1816	William Phillips Jr.	Retired.
11	John Brooks	Federalist	May 30, 1816 – May 31, 1823		Retired.
12	William Eustis	Democratic- Republican	May 31, 1823 – February 6, 1825	Levi Lincoln Jr. (1823–1824)	Died.
				Marcus Morton (1824–1825)
A[22]	Marcus Morton	Democratic- Republican	February 6, 1825 – May 26, 1825		Acted as governor for the remainder of Eustis's term. Retired.
13	Levi Lincoln Jr.	National Republican	May 26, 1825 – January 9, 1834	Thomas L. Winthrop (1826–1833)	Retired.
14	John Davis	Whig	January 9, 1834 – March 1, 1835	Samuel Turell Armstrong	Resigned to become U.S. Senator.
A[22]	Samuel Turell Armstrong	Whig	March 1, 1835 – January 13, 1836		Acted as governor for the remainder of Davis's term. Lost nomination. lost election as independent.
15	Edward Everett	Whig	January 13, 1836 – January 18, 1840	George Hull	Lost re-election
16	Marcus Morton	Democratic	January 18, 1840 – January 7, 1841		Lost re-election.
17	John Davis	Whig	January 7, 1841 – January 17, 1843		Lost re-election.
18	Marcus Morton	Democratic	January 17, 1843 – January 9, 1844	Henry H. Childs	Lost re-election.
19	George N. Briggs	Whig	January 9, 1844 – January 11, 1851	John Reed Jr.	Lost re-election.
20	George S. Boutwell	Democratic	January 11, 1851 – January 14, 1853	Henry W. Cushman	Retired.
21	John H. Clifford	Whig	January 14, 1853 – January 12, 1854	Elisha Huntington	Retired.
22	Emory Washburn	Whig	January 12, 1854 – January 4, 1855	William C. Plunkett	Lost re-election.
23	Henry Gardner	Know-Nothing	January 4, 1855 – January 7, 1858	Simon Brown (1855–1856)	Lost re-election.
				Henry W. Benchley (1856–1858)
24	Nathaniel Prentice Banks	Republican	January 7, 1858 – January 3, 1861	Eliphalet Trask	Retired to run for president.
25	John Albion Andrew	Republican	January 3, 1861 – January 4, 1866	John Z. Goodrich (1861)	Retired.
				John Nesmith (1862)
				Joel Hayden (1863–1866)
26	Alexander H. Bullock	Republican	January 4, 1866 – January 7, 1869	William Claflin	Retired.
27	William Claflin	Republican	January 7, 1869 – January 4, 1872	Joseph Tucker (1869–1873)	Retired.
28	William B. Washburn	Republican	January 4, 1872 – April 29, 1874		Resigned to become U.S. Senator.
				Thomas Talbot (1873–1875)
A[22]	Thomas Talbot	Republican	April 29, 1874 – January 7, 1875		Acted as governor for the remainder of Washburn's term. Lost election in his own right.
29	William Gaston	Democratic	January 7, 1875 – January 6, 1876	Horatio G. Knight	Lost re-election.
30	Alexander H. Rice	Republican	January 6, 1876 – January 2, 1879		Retired.
31	Thomas Talbot	Republican	January 2, 1879 – January 8, 1880	John Davis Long	Retired.
32	John Davis Long	Republican	January 8, 1880 – January 4, 1883	Byron Weston	Retired.
33	Benjamin F. Butler	Democratic	January 4, 1883 – January 3, 1884	Oliver Ames	Lost re-election.
34	George D. Robinson	Republican	January 3, 1884 – January 6, 1887		Retired.
35	Oliver Ames	Republican	January 6, 1887 – January 7, 1890	John Q. A. Brackett	Retired.
36	John Q. A. Brackett	Republican	January 7, 1890 – January 8, 1891	William H. Haile (1890–1893)	Lost re-election.
37	William E. Russell	Democratic	January 8, 1891 – January 4, 1894		Retired.
				Roger Wolcott (1893–1897)
38	Frederic T. Greenhalge	Republican	January 4, 1894 – March 5, 1896		Died.
39	Roger Wolcott	Republican	March 5, 1896 – January 4, 1900		Acted as governor for the remainder of Greenhalge's term. Elected and re-elected in own right until retirement.
				Winthrop Murray Crane (1897–1900)
40	Winthrop Murray Crane	Republican	January 4, 1900 – January 8, 1903	John L. Bates	Retired.
41	John L. Bates	Republican	January 8, 1903 – January 5, 1905	Curtis Guild Jr.	Retired.
42	William L. Douglas	Democratic	January 5, 1905 – January 4, 1906		Retired.
43	Curtis Guild Jr.	Republican	January 4, 1906 – January 7, 1909	Eben Sumner Draper	Retired.
44	Eben Sumner Draper	Republican	January 7, 1909 – January 5, 1911	Louis A. Frothingham	Lost re-election.
45	Eugene Noble Foss	Democratic	January 5, 1911 – January 8, 1914	Louis A. Frothingham (1911–1912)	Did not stand for renomination as Democrat. defeated as independent in general election.
				Robert Luce (1912–1913)
				David I. Walsh (1913–1914)
46	David I. Walsh	Democratic	January 8, 1914 – January 6, 1916	Edward P. Barry (1914–1915)	Lost re-election.
				Grafton D. Cushing (1915–1916)
47	Samuel W. McCall	Republican	January 6, 1916 – January 2, 1919	Calvin Coolidge	Retired.
48	Calvin Coolidge	Republican	January 2, 1919 – January 6, 1921	Channing H. Cox	Retired Vice President of the United States 1921-1923 President of the United States 1923-1929
49	Channing H. Cox	Republican	January 6, 1921 – January 8, 1925	Alvan T. Fuller	Elected in 1920 (first two-year term). Re-elected in 1922. Retired.
50	Alvan T. Fuller	Republican	January 8, 1925 – January 3, 1929	Frank G. Allen	Retired.
51	Frank G. Allen	Republican	January 3, 1929 – January 8, 1931	William S. Youngman	Lost re-election.
52	Joseph B. Ely	Democratic	January 8, 1931 – January 3, 1935	William S. Youngman (1929–1933)	Retired.
				Gaspar G. Bacon (1933–1935)
53	James Michael Curley	Democratic	January 3, 1935 – January 7, 1937	Joseph L. Hurley	Retired to run unsuccessfully for U.S. Senate
54	Charles F. Hurley	Democratic	January 7, 1937 – January 5, 1939	Francis E. Kelly	Lost renomination.
55	Leverett Saltonstall	Republican	January 5, 1939 – January 4, 1945	Horace T. Cahill	Retired to run successfully for U.S. Senate
56	Maurice J. Tobin	Democratic	January 4, 1945 – January 2, 1947	Robert F. Bradford	Lost re-election.
57	Robert F. Bradford	Republican	January 2, 1947 – January 6, 1949	Arthur W. Coolidge	Elected in 1946. Lost re-election.
58	Paul A. Dever	Democratic	January 6, 1949 – January 8, 1953	Charles F. Sullivan	Elected in 1948. Re-elected in 1950. Lost re-election.
59	Christian A. Herter	Republican	January 8, 1953 – January 3, 1957	Sumner G. Whittier	Elected in 1952. Re-elected in 1954. Retired.
60	Foster Furcolo	Democratic	January 3, 1957 – January 5, 1961	Robert F. Murphy (1957–1960)	Elected in 1956. Re-elected in 1958. Retired to run for U.S. Senator.
61	John Volpe	Republican	January 5, 1961 – January 3, 1963	Edward F. McLaughlin Jr.	Elected in 1960. Lost re-election.
62	Endicott Peabody	Democratic	January 3, 1963 – January 7, 1965	Francis Bellotti	Elected in 1962. Lost renomination.
63	John Volpe	Republican	January 7, 1965 – January 22, 1969	Elliot Richardson (1965–1967)	Elected in 1964. Re-elected in 1966 (first four-year term). Resigned to become U.S. Secretary of Transportation.
				Francis Sargent (1967–1969)
64	Francis Sargent	Republican	January 22, 1969 – January 2, 1975		Acted as governor for the remainder of Volpe's term. Elected in own right in 1970. Lost re-election.
				Donald Dwight (1971–1975)
65	Michael Dukakis	Democratic	January 2, 1975 – January 4, 1979	Thomas P. O'Neill III	Elected in 1974. Lost renomination.
66	Edward J. King	Democratic	January 4, 1979 – January 6, 1983		Elected in 1978. Lost renomination.
67	Michael Dukakis	Democratic	January 6, 1983 – January 3, 1991	John Kerry (1983–1985)	Elected in 1982. Elected in 1986. Retired.
				Vacant (1985–1987)
				Evelyn Murphy (1987–1991)
68	Bill Weld	Republican	January 3, 1991 – July 29, 1997	Paul Cellucci (1991–1999)	Elected in 1990. Re-elected in 1994. Resigned when nominated U.S. Ambassador to Mexico, but was not confirmed to the office.
A[22] 69	Paul Cellucci	Republican	July 29, 1997 – April 10, 2001		Acted as governor for the remainder of Weld's term. Elected in own right in 1998. Resigned to become U.S. Ambassador to Canada.
				Jane Swift (1999–2003)
A[22]	Jane Swift	Republican	April 10, 2001 – January 2, 2003		Acted as governor for the remainder of Cellucci's term. Retired.
70	Mitt Romney	Republican	January 2, 2003 – January 4, 2007	Kerry Healey	Elected in 2002. Retired.
71	Deval Patrick	Democratic	January 4, 2007 – January 8, 2015	Tim Murray (2007–2013)	Elected in 2006. Re-elected in 2010. Retired.
				Vacant
72	Charlie Baker	Republican	January 8, 2015 – Present	Karyn Polito	Elected in 2014. Re-elected in 2018.

Other high offices held

This is a table of notable government offices held by governors. All representatives and senators mentioned represented Massachusetts, except otherwise noted.

Governor	Gubernatorial term	U.S. Congress		Other offices held
		House	Senate
John Hancock	1787–1793 1780–1785			Delegate to the Continental Congress (including twice as President of the Continental Congress)
Thomas Cushing	1785 (acting)			Delegate to the Continental Congress
Samuel Adams	1793–1797			Delegate to the Continental Congress
Caleb Strong	1800–1807 1812–1816		Y	Delegate to the Continental Congress
James Sullivan	1807–1808			Delegate to the Continental Congress, but did not attend
Levi Lincoln Sr.	1808–1809 (acting)	Y		U.S. Attorney General
Christopher Gore	1813–1816		Y
Elbridge Gerry	1810–1812	Y		Delegate to the Continental Congress, Co-commissioner to France, Vice President of the United States
William Eustis	1823–1825	Y		Ambassador to the Netherlands, U.S. Secretary of War
Marcus Morton	1825 (acting) 1840–1841 1843–1844	Y
Levi Lincoln Jr.	1825–1834	Y
John Davis	1834–1835 1841–1843	Y	Y[lower-alpha 1]
Edward Everett	1836–1840	Y	Y	Ambassador to Great Britain, U.S. Secretary of State
George N. Briggs	1844–1851	Y
George S. Boutwell	1851–1853	Y	Y	U.S. Secretary of the Treasury
Nathaniel Prentice Banks	1858–1861	Y		Speaker of the House
William Claflin	1869–1872	Y
William B. Washburn	1874–1874	Y	Y[lower-alpha 1]
Alexander H. Rice	1876–1879	Y
John Davis Long	1880–1883	Y		U.S. Secretary of the Navy
Benjamin Franklin Butler	1883–1884	Y
George D. Robinson	1884–1887	Y
Frederic T. Greenhalge	1894–1896	Y
Winthrop Murray Crane	1900–1903		Y
Curtis Guild Jr.	1906–1909			U.S. Ambassador to the Russian Empire
Eugene Noble Foss	1911–1914	Y
David I. Walsh	1914–1916		Y
Samuel W. McCall	1916–1919	Y
Calvin Coolidge	1919–1921			Vice President of the United States, President of the United States
Alvan T. Fuller	1925–1929	Y
James Michael Curley	1935–1937	Y		Mayor of Boston
Leverett Saltonstall	1939–1945		Y	Speaker of the Massachusetts House of Representatives, U.S. Senator
Maurice J. Tobin	1945–1947			Mayor of Boston, U.S. Secretary of Labor
Christian A. Herter	1953–1957	Y		U.S. Secretary of State, U.S. Trade Representative
Foster Furcolo	1957–1961	Y		Treasurer and Receiver General of Massachusetts
John A. Volpe	1961–1963 1965–1969			U.S. Secretary of Transportation,[lower-alpha 1] Ambassador to Italy
Paul Cellucci	1997–2001			Ambassador to Canada[lower-alpha 1]
Mitt Romney	2003–2007		Y	U.S. Senator from Utah
Resigned as governor to take office

• List of colonial governors of Massachusetts
• List of Massachusetts General Courts

• Lincoln, William, ed. (1838). Journals of each Provincial Congress of Massachusetts in 1774 and 1775 and of the Committee of Safety, with an Appendix containing the Proceedings of the County Conventions_Narratives of the Events of the Nineteenth of April, 1775-Paper relating to Ticonderoga and Crown Point, and other documents. Dutton and Wentworth, Printers to the State.
• Hart, Albert Bushnell, ed. (1927). Commonwealth History of Massachusetts. New York: The States History Company. OCLC 1543273. (five volume history of Massachusetts until the early 20th century; volume 3 deals with the provisional period and post-independence history until 1820)
• Morison, Samuel (1917). A History of the Constitution of Massachusetts. Harvard University Library: Wright & Potter Printing Co.
• Truslow Adams, James (1913). The Founding of New England. Stanford University Library: Atlantic Monthly Press.

• Official website
• Office of the Governor, hdl:2452/35301. (Various documents).