Guozijian

The Guozijian,[1] sometimes translated as the Imperial College, Imperial Academy, Imperial University, National Academy, or National University,[2] was the national central institution of higher learning in Chinese dynasties after the Sui dynasty. It was the highest institution of academic research and learning in China's traditional educational system, with the function of administration of education.

See also: Guozijian (Beijing) and Gukjagam
Guozijian
Chinese name
Traditional Chinese國子監
Simplified Chinese国子监
Vietnamese name
VietnameseQuốc Tử Giám
Hán-Nôm國子監
Korean name
Hangul국자감
Hanja國子監
Manchu name
Manchu scriptᡤᡠᡵᡠᠨ ᡳ
ᠵᡠᠰᡝ ᠪᡝ
ᡥᡡᠸᠠᡧᠠᠪᡠᡵᡝ
ᠶᠠᠮᡠᠨ
Möllendorffgurun-i juse be hūwašabure yamun
Biyong, the imperial lecture hall in Beijing Guozijian
The imperial lecture hall and classrooms in Beijing Guozijian
Juniperus chinensis from Six Dynasties, the symbol of Nanjing Guozijian
Stele Forest in Xi'an, where collects many ancient steles from Chang'an Guozijian of Tang Dynasty

History

Formerly it was called the Taixue, literally meaning "Imperial University". The Taixue for Gongsheng (tribute students) from the populace was part of Guozijian, along with Guozixue for noble students. The central schools of taixue were established as far back as 3 CE, when a standard nationwide school system was established and funded during the reign of Emperor Ping of Han.[3]

Since the Sui dynasty, it was called Guozijian.

During the Ming dynasty, the Hongwu Emperor promoted the study of law, math, calligraphy, equestrianism, and archery at the Guozijian.[4]

In 1905, the Guozijian was shut down. During the 1898 reform of the Qing Dynasty, the education and administration of education functions of Guozijian was mainly replaced by the Imperial Capital University (also translated as Imperial University of Peking), later known as Peking University.

Locations
Entrance of the Imperial Academy in Huế, central Vietnam

Guozijian were located in the national capital of each dynasty, such as Chang'an, Luoyang, Kaifeng and Hangzhou. In early years of Ming, Guozijian was in Nanjing, and then there were two capitals, thus there were two Guozijian, one in Nanjing (later become Nanjing University) and one in Beijing. During the Qing dynasty, Guozijian was in Beijing.

The Beijing Guozijian, located at the Guozijian Street in the Dongcheng District, was the imperial college during the Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties; most of the current buildings were built during the Ming Dynasty.[5] It is the last Guozijian in China and the predecessor of Peking University.

Vietnam

In Vietnam, the Imperial Academy (Vietnamese: Quốc Tử Giám) existed during the Trần dynasty and afterwards. Several notable chairmen of Guozijian in Vietnam history are Chu Văn An, Nguyễn Phi Khanh, and Vũ Miên.

In Vietnam, the Imperial Academy was based at the Temple of Literature in Hanoi.

See also

References

Citations
  1. Yuan, 194.
  2. Frederick W. Mote; Denis Twitchett (26 February 1988). The Cambridge History of China: Volume 7, The Ming Dynasty, 1368-1644. Cambridge University Press. pp. 131–. ISBN 978-0-521-24332-2.
  3. Yuan, 193.
  4. Frederick W. Mote; Denis Twitchett (26 February 1988). The Cambridge History of China: Volume 7, The Ming Dynasty, 1368-1644. Cambridge University Press. pp. 122–. ISBN 978-0-521-24332-2.
  5. "Guozijian". James P. Geiss Foundation.

Sources
  • Chang, Che-chia. "The Qing Imperial Academy of Medicine: Its institutions and the physicians shaped by them." East Asian Science, Technology, and Medicine 41.1 (2015): 63-92. online
  • Sivin, Nathan. "Science and Medicine in Imperial China--the state of the field." Journal of Asian Studies (1988): 41-90. online
  • Yuan, Zheng. "Local Government Schools in Sung China: A Reassessment," History of Education Quarterly (Volume 34, Number 2; Summer 1994): 193–213.
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