Hot rod

The predecessors to the hotrod were the modified cars used in the Prohibition era by bootleggers to evade revenue agents and other law enforcement.[7]

Hot rods first appeared in the late 1930s in southern California, where people raced modified cars on dry lake beds northeast of Los Angeles, under the rules of the Southern California Timing Association (SCTA), among other groups. This gained popularity after World War II, particularly in California, because many returning soldiers had received technical training.[7][6] The first hot rods were old cars (most often Fords, typically 1910s-1920s Model Ts, 1928–31 Model As, or 1932-34 Model Bs), modified to reduce weight. Engine swaps often involved fitting the Ford flathead V8 engine (known as the "flatty") into a different car, for example, the common practice in the 1940s of installing the "60 horse" version into a Jeep chassis.

Typical modifications were removal of convertible tops, hoods, bumpers, windshields, and/or fenders; channeling the body; and modifying the engine by tuning and/or replacing with a more powerful type. Wheels and tires were changed for improved traction and handling. Hot rods built before 1945 commonly used '35 Ford wire-spoke wheels.[10]

Ford Popular

Hot-rodded prewar British Rover 10

After World War II, many small military airports throughout the country were either abandoned or rarely used, allowing hot rodders across the country to race on marked courses. Originally, drag racing had tracks as long as 1 mi (1.6 km) or more, and included up to four lanes of racing simultaneously. As some hot rodders also raced on the street, a need arose for an organization to promote safety, and to provide venues for safe racing. The National Hot Rod Association was founded in 1951, to take drag racing off the streets and into controlled environments.[11]

In the '50s and '60s, the Ford flathead V8 was supplanted by the Chrysler FirePower engine (known as the "early hemi"). Many hot rods would upgrade the brakes from mechanical to hydraulic ("juice") and headlights from bulb to sealed-beam.[12] A typical mid-1950s to early 1960s custom Deuce was fenderless and steeply chopped, powered by a Ford or Mercury flathead,[13] with an Edelbrock intake manifold, Harman and Collins magneto, and Halibrand quick-change differential.[14] Front suspension hairpins were adapted from sprint cars, such as the Kurtis Krafts.[15]

As hot rodding became more popular, magazines and associations catering to hot rodders were started, such as the magazine Hot Rod, founded in 1948.[16]

As automobiles offered by the major automakers began increasing performance, the lure of hot rods began to wane.[7] With the advent of the muscle car, it was now possible to purchase a high-performance car straight from the showroom.[6]

However, the 1973 Oil Crisis caused car manufacturers to focus on fuel efficiency over performance, which led to a resurgence of interest in hot rodding.[7] As the focus shifted away from racing, the modified cars became known as "street rods". The National Street Rod Association (NSRA) was formed and began hosting events.

By the 1970s, the 350 cu in (5.7 l) small-block Chevy V8 was the most common choice of engine for hot rods.[17][18] Another popular engine choice is the Ford Windsor engine.[19] During the 1980s, many car manufacturers were reducing the displacements of their engines, thus making it harder for hot rod builders to obtain large displacement engines. Instead, engine builders had to modify the smaller engines (such as using non-standard crankshafts and pistons) to obtain larger displacement. While current production V8s tended to be the most frequent candidates, this also applied to others. In the mid-1980s, as stock engine sizes diminished, rodders discovered the 215 cu in (3.5 L) aluminum-block Buick or Oldsmobile V8 could be modified for substantially greater displacement, with mainly wrecking yard parts.[20] This trend was not limited to American cars; Volkswagen enthusiasts similarly stretched stock 1600cc engines to over two liters.[21]

There is a contemporary movement of traditional hot rod builders, car clubs and artists who have returned to the roots of hot rodding as a lifestyle. This includes a new breed of traditional hot rod builders, artists, and styles, as well as classic style car clubs. Events like GreaseOrama feature traditional hot rods and the greaser lifestyle. Magazines like Ol' Skool Rodz, Gears and Gals, and Rat-Rods and Rust Queens cover events and people.

Author Tom Wolfe was one of the first to recognize the importance of hot rodding in popular culture and brought it to mainstream attention in his book The Kandy-Kolored Tangerine-Flake Streamline Baby.

There are magazines that feature traditional hot rods, including Hot Rod, Car Craft, Rod and Custom, and Popular Hot Rodding. There are also television shows such as My Classic Car, Horsepower TV, American Hot Rod, Fast and Loud, and Chop Cut Rebuild.

Particularly during the early 1960s, a genre of "hot rod music" rose to mainstream popularity. Hot rod music was largely a product of a number of surf music groups running out of ideas for new surfing songs and simultaneously shifting their lyrical focus toward hot rods. Hot rod music would prove to be the second phase in a progression known as the California Sound, which would mature into more complex topics as the decade passed.

Swedish hot rodders with a 1960s American car at Power Big Meet

Locals in these countries, influenced by American culture, have created a local hot rod culture which is vibrant in Sweden and Finland where enthusiasts gather at meetings such as Power Big Meet and clubs like Wheels and Wings in Varberg, Sweden have established themselves in Hot Rod culture. Since there is very little "vintage tin" the hot rods in Sweden are generally made with a home made chassis (usually a Model T or A replica), with a Jaguar (or Volvo 240) rear axle, a small-block V8, and fiberglass tub, but some have been built using for instance a Volvo Duett chassis. Because the Swedish regulations required a crash test even for custom-built passenger cars between 1969 and 1982, the Duett option was preferred, since it was considered a rebodied Duett rather than a new vehicle.[25][26][27][28] Some 1950s and 1960s cars are also hot rodded, like Morris Minor, Ford Anglia, Volvo Amazon, Ford Cortina, '57 Chevy, to name but a few. These are known as custom cars (sometimes spelled Kustom).

• 1/2-race — mild flatty cam, suitable for enthusiastic street or highway use. It was halfway in performance between a full race cam and a stock cam.
• 3/4-race — high-performance flatty cam, suitable for street and strip use. These cams were half way in performance between a full race cam and a 1/2 race cam.[36]
• 3 deuces — arrangement of three 2-barrel (twin-choke) carburetors; distinct from Six Pak and Pontiac and Olds[37] Tri-Power[38] (also 3x2 arrangements)
• 3-window — 2-door coupé; so named for one door window on each side plus the rear window[39]
• 5-window — 2-door coupé; so named for one door window and one quarter window on each side plus the rear window[40]
• 97s (“ninety-sevens”) — reference to particular Stromberg carburetors[41]
• A-bone — Model A coupé[42]
• Alky — alcohol (methanol) racing fuel[32]
• Altered — drag racing car, or the category it runs in[32]
• Anglebox - British slang for a '59 to '68 Anglia[43]
• Ardun — Hemi heads for the flathead, designed by Zora Duntov[44]
• Awful Awful (mainly North American) — AA/FA ("double A" Fuel Altered) racing car[45]
• Back-halved - a bodied drag racing car that has had its stock rear suspension removed and replaced with a four-link or ladder bar rear suspension, and narrowed rear axle. This arrangement allows for larger tires and better adjustability.
• Bagged - the use of air suspension to raise and lower the car
• Bench race (or bench racing) - discussion of racing, or of a car's performance[32]
• Big tire - a drag racing car running large rear tires usually over 29" tall and wider than 10.5"
• Blower — mechanically driven supercharger; excludes turbochargers. Commonly a Roots.[46]
• Blown
  • An engine equipped with a supercharger (a "blown hemi");[46] rarely used in reference to turbocharged engines
  • A vehicle equipped with a supercharged engine (a "blown higboy")
  • A wrecked engine or transmission
• Blue oval — Ford product (for the badge)[47]
• Blueprint - to assemble something (usually an engine) to precise specifications or with special care[32]
• Blueprinting - to blueprint
• Bondo — the brand name for a body filler putty, often used as a generic term for any such product
• Bored — increased the diameter of the cylinders in order to increase engine displacement ("He bored the engine"); having had the diameter increased ("the engine was bored")
• Bottle — nitrous tank
• Bowtie — Chevrolet product (for the badge)[48]
• Boosted — a car that has a turbocharger or supercharger
• Bugcatcher (or bugcatcher intake) — large scoop intake protruding through hood opening, or on cars with no hood.
• Bulletproof - assembled in a fail-proof manner[32]
• Bump in — the act of staging a drag car by moving forward in short increments or "bumps" while a transbrake or light foot brake pressure is applied. A transbrake equipped car uses a "bump box" to momentarily unlock the transmission allowing it to creep short distances. This is often done by turbo cars in order to build boot while staging, but can also be done by non-turbo cars to shallow stage to increase roll out.
• Bumpstick — camshaft (for the lobes)[47]
• Burndown — intentionally slowly staging a car for a drag race in order to throw the other driver off his game, or to cause the opponent's car to build excess heat.[32] Also called a staging duel.
• Cam — camshaft[49]
• Cammer
  • (most commonly) the SOHC (single overhead camshaft) version of the 427 Ford V8.[50]
  • (sometimes) the Ford Racing Power Parts 5-liter.[51]
  • (rarely) any engine with overhead camshaft(s).
• Channelled — a car lowered by having the floor removed and reattached; also, to have done so[32]
• Channeling — removing the floor and reattaching it to the body at a higher point, thus lowering the car without suspension modifications. Sometimes known as a "body drop".
• Cheater slicks (also "cheaters") — soft compound tires with just enough tread added to make them street legal (not usually in singular)[52]
• Cherry — like new[53]
• Chipped — fitted with a modified ECU or PCM
• Chop — removing a section of the roof pillars and windows to lower the roofline[32]
• Chopped — also "chopped top"; to have top chopped
• Chopping — executing a top chop
• C.I.D. (sometimes cubic inches or inches) — cubic inches displacement
• COPO - Central Office Production Order[54]
• Crank — crankshaft[32]
• Cubes — CID
• Cubic inches — CID
• Cutout — a short leg of the exhaust system that exits to the side of the car and typically in front of the driver. The cutout can be operated manually or remotely from the driver's seat. Hot rodders typically use cutouts on hot rods that are used on the street and the strip. The cutout is closed for street use and open for drag racing on the strip.
• Deuce — '32 Ford Model B (most often a roadster);[55] now commonly on A frame rails[56]
• Digger — dragster: only applied to rails, slingshots, or fuel cars[57]
• Double-pumper - carburetor with mechanical primary and secondary jets[58]
• Dual quads — two four-barrel carburetors
• Dragster
  • (broadly) any vehicle modified or purpose-built for use on strips.[32]
  • (specifically) specialized racers (early or recent types, in gas, alky, or fuel varieties)
• Door slammer (doorslammer, door car) — A drag racing car that retains its stock body with functioning doors or the appearance of a stock body with functioning doors. Some classes of door slammers are Pro Stock, Pro Modified, Real Street, x275, and Outlaw 10.5.
• Dyno queen — a car that puts up impressive power numbers on a dynamometer but fails to perform well when actually raced.
• Elephant — Chrysler hemi[59]
• Fabricate - create a part no longer be available;[60] create any part from scratch
• Factory freak - an unmodified car that seemingly makes more power than or is much quicker than the average for its year, make, and model.
• Fat-fender — 1934-48 (U.S.) car[61] (Most common usage is to refer to '41-'48 inclusive, with '35-'41s called "pontoon fenders".)
• Flager (street racing) —the person who stages and starts the race, usually by an arm drop or flashlight.
• Flamed — painted with a flame job
• Flatty — flathead engine[62] (usually refers to a Ford;[32] when specified, the Mercury-built model)
  • 3/8s by 3/8s — lengthening the stroke and increasing the cylinder bore ³⁄₈ in (9.5 mm). A term only applied to flattys.[63]
• Four-barrel - carburetor with four venturis (chokes)[32]
• French — to install headlight or taillight slightly sunken into fender
• Frenched — headlight or tallight slightly sunken into fender;[64] to install as such ("she frenched the taillights")
• Fuel
  • (most commonly) nitro (or a mixture of nitro and alky)[46]
  • the top drag racing class (which runs on nitro)[46]
  • (broadly) gasoline (petrol)
• Fuelie
  • (originally) the 1957 Corvette fuel injected engine, or the car itself ("the fuellie 'vette")[65]
  • (commonly now) any fuel injected engine[66]
• Fueler — any drag racing car run on nitro, or in a nitro class[32]
• Full-race — high-performance flatty cam, suitable only for strip use
• Gasser — car used in gasoline-only drag racing classes in the 1960s (as opposed to alcohol or nitromethane fuels), where the front end of the car is raised along with the motor. Characterized by a body that sits well above the front wheels. Distinct from hiboy.
• Gap — To win a race by at least a car length ("That GTO put the gap on that Mustang.")
• Gennie — genuine[67]
• Giggle gas — nitrous oxide
• Goat — Pontiac GTO[32]
• Grenaded — to break a part into pieces ("When I missed that shift it grenaded my transmission.")[58]
• Hair dryer — turbocharger (for the shape of the intake and exhaust casings)[68]
• Hairpins — radius rods on axle suspension systems[69]
• Hang (or pull) the laundry — to deploy a braking parachute[70]
• Header — variety of exhaust manifold.[71]
• The hit — giving someone in a drag race the option to move first. Sometimes "the move".
• Hopped up (also "hopped") — stock engine modified to increase performance (more common in the '40s and '50s)
• Huffer — supercharger,[72] especially of the Roots type.[73]
• Hydrogen Hot Rod — Hot Rrod powered by alternate fuel[73]
• Inches — CID[68]
• Indian (also "Tin Indian") — Pontiac (for the grille badge)[74]
• Jimmy
  • (usually) GMC straight 6[68]
  • any GMC product, such as a compressor used on 2-stroke diesels used as a supercharger.[68]
• Jimmy Six — GMC straight 6
• Juice
  • nitro[68]
  • nitrous oxide[58]
• Jug - carburetor[68] (no longer common)
• Juice brakes — hydraulic brakes[12]
• Kits — multiple nitrous oxide systems ("How many kits are you spraying?")
• Lake pipes — exhaust pipes running beneath the rocker panels, after use by lakes racers.[75]
• Laundry - parachutes used to slow drag racing cars[70]
• Lope — exhaust note produced by of a high-duration cam
• Louvers — cuts in the sheet metal of the body with a narrow raised section on one side of the cuts to create a small opening. Used to release air from engine compartments, or often merely for aesthetics
• Lowering — reducing the ride height (or ground clearance)
• Lunched — wrecked; caused to be wrecked ("lunched the transmission")[68]
• Mag
  • magnesium wheel, or steel or aluminum copy resembling one such[68]
  • magneto[68]
• Merc — Mercury
• Mill — any internal combustion engine[58]
• Moons (or Moon discs; incorrectly, moon discs) — plain flat chrome or aluminum disc hubcaps, originally adopted by land speed racers. Smaller examples are "baby Moons". Named for Dean Moon.
• Mopar — any car or engine sold by Chrysler Corporation; from the name of the parts, service, and customer care organization
• Mouse — small-block Chevy[76]
• Mountain motor — large-displacement engine. Named for their size, and for being constructed in the mountains of Tennessee and North Carolina.[77] In organized automotive competition, the term commonly references a V8 engine displacing more than 500 cubic inches; informally, a V8 engine displacing more than 560 cubic inches
• The move — giving someone in a drag race the option to move first. Also "the hit"
• Nail — any car used as a daily driver
• Nailhead — Early Buick V8, named for relatively small diameter valves[78]
• Nerf bar — a small tubular or solid T-shaped or decorative bar that acts as a bumper.
• Nitro — Nitromethane, used as a fuel additive in some drag cars
• Nitrous — nitrous oxide
• NOS
  • New Old Stock, stockpiled parts of models no longer produced, not previously available for retail purchase. (More common among customizers than rodders.)
  • Nitrous Oxide System (a.k.a. laughing gas, liquid supercharger, N
    ₂O, nitrous, "the bottle"): apparatus for introducing nitrous oxide into the air intake of an engine prior to the fuel entering the cylinder.
• Nosed — as in "nosed & decked": removal of any hood (bonnet) or trunk (boot) ornaments, the filling of holes, and painting as a smooth clean surface.
• Pickoupe — car-based light-duty pickup, blend of "pickup" & "coupé"
• Pinched — narrowed and lengthened body, usually at the nose
• Pop
  • a mixture of nitro & alky
  • British slang for a sit-up and beg Ford Popular.
• Plod
  • (British) body filler
  • (British) traffic police (after PC Plod in Enid Blyton's Noddy series)
• Poncho - Pontiac product[79]
• Ported and polished — enlarging and smoothing of the intake and exhaust port surfaces of performance engine cylinder heads to facilitate the ease of movement and increased volume of the engine gases.
• Port-matching — the lining up of the intake manifold, cylinder head ports and exhaust headers as to create one continuous smooth course of travel for engine gases with no ledges or obstructions.
• Prepped — a track or road that has been treated with various chemicals to increase traction
• Pro Street — street-legal car resembling a Pro Stock car. Some are very thinly disguised racers.
• Puke can — radiator overflow reservoir, to prevent boilovers spilling on the track
• QJ — Quadrajet (Rochester 4-barrel carburetor)[80]
• Q-jet — Quadrajet[81]
• Ragtop - convertible or roadster[68]
• Rail
  • dragster with exposed front frame rails.[46] Usually refers to early short-wheelbase cars, and not usually to Altereds.
  • (drag racing) guardrail
• Rail job
  • dragster with exposed front frame. Usually refers to early short-wheelbase cars, and not usually to Altereds.
• Rat
  • Chevy big block engine,[82]
  • rat rod
• Redline — maximum safe rev limit; to operate an engine at that limit ("redline it", "redlined it")
• Repop - reproduction (part)[83]
• Rockcrusher — Muncie M22 4-speed transmission[84] so-called because of the audible differences in operation between the model M-22 and its lower strength but quieter cousin, the M-21
• Rocket — Oldsmobile, in particular their early V8s[32]
• Rolled pan (sometimes roll pan) — a contoured sheet of metal covering the space where the bumper used to be
• Sandbagger — driver who intentionally drives slower than his car is capable of or lets off before the end of the drag strip to give the illusion his car is slower than it is to lure people into racing.[68]
• SBC — small-block Chevy V8
• SBF — Small block Ford V8.
• Sectioned — having sectioning ("the '49 was sectioned"); having performed a sectioning ("he sectioned the Merc")
• Sectioning — removing of a horizontal center section of the body and reattaching the upper and lower parts[68]
• Shoebox — '49-'54 Ford (for the slab-sided appearance)
• Shotgun - Ford Boss 429[68]
• Six Pak - Chrysler carburetor arrangement with three two-barrels[68]
• SkyJackers — air shocks used in the rear to jack up the backend to clear wider tires/wheels.
• Slammed — lowering the car very close to the ground. Frequently accomplished with the use of air suspension.
• Sleeper — a car built to appear stock or in poor condition but actually very quick.
• Slick(s) — soft compound tire with no grooves, designed only for drag racing. Usually much wider than normal street tires.[68]
• Slingshot — later variety of early digger,[46] named for the driver's position behind the rear wheels (not its speed[68])
• Slug
  • piston[68]
  • slow car[68]
• Slushbox - automatic transmission[85]
• Smack — Nitrous Oxide
• Small tire — a drag racing car using rear tires generally no taller than 29" and no wider than 10.5"
• SOHC ("sock") - 427 “cammer”[68]
• Souped (or "souped up") — hopped up, performance improved (more common in '40s and '50s)
• Spray — nitrous oxide
• Snail — turbocharger, from the snail shell appearance of the housing
• Static — the use of static suspension components, such as coilovers, to lower a car
• Steelies — stock steel rims[86]
• Stovebolt — Chevy straight 6[87]
• Straight axle — term for a car (often a gasser) that has had it stock A-arm style front suspension removed for leaf springs and a solid tube axle.
• Street legal — dual-purpose car, capable of performing routine duties as well as weekend racing. Some cars described as such, such as Pro Street cars, are very thinly disguised racers.
• Street-strip — dual-purpose car, capable of performing routine duties as well as weekend racing. Some cars described as such have very marginal off-track utility.
• Strip
  • drag strip.
  • (more broadly) cars or parts used or intended for racing only. Thus "street-strip" is a dual-purpose car.
• Stroke — Engine stroke; to increase the engine stroke ("stroke it")
• Stroked — increased stroke, to increase displacement, by adding a longer-stroke crankshaft
• Suicided — door changed from front- to rear-hinged ("suicide") type
• Tin Indian — Pontiac (for the grille badge)
• Toploader — Ford 4-speed manual transmission,[88] so named because access to the transmission internal was made via an access panel located on the top of the transmission housing [89]
• Track T — Model T roadster built in the style of a dirt track race car[90]
• Traction bars —usually, a set of square tubes attached to the back axle via 2 U bolts before and after the axle housing leading forward with a rubber snubber at the top end allowing as the car takes off to limit axle wrap on leaf springs.
• Trailer queen - a race car that is not daily driven, is trailered to events, and sees little or no use other than on a race track[79]
• Tri-Five - a 1955, 1956 or 1957 Chevrolet automobile.
• Tubbed — a car that has had its stock rear wheel wells removed and replaced with larger ones to allow for wider rear tires.
• Tunneled — deeply sunken into fender[91]
• Virgin road — a stretch of road that has not been raced on or had traction increasing products used on it
• Vdub — slang for a Volkswagen automobile.
• Weedburners — short exhaust pipes, running parallel to the ground, with no mufflers (similar to Funny Car exhausts), used for racing, or just for show (not street legal)[46]
• Wheelie bars - rear-mounted bars with small wheels, designed to limit or eliminate wheelstands[68]
• Wombat — General Motors W series engine[92]
• Wrinkle walls — drag racing slicks[93]
• Zoomie pipes (or zoomies) — short exhaust pipes with no mufflers, used for racing, or just for show (not street legal)[94]

Some terms have an additional, different meaning among customizers than among rodders: NOS, for instance, is a reference to new old stock, rather than nitrous oxide.