Ik language
Ik (also known as Icetot, Icietot, Ngulak or (derogatory) Teuso, Teuth) is one of the Kuliak languages of northeastern Uganda. The Kuliak languages form their own branch of the Nilo-Saharan language family. With the other two Kuliak languages being moribund, Ik may soon be the sole remaining language of its family.
| Ik | |
|---|---|
| Icé-tód | |
| Region | Uganda |
| Ethnicity | Ik people |
Native speakers | 7,500 (2011)[1] |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | ikx |
| Glottolog | ikkk1242 |
| ELP | Ik[2] |
A comprehensive dictionary and grammar of Ik has been published in Schrock (2017).[3]
Names
The Ik refer to their own language as Icé-tód [ītʃé-tôd̥̚].[4]
According to Schrock (2015), as a spurious language, Dorobo does not actually exist as a fourth Kuliak language, and may at most be a dialect of Ik.[5]
Distribution
Ik speakers have traditionally resided in Kamion Subcounty, Kaabong District, Uganda, with the Kamion Subcounty consisting of the five parishes Kapalu, Timu, Kamion, Lokwakaramoe, and Morungole.[6] Their traditional homeland is a 50 kilometer-long narrow strip of territory along the Kenya-Uganda border, stretching from Mount Morungole and Kidepo National Park in the north to Mount Lopokok and Timu Forest in the south. Some Ik-speaking villages in Kaabong District are Pirre, Morungole, and Oropoi.[7]
Within the past few decades, Ik-speaking communities have also sprouted up in the following locations.[8]
- Several hundred Ik in New Site, South Sudan (in Eastern Equatoria state, South Sudan)
- Approximately 100 Ik across towns and cities northwestern Kenya, including Kakuma
- A small Ik community in Masindi District, western Uganda
Sociolinguistics
Today, Ik is a highly vital language, although many speakers are also fluent in the local Teso–Turkana languages (such as the Dodoth dialect of Karimojong), Swahili, and to a lesser extent, English.[9]
The Ik language is still stable, as young children still learn the language and remain monolingual until they go to school, and Ik is spoken in all domains of life. Although the community subtly pressures its children to learn more widely spoken languages like Turkana, they see this multilingualism as good without being detrimental to the vitality of their own language. The community sees the language as vital to maintaining their ethnic identity and wants their children to learn Ik in school.[10]
Phonology
The Ik phonemic inventory, as documented by Schrock (2014), is given below.
Consonants include ejectives and implosives.
| Bilabial | Labiodental | Alveolar | Postalveolar | Palatal | Velar | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Stop | voiceless | p | t | k | |||
| voiced | b | d | ɡ | ||||
| implosive | ɓ | ɗ | ʄ | kʼ~ɠ | |||
| Affricate | voiceless | t͡s | t͡ʃ | ||||
| ejective | t͡sʼ | ||||||
| voiced | d͡z | d͡ʒ | |||||
| Fricative | voiceless | f | s | ʃ | |||
| voiced | z | ʒ | |||||
| Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | |||
| Approximant | l | j | w | ||||
| Flap | ɾ | ||||||
Ik displays ATR vowel harmony.
| Front | Central | Back | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| +ATR | -ATR | +ATR | -ATR | +ATR | -ATR | |
| Close | i | ɪ | u | ʊ | ||
| Mid | e | ɛ | ə | o | ɔ | |
| Open | a | |||||
Three additional phonemes, /tlʼ, ɬ, ɮ/, were originally in the language but were lost in the early 21st century.[10]
Lexicon
Some Ik names for native plants and animals (which are aso found in Kidepo National Park) are:[11]
Flora
| Ik name | English name | Scientific name |
|---|---|---|
| asʊnán | African pencil cedar | Juniperus procera |
| átsʼᵃ | Sycamore fig | Ficus sycomorus |
| ɓʊkʊ́lá | Gerrard’s acacia | Vachellia gerrardii |
| ɡáʒadᵃ | Red-pod terminalia | Terminalia brownii |
| ɪtɪt́ ɪ ́ | Flame tree | Erythrina abyssinica |
| mʊs | Candelabra | Euphorbia candelabrum |
| tsʊmˊ | Desert date | Balanites aegyptiaca |
| tsʊ́ʊ́r | White-thorn acacia | Acacia hockii |
Ik crops include:[12]
- sorghum (ŋám)
- finger millet (rébᵃ)
- maize (ɲaɓʊraˊ) (introduced New World crop)
- pumpkins (kaiɗeˊ) (introduced New World crop)
- beans (moriɗᵃ)
- vegetable greens (waicíkᵃ)
Fauna
| Ik name | English name | Scientific name |
|---|---|---|
| borokᵃ | Bushpig | Potamochoerus porcus |
| ɡasoˊ | Warthog | Phacochoerus aethiopicus |
| kɔtɔ́r | Oribi | Ourebia ourebi |
| kʊláɓᵃ | Bushbuck | Tragelaphus scriptus |
| ŋamurˊ | Common duiker | Sylvicapra grimmia |
| ŋʊrˊ | Cane rat | Thryonomys swinderianus |
| ɲól | Günther’s dik-dik | Madoqua guentheri |
| róɡᵃ | Mountain reedbuck | Redunca fulvorufula |
| tɔrɔmɪɲ | Crested porcupine | Hystrix cristata |
| tsɔ́r | Baboon | Papio cynocephalus |
| alálá | Augur buzzard | Buteo augur |
| fúluƙurú | White-crested turaco | Tauraco leucolophus |
| itsókᵃ | Amethyst sunbird | Chalcomitra amethystina |
| ƙáraƙár | Green wood-hoopoe | Phoeniculus purpureus |
| kíryooró | Crested helmet shrike | Prionops plumatus |
| kʊ́rakᵃ | Fan-tailed raven | Corvus rhipidurus |
| múɗuɗú | Senegal coucal | Centropus senegalensis |
| tsitsᵃ | Gabar goshawk | Micronisus gabar |
Society
Like the neighboring Nilotic peoples, the Ik people have age-groups (cohorts), each with its own assigned totem. Nowadays, the traditional Ik age-group system is mostly obsolete (Heine 1999).[13]
- Basaúr ‘Eland’
- Gasar ‘Buffalo’
- Gwaɪt́ sʼᵃ ‘Giraffe’
- Kaɗokóⁱ ‘Vervet monkey’
- Koɗowᵃ ‘Gazelle’
- Leweɲ ‘Ostrich’
- Ráɡwᵃ ‘Ox’
Traditional Ik society also has terms for specific prohibitions and taboos, such as:[14]
- bɔsɛ́s ‘prohibition against fining children or youth’
- cuᵉ ‘prohibition against failing to give water to elders first’
- dɛ ‘prohibition against failing to give leg-meat to elders’
- ifófóés ‘prohibition against eating the first harvest secretly’
- imwáŋón ‘prohibition against seeing your mother-in-law’
See also
- Ik word list (Wiktionary)
Notes
- Ik at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)
- Endangered Languages Project data for Ik.
- Schrock (2017)
- Schrock (2014:14)
- Schrock (2015)
- Schrock (2014:11)
- Schrock (2014:2)
- Schrock (2014:2)
- Schrock (2014:14)
- Schrock (2014)
- Schrock (2014:7-8)
- Schrock (2014:9)
- Schrock (2014:11)
- Schrock (2014:14)
References
- Schrock, Terrill (2014). A grammar of Ik (Icé-tód): Northeast Uganda's last thriving Kuliak language (Doctoral thesis). Utrecht: LOT (Leiden University). hdl:1887/30201. ISBN 9789460931567.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Schrock, Terrill (2015). "On whether 'Dorobo' was a fourth Kuliak language". Studies in African Linguistics. 44: 47–58.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Schrock, Terrill B. (2017). The Ik Language: Dictionary And Grammar Sketch. African Language Grammars and Dictionaries, 1. Berlin: Language Science Press. doi:10.5281/zenodo.344792.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
Further reading
- Schrock, Terrill. 2008. Ik (SIL Comparative African Word List ). ComparaLex.
