International recognition of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic

The Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR) was proclaimed by the Polisario Front on 27 February 1976, in Bir Lehlu, Western Sahara. SADR claims sovereignty over the entire territory of Western Sahara, a former Spanish colony; however, at present the SADR government controls only about 20–25% of the territory it claims.[1] It calls the territories under its control the "Liberated Territories".

As of November 2020, the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic has been recognized by 84 UN member states.[note 1] Of these, 45 have since "frozen" or "withdrawn" recognition.[note 2] SADR has, at some point in time, been recognised by 43.5% of United Nations (UN) member states, 38 out of the other 54 (70%) African Union (AU) member states, 18 out of 57 (32%) Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) member states, and 5 out of 22 (23%) Arab League (AL) member states. Several states that do not recognize the Sahrawi Republic nonetheless recognize the Polisario Front as the legitimate representative of the population of the Western Sahara, but not as the government-in-exile of a sovereign state.

The SADR has been a member of the African Union (AU), formerly the Organization of African Unity (OAU), since 1984. Morocco withdrew from the OAU in protest, until rejoining in 2017.[2] The SADR also participates as guest on meetings of the Non-Aligned Movement[3][4] or the New Asian–African Strategic Partnership,[5] over Moroccan objections to SADR participation.

The Arab League simply supports "Moroccan territorial integrity", without further specification.[6][7] While only one other country (the United States) has ever recognized Morocco's unilateral annexation of Western Sahara,[8][9] a number of countries have expressed their support for a future status of Western Sahara as an autonomous part of Morocco.

Besides Mexico, Algeria, Iran, Venezuela, Vietnam, Nigeria and South Africa, India was the major middle power to have ever recognized SADR, having allowed the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic to open an embassy in New Delhi in 1985. However, India "withdrew" its recognition in 2000.[10]

States that have recognized SADR
International recognition of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR):
  SADR, as the territory it controls
  States that currently recognize SADR
  States that have "withdrawn", "frozen" or "suspended" recognition of SADR[note 2]

84 UN member states and South Ossetia either currently recognize SADR or have recognized it in the past. Of these, 45 have "suspended", "frozen" or "withdrawn" recognition[note 2] (most recently Guyana). Several African countries and Caribbean or Pacific island-states have taken such actions subsequent to Moroccan lobbying and offers of economic and other exchanges, although the association of such decisions and these efforts is disputable.[11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23] On the other hand, some states which had "withdrawn" or "frozen" recognition later resumed it (most recently Panama).

The following lists all the states that have ever recognized the SADR.

Overview of diplomatic recognition of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
States that currently recognize (39 UN member states and South Ossetia)
States that have "withdrawn", "frozen" or "suspended" recognition[note 2] (45 UN member states)
State[note 3]Date of recognition[28][29][30][31] Diplomatic relations[note 4] Relevant membership, further details
1 Madagascar28 February 1976[32]NoAU; Recognized by the Democratic Republic of Madagascar. Recognition frozen 6 April 2005.[33][34][35][36][37]
2 Burundi1 March 1976[38][39]NoAU; Recognition frozen 5 May 2006,[38][40] resumed 16 June 2008,[41][42] but withdrawn 25 October 2010.[43][44][45][46]
3 Algeria6 March 1976[47]YesAU, Arab League, OIC
4 Benin11 March 1976[39][48]NoAU, OIC; Recognized by the People's Republic of Benin. Recognition suspended 21 March 1997.[48][49][50][51]
5 Angola11 March 1976[39]YesAU; Recognized by the People's Republic of Angola.
6 Mozambique13 March 1976[39]YesAU, OIC; Recognized by the People's Republic of Mozambique.
7 Guinea-Bissau15 March 1976NoAU, OIC; Recognition withdrawn 2 April 1997,[52][53][54] recognition resumed 26 May 2009,[55][56][57] but withdrawn again 30 March 2010.[58][59][60]
8 North Korea16 March 1976Yes—
9 Togo17 March 1976NoAU, OIC; Recognition withdrawn 16 June 1997.[52][61][62]
10 Rwanda1 April 1976YesAU; In October 2020, Rwanda signed cooperation agreements with Morocco. In addition, Rwanda supported Morocco's territorial integrity and sovereignty over Western Sahara,[63] but without any mention of discontinued recognition of SADR.
11 Yemen2 February 1977NoArab League, OIC; Recognition granted by People's Democratic Republic of Yemen which unified with the Yemen Arab Republic 22 May 1990.
Further details
United Yemen took over the recognition made by South Yemen. In a joint letter to the UN Secretary-General sent just prior to unification, the Ministers of Foreign affairs of North and South Yemen stated that "All treaties and agreements concluded between either the Yemen Arab Republic or the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen and other States and international organizations in accordance with international law which are in force on 22 May 1990 will remain in effect, and international relations existing on 22 May 1990 between the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen and the Yemen Arab Republic and other States will continue".[64] Other sources indicate that recognition was continued by united Yemen.[28][30] Yemen's speaker of parliament said in 1999 that the country supports the Moroccan claims on Western Sahara,[65] but there are no sources indicating that recognition of the SADR has been formally "withdrawn" or "frozen".[30]
12 Seychelles25 October 1977[66]NoAU; Recognition withdrawn 17 March 2008.[67][68][69]
13 Congo3 July 1978NoAU; Recognized by the People's Republic of Congo. Recognition withdrawn 13 September 1996.[30]
14 Sao Tome and Principe22 July 1978NoAU; Recognition withdrawn 23 October 1996.[30]
15 Panama23 July 1978YesRecognition suspended 20 November 2013.[70][71][72][73] Resumed 7 January 2016.[74][75]
16 Equatorial Guinea3 November 1978NoAU; Recognition withdrawn 2 May 1980.[30]
17 Tanzania9 November 1978YesAU
18 Ethiopia24 February 1979YesAU; Recognized by the Socialist Ethiopia.
19 Vietnam2 March 1979[76][77]Yes
Further details
There was conflicting information on Vietnam's position. According to several Moroccan sources recognition was withdrawn in 2010 or earlier.[78][79][80][81] The latest source suggesting withdrawal of recognition is from June 2013.[82] However, a web page of the MFA of Vietnam still shows the SADR on a list of states with which Vietnam maintains diplomatic relations. This list was updated in May 2013, three years after they were originally purported to have withdrawn their recognition.[83] The situation has been clarified in May 2016, when Ambassador of Vietnam to the SADR was appointed.[84]
20 Cambodia10 April 1979NoRecognized by the People's Republic of Kampuchea. Recognition denounced 14 August 2006.[85][86][87]
21 Laos9 May 1979Yes—
22 Afghanistan23 May 1979NoOIC; Recognized by the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan. Recognition withdrawn 11 July 2002.[88][89]
23 Cape Verde4 June 1979[90]NoAU; Recognition frozen 27 July 2007.[90][91][92] The Cape Verden President met the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Saharawi Arab Democratic Republic on 6 February 2012,[93][94] but on 16 November 2019 Luis Felipe Tavarez, Cape Verde's Minister of Foreign Affairs and Defense, reiterated the country's support for Morocco's claims of Western Sahara.[95]
24 Grenada20 August 1979NoRecognition withdrawn 11 August 2010.[96][97][98]
25 Ghana24 August 1979YesAU; Recognition frozen May 2001,[30] but resumed 2011.[99]
26 Guyana1 September 1979NoOIC. Withdrew recognition on 14 November 2020.[100][101]
27 Dominica1 September 1979NoRecognition withdrawn 22 July 2010.[102][103]
28 Saint Lucia1 September 1979NoRecognition withdrawn 21 March 1989,[104] withdrawal reiterated 9 August 2010.[97][98][104][105]
29 Jamaica6 September 1979NoRecognition withdrawn 14 September 2016.[106] Jamaica reiterated its decision on 11 December 2019.[107]
30 Nicaragua6 September 1979YesRecognition frozen 21 July 2000,[108][109] but diplomatic relations resumed 12 January 2007.[110]
31 Uganda6 September 1979YesAU, OIC
32 Mexico8 September 1979Yes—
33 Lesotho9 October 1979Yes[111]AU
Further details
In a note to Morocco on 4 October 2019, Lesotho stated that it had decided to "suspend all statements and decisions related to the status of Western Sahara and 'SADR' pending the outcome of the United Nations Process".[112] On 8 October 2019 Lesotho sent a letter to SADR which reiterated its support to the SADR.[113] On 10 December 2019, Foreign Affairs Minister of Lesotho Lesego Calayl Makghoti stated that he could "confirm and clarify my country's position which is: a commitment to suspend all previous decisions and statements related to Western Sahara and 'SADR', pending the outcome of the United Nations process".[114] On 14 December 2019, Official Spokesperson of the Government of Lesotho, Mr. Thesele Maseribane stated that "the Kingdom of Lesotho has not changed its principled position on the Western Sahara issue based on the right of self-determination and that it maintains friendly diplomatic relations with the Sahrawi State" and that "any statements by persons in their individual capacity claim that they can change the position to compromise on this issue, these statements will be null and void".[115] On 2 July 2020, Minister for Foreign Affairs and International Relations, ’Matšepo Ramakoae denying previous unilateral misrepresentations of that position last year and stated that "Lesotho will continue to maintain her principled position on Western Sahara and reiterates her support to the Saharawi Arab Democratic Republic as an independent African Country coexisting side by side with the Kingdom of Morocco in peace and security".[116]
34 Zambia12 October 1979[117]NoAU; Recognition withdrawn 29 March 2011,[118][119][120] resumed 21 November 2012,[121] but withdrawn 2 March 2018.[122][123]
Further details

On 9 July 2016, Zambia's MFA was quoted as saying that it had again withdrawn recognition, a claim that was repeated by the official Moroccan news agency in February 2017, but the Zambian MFA put out a press release in February 2017 denying that it had withdrawn recognition.[124][125] In 2018, MFA of Zambia again officially reaffirmed that it had withdrawn recognition of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic.[122][123]

35 Cuba20 January 1980Yes—
36 Iran27 February 1980[126]NoOIC
37 Sierra Leone27 March 1980YesAU, OIC; Recognition frozen 16 July 2003,[127][128] but resumed 20 June 2011.[129]
38 Syria15 April 1980NoArab League, OIC
39 Libya15 April 1980NoAU, Arab League, OIC; Recognized by the Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya.
40 Eswatini28 April 1980NoAU; Recognition withdrawn 4 July 1997.[52]
41 Botswana14 May 1980YesAU
42 Zimbabwe3 June 1980[130]YesAU
43 Chad4 July 1980NoAU, OIC; Recognition withdrawn 9 May 1997,[52] resumed then withdrawn 17 March 2006,[131][132] on 17 July 2007 the sides decided to raise their diplomatic relations to ambassadorial level "as soon as possible".[133][134]
Further details
On 10 July 2007 Prime Minister of Chad Delwa Kassiré Koumakoye received Sahrawi Foreign Minister Mohamed Salem Ould Salek. According to the communiqué dated 17 July 2007, both parties decided to raise their diplomatic relations to ambassadorial level "as soon as possible". On 20 July the Chadian government released a note on its website, along with a full text of the communiqué, disputing the claim included in an article published in Alwihda that Chad and SADR had signed an agreement on recognition.[134] On 11 August 2018 Sahrawi President expressed appreciation for the steadfast position of Chad in supporting the Sahrawi people's right to freedom and independence.[135]
44 Mali4 July 1980NoAU, OIC
45 Costa Rica30 October 1980NoRecognition frozen 22 April 2000.[136][137][138]
46 Vanuatu26 November 1980[139][140]YesRecognition withdrawn 24 November 2000,[139][140][141][142][143] diplomatic relations resumed 31 July 2008.[144][145]
47 Papua New Guinea12 August 1981NoRecognition withdrawn 30 March 2011.[146][147][148][149]
48 Tuvalu12 August 1981NoRecognition withdrawn 3 September 2000.[141][150][151]
49 Kiribati12 August 1981NoRecognition withdrawn 3 September 2000.[141][150][151]
50 Nauru12 August 1981NoRecognition withdrawn 3 September 2000.[141][150][151]
51 Solomon Islands12 August 1981NoRecognition withdrawn January 1989.[30]
52 Mauritius1 July 1982YesAU; Recognition withdrawn 17 January 2014,[152][153][154] but resumed 23 November 2015.[155][156]
53 Venezuela3 August 1982Yes—
54 Suriname21 August 1982[157]NoOIC; Recognition withdrawn 9 March 2016.[157][158]
55 Bolivia14 December 1982[159]NoSuspended on 20 January 2020.[160][161]
56 Ecuador14 November 1983YesRecognition withdrawn 14 June 2004,[162][163] but resumed 8 February 2006.[164]
57 Mauritania27 February 1984NoAU, Arab League, OIC
58 Burkina Faso4 March 1984NoAU, OIC; Recognized by the Republic of Upper Volta. Recognition withdrawn 5 June 1996.[52][165]
59 Peru16 August 1984NoRecognition frozen 9 September 1996.[166]
60 Nigeria11 November 1984YesAU, OIC
61 Serbia28 November 1984[30]NoRecognition granted by the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, but withdrawn 26 October 2004 by Yugoslavia's self-declared successor state Serbia and Montenegro[167][168] (whose own successor state is Serbia).
62 Colombia27 February 1985[169]NoRecognition frozen 20 December 2000.[30]
Further details
Colombia's Senate passed a resolution in May 2014 stating that they "consider it important to recognize the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic."[170]
63 Liberia31 July 1985No[171]AU; Recognition withdrawn 5 September 1997,[52][172][173] but resumed 30 October 2012 or before.[174] In March 2020, Liberia opened a consulate in Dakhla, which is controlled by Morocco, but without any mention of discontinued recognition of SADR.[175][176]
64 India1 October 1985NoRecognition withdrawn 26 June 2000.[10][177]
65 Guatemala10 April 1986NoRecognition frozen April 1998,[30] Guatemala allegedly denied having ever recognized the SADR July 2002.[178]
Further details
Although Guatemala does not recognize the SADR as a state, it does recognize Sahrawi passports and grants visas to its holders.[179]
66 Dominican Republic24 June 1986[180]NoRecognition frozen 23 May 2002.[180][181][182][183][184][185][186][187]
67 Trinidad and Tobago1 November 1986No—
68 Belize18 November 1986Yes—
69 St. Kitts and Nevis25 February 1987NoRecognition withdrawn 12 August 2010.[97][98][188]
70 Antigua and Barbuda27 February 1987NoRecognition withdrawn 12 August 2010.[97][98][189]
71 Albania29 December 1987NoOIC; Recognized by the Socialist People's Republic of Albania. Recognition withdrawn 11 November 2004.[190]
72 Barbados27 February 1988NoRecognition frozen 11 February 2013,[191][192][193][194] withdrawn 21 June 2019.[195]
73 El Salvador31 July 1989NoRecognition withdrawn April 1997,[30] resumed by 6 June 2009,[196] then withdrawn again 15 June 2019.[197]
74 Honduras8 November 1989YesRecognition allegedly withdrawn January 2000,[198] and reiterated by Morocco.[199] but this was denied by the SADR[200] On 5 June 2013 the two states signed an agreement that in part "expressed their wish to initiate the process for the restoration of diplomatic relations".[201][202][203][204]
75 Namibia11 June 1990[205]YesAU
76 Malawi16 November 1994[206]NoAU; Recognition withdrawn 26 June 2001,[207] diplomatic relations established 24 March 2002,[208][209] recognition withdrawn 27 December 2002,[210] diplomatic relations reestablished 1 February 2008,[206][211][212] recognition withdrawn 16 September 2008,[213][214][215][216][217][218][219][220] diplomatic relations resumed 6 March 2014,[221][222] and then recognition withdrawn again 5 May 2017.[223][222]
77 Paraguay9 February 2000[224]NoRecognition frozen 25 July 2000,[30] resumed 12 August 2008,[225] but suspended 3 January 2014.[226][227][228][229][230]
78 St. Vincent and the Grenadines14 February 2002[231]NoRecognition frozen 13 February 2013.[232][233][234]
79 Timor-Leste20 May 2002[235]Yes—
80 South Africa15 September 2004[117][236][237][238]YesAU
81 Kenya25 June 2005[117][239]YesAU; Diplomatic relations temporally frozen 18 October 2006,[239][240] recognition frozen 26 June 2007,[241][242] then resumed 6 February 2014 or before.[243][244]
82 Uruguay26 December 2005[245][246][247]Yes—
83 Haiti22 November 2006[248]NoRecognition withdrawn 2 October 2013.[249][250][251][252][253]
— South Ossetia27 February 2011[254]No
Further details

The MFA of South Ossetia issued a statement to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the SADR expressing its "greetings on the occasion of 35 anniversary of the Declaration of Independence Day of SADR".[254][note 5]

84 South Sudan9 July 2011[256]NoAU; Recognition withdrawn 28 September 2018.[257]

States whose parliaments have voted to recognize SADR

The parliaments of several states that do not recognize the Sahrawi Republic have called on their respective governments to recognize SADR. The parliament of Sweden was the first in the EU voted to recognize Western Sahara in December 2012, but this has not been enacted by the Swedish government. Declarations were also adopted by the parliaments of Chile and Brazil.

The following lists states whose parliaments have recognized the SADR.[note 6][note 7]

StateDate of approvalApproval byRelevant membership, further details
1 Chile1 September 1999
14 July 2009
4 August 2010
1 August 2014		Chamber of DeputiesForeign Minister of Chile reported 30 November 1999 by official letter to Sahrawi Chancellor the decision of the President of Chile to recognize the SADR. But it has not been implemented. Therefore, the lower house of Chile's parliament subsequently repeatedly called for the recognition of SADR and establishment of diplomatic relations with it.[261][262]
2 Australia29 November 2004SenateAustralian Senate adopted a motion where "urges Australian government to positively consider extending diplomatic recognition to SADR at the appropriate time."[263]
3 Brazil31 May 2007
26 October 2011
3 September 2014		Chamber of DeputiesBrazilian Chamber of Deputies repeatedly asked government of Brazil to recognize SADR and establish diplomatic relations with it.[264][265][266]
4 Sweden5 December 2012RiksdagEU; Swedish parliament voted to recommend that the Swedish government "recognises the SADR as soon as possible".[267]

See also

Notes
  1. SADR is also recognised by South Ossetia, which itself has been recognised by six UN members, of which one have subsequently withdrawn recognition.
  2. According to international law regarding recognition of states, contained in article 6 of the Montevideo Convention: "Recognition of a state simply means that the state recognizes it accepts the personality of the other with all the rights and duties determined by international law. Recognition is unconditional and irrevocable". Therefore, once one state recognizes another as a fellow sovereign state, this recognition cannot be revoked, except when one or the other ceases to exist. One can only revoke the recognition of a government (for example by breaking off diplomatic relations), not of the state itself.[24][25] The provisions of the Montevideo Convention are generally considered to be a restatement of customary international law, codifying existing legal norms and its principles, and therefore do not apply merely to the parties to the Convention, but to all subjects of international law as a whole.[26][27]
  3. States with limited recognition are included, but not numbered in the first column.
  4. The information in this column is taken from Foreign relations of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic.
  5. Such statements are interpreted as a method of implied recognition.[255]
  6. In January 2014 a bill was submitted in the Danish parliament that Denmark would recognize the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic, but it has not been voted on.[258][259]
  7. In 1988, the Raul Alfonsín government of Argentina made a compromise to recognize the independence of the Sahrawi Republic to end of 1988. This announcement was dated 6 May 1988, sent by a letter signed by Minister Dante Caputo to Minister of Foreign Affairs of SADR. In July 2010, the Argentine Chamber of Deputies registered a declaration project exhorting the government of Argentina to recognize the SADR and to establish diplomatic relations with it.[260]

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