Israel–Serbia relations

The diplomatic relations between Israel and Serbia were established on January 31, 1992, when Serbia was part of FR Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro). Israel has an embassy in Belgrade and Serbia had an embassy in Tel Aviv.[1] Yugoslavia was the second country in Europe to recognize Israel in 1948.[2] The two countries have economic and cultural ties, helped by a sizable community of Jews from the former Yugoslavia in Israel. Serbia agreed to move its embassy to Jerusalem on 4 September 2020.[3][4]

Israel-Serbia relations

Israel
Serbia

History
Subotica Synagogue
The monument to the Holocaust victims in Belgrade
Main article: History of the Jews in Serbia

Ever since the 13th century there has been a recorded Jewish community of both Ashkenazi and Sephardic Jews in the city of Belgrade. The first Jews to settle in the city originally arrived from Italy and the city of Dubrovnik, and later on from Hungary and Spain.[5]

The Jewish communities of the Balkans saw significant influx in the 15th and 16th centuries by the arrival of Jewish refugees fleeing the Spanish and Portuguese Inquisitions. Sultan Bayezid II of the Ottoman Empire welcomed the Jewish refugees into his Empire. Jews became involved in trade between the various provinces in the Ottoman Empire, becoming especially important in the salt trade.[6] In the northern province of Vojvodina, which was under Habsburg rule, Jews settled in the 18th century, particularly after the 1782 Edict of Tolerance by the Emperor Joseph II, which gave Jews a measure of religious freedom.[7]

The Jewish community developed substantially before and after World War I following the religious autonomy they have received, and many Jewish educational institutions and synagogues for both the Ashkenazi and Sephardic communities were established. By the year 1939 there were approximately 10,400 Jews living in Belgrade.[5]

Most of the Jews living in Serbia were killed during the Holocaust. During the war, many Jews were given refuge by the Yugoslav Partisans, led by Josip Broz Tito, and many of them fought along their side. Serbian civilians were involved in saving thousands of Yugoslavian Jews during this period.[8] After the war, most of those who survived gradually emigrated to Israel.

According to the 2011 census, there are 578 declared Jews in Serbia, living mainly in Belgrade and Vojvodina.[9]

SFR Yugoslavia and Israel established diplomatic relations in 1948. Until 1952, a total of 7,578 Jews emigrated from Yugoslavia to Israel. During the period, Yugoslavia was mostly neutral in the Arab–Israeli conflict, but maintained ties with Israel, helped by its sizable Jewish emigration.[10]

Yugoslavia severed all diplomatic relations with Israel following the Six-Day War in 1967, and it was following a pro-Arab policy since. After the breakup of Yugoslavia, newly formed FR Yugoslavia renewed the relations on January 31, 1992, seeking for certain international support as it was practically isolated from the international community during the Yugoslav Wars.[10][11]

Political relations
President of Serbia Aleksandar Vučić with President of Israel Reuven Rivlin in Belgrade, 26 July 2018.

Government of the Kingdom of Serbia, in exile at the time because of the German-Austrian occupation during the World War I, was to first government to officially endorse the Balfour Declaration which announced the establishment of the Jewish state in Palestine. Serbian diplomat to the United States and Zionist leader David Albala announced the support for the declaration on 27 December 1917. Milenko Vesnić, Serbian ambassador to Paris from 1907 to 1920, in one document referred to the new Jewish state as "Israel", which was the first official mention of that name in the international politics.[12][13][14][15]

According to professor Igor Primoratz: "Since the beginning of the disintegration of Yugoslavia, Israel’s political establishment has taken a pro-Serbian stand. Facts that Israel had an embassy in Belgrade since October 1991 and that Serbia was the first among Yugoslavia's successor states to open the embassy in Israel (though ambassador Budimir Košutić will never submit his credentials to the President of Israel due to the UN Security Council sanctions imposed on Belgrade) are just confirming that. Both Israeli public and the press itself as Yad Vashem refused to recognize crimes that Serbs committed in Croatia during the Croatian War of Independence."[16]

On April 28, 2009, Arthur Koll, the Israeli ambassador to Serbia, said that though it had been more than a year since Kosovo unilaterally declared independence, Israel had no intention of recognizing the declaration, and that "Israel is asked from time to time how solid this decision is, but the fact is that Israel's position has not changed throughout this time. The Serbian people and government should appreciate Israel's position, which also demonstrates the friendship between the two states.".[17][18] In September 2009, during an official visit to Belgrade, Israeli Foreign Minister Avigdor Lieberman also reaffirmed that Israel would not recognise Kosovo, but hoped the issue would be resolved peacefully.[19]

Israel recognized the Republic of Kosovo as an independent sovereign state on 4 September 2020 and the two agreed to establish formal diplomatic relations.[20][21][22][23][24][25] On 21 September the ambassador of Israel to Serbia, Yahel Vilan, confirmed that Israel had formally recognized Kosovo on 4 September 2020 saying "There is no doubt whether Israel will recognize Kosovo or not, because Israel already recognized Kosovo on 4 September".[26][27]

On 9 September 2020, The Jerusalem Post quoted an unnamed source from the Serbian President's office who stated that Serbia would not move its embassy to Jerusalem as it pledged to do by signing the White House Agreement if Israel recognizes Kosovo as an independent state. The source also stated, “Moreover, this move by Israel would harm the otherwise intimate relationship between Israel and Serbia and it will never be the same. It’s that simple”.[28]

Economic ties

Economic ties between Israel and Serbia have been rapidly expanding since 2009, in part due to the abolition of visa restrictions between the two countries in September of that year. On February 1, 2012, Serbian president Boris Tadić noted during a ceremony marking 20 years to the renewal of diplomatic ties that Israeli companies have invested more than a billion euros in infrastructures in Serbia.[11]

In October 2009, Serbian Interior Minister Ivica Dačić paid a visit to Israel, during which an agreement was signed between the two governments on cooperation in the fight against crime, illegal trade and abuse of narcotics and psychoactive substances, terrorism and other serious criminal acts.[29]

Tourism
Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu and Serbian President Aleksandar Vučić at the Moscow Victory Day Parade in 2018.

Since the abolition of visa restrictions between the two countries in September 2009, the state of Israel has been promoting Serbian tourism to Israel through the Israeli embassy in Belgrade. These efforts include annual advertisements on billboards and public buses in Belgrade presenting Israel as a sea and sun summer destination under the title "Осети Израел / Oseti Izrael" ("Feel Israel"). In 2011 the Israeli embassy initiated a tourism campaign titled "Ја волим Тел Авив / Ja volim Tel Aviv" ("I Love Tel-Aviv"), which included the construction of a "beach" in Novi Sad meant to simulate a typical beach in the Israeli city of Tel-Aviv and be used as a venue for parties and different activities promoting tourism to Israel.[30] According to the Israeli Central Bureau of Statistics, during 2011 4,700 Serbians visited Israel as tourists, compared to 3,000 in 2010 and 1,400 in 2009.[31] In 2016 15,129 Israeli tourists visited Serbia.[32]

Controversy

Alleged financial and weapon support

In 1995, Israeli weapons supplies showed up among Serbian militants in Bosnia. However, at the time it was not clear how extensive the supply was, or whether they were provided by state or private arms dealers, or whether the Israeli government had even known or approved of such transfers.[33]

It was subsequently reported that Israel had purposely provided weapons to the Serbs during the Bosnian War, possibly due to the pro-Serbian bias of the government of the time,[34] or possibly in exchange for the Sarajevo Jewish community to make aliyah to Israel.[35] It has been alleged that the Israeli intelligence service, Mossad, was responsible for providing Serbian groups with arms.[36]

Criticism of 1999 NATO bombing
Tommy Lapid, a Serbian-born Israeli radio and television presenter, playwright, journalist, politician and Minister of Justice

Israel refused to support the 1999 NATO bombing of Yugoslavia, leading to admonishment from the United States.[37] Ariel Sharon criticised NATO's bombing as an act of "brutal interventionism".[38] In the first detailed Israeli response to the NATO campaign against Belgrade, Sharon said both Serbia and Kosovo have been victims of violence. He said prior to the current Yugoslav campaign against Kosovo Albanians, Serbians were the targets of attacks in the Kosovo province. "Israel has a clear policy. We are against aggressive actions. We are against hurting innocent people. I hope that the sides will return to the negotiating table as soon as possible." During the crisis, Elyakim Haetzni said the Serbs should be the first to receive Israeli aid. "There are our traditional friends," he told Israel Radio."[39] It was suggested that Sharon may have supported the Yugoslav position because of the Serbian population's history of saving Jews during the holocaust.[40] On Sharon's death, Serbian minister Aleksandar Vulin stated: The Serbian people will remember Sharon for opposing the 1999 NATO bombing campaign against the former Yugoslavia and advocating respect for sovereignty of other nations and a policy of not interfering with their internal affairs.[41] It was suggested that Israel's pro-Serbian position may have been a result of Serbs saving Jews during the Holocaust, personal memories of which were still present among many older Israeli politicians serving in government at the time such as Tommy Lapid.[40]

Palestinian territories

Israel and Kosovo did not recognize each other until September 4, 2020. This decision is regarded in part due to the possibility of the Palestinian Authority using such a recognition to justify their own unilateral declaration of independence.[42] However, In 2011 Serbia voted to recognize Palestine as UNESCO's 195th member, against Israel's wishes. Belgrade declared that it would not have opposed a resolution recognizing Palestinian sovereignty, had one come before the UN General Assembly.[43] On the other hand, the Serbian entity in Bosnia and Herzegovina blocked the Bosnian recognition of Palestine to UNESCO.

See also

References
  1. "Embassy of The Republic of Serbia in the State of Israel". telaviv.mfa.gov.rs.
  2. "International Recognition of Israel". www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org. Retrieved 2019-07-03.
  3. "Serbia, Kosovo Normalize Economic Ties, Gesture to Israel". The New York Times. 4 September 2020.
  4. "Serbia won't move embassy if Israel recognizes Kosovo". The Jerusalem Post. 9 September 2020.
  5. articles with dead external links%5d%5d%5b%5bCategory:Articles with dead external links from November 2017%5d%5d%5b%5bCategory:Articles with permanently dead external links%5d%5d "Support-Page" Check |url= value (help).
  6. "Virtual Jewish History Tour – Serbia and Montenegro". Jewish virtual library.
  7. "Yugoslavia". Jewish virtual library.
  8. Why is Israel waffling on Kosovo?, by LARRY DERFNER, and GIL SEDAN
  9. "2011 Census of Population, Households and Dwellings in the Republic of Serbia: Religion, Mother Tongue and Ethnicity" (PDF). Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia. 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-07-15.
  10. Ćulibrk, Jovan. "The State of Israel and its Relations with the Successor States of the Former Yugoslavia during the Balkan Conflict in 1990s and in its Aftermath".
  11. Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs – February 1, 2012 – Israel and Serbia mark 20 years since renewal of diplomatic ties
  12. G'eni Lebel (2007). Until the Final Solution: The Jews in Belgrade 1521–1942. Avotaynu. pp. 159, 212–213. ISBN 978-1-886223-33-2.
  13. Michael Freund (4 November 2013). "David Albala: Serbian Warrior, Zionist Hero". The Jerusalem Post.
  14. Milan Ristović (2016). "The Jews of Serbia (1804–1918): From Princely Protection to Formal Emancipation". In Tullia Catalan, Marco Dogo (ed.). The Jews and the Nation – States of Southeastern Europe from the 19th Century to the Great Depression: Combining Viewpoints on a Controversial Story. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 49. ISBN 978-1-4438-9662-7.
  15. Slobodan Kljakić (4 June 2018). "Албале и њихове три дипломатске мисије" [The Albalas and their three diplomatic missions]. Politika (in Serbian). p. 06.
  16. Igor Primoratz, Israel and Genocide in Croatia
  17. "Israeli position on Kosovo firm" Archived 2011-06-07 at the Wayback Machine, B92.net, 2009-04-28
  18. Izrael ne menja stav o nezavisnosti Kosova, 2009-04-28, RTS (in Serbian)
  19. Press conference with FM Liberman in Belgrade, 2009-09-16, Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs
  20. "Serbia, Kosovo normalize economic ties, gesture to Israel". AP NEWS. 2020-09-04. Retrieved 2020-09-04.
  21. Reuters (2020-09-04). "Serbia, Kosovo to Open Israel Embassies in Jerusalem". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2020-09-04.
  22. Serbia to move embassy to Jerusalem; mostly Muslim Kosovo to recognize Israel, The Times of Israel, 2020-04-09
  23. https://mfa.gov.il/MFA/PressRoom/2020/Pages/Serbian-embassy-to-relocate-to-Jerusalem-5-September-2020.aspx
  24. https://twitter.com/IsraeliPM/status/1302313140802252808
  25. https://twitter.com/MelizaHaradinaj/status/1301954419278450689
  26. http://rs.n1info.com/Vesti/a642005/Ambasador-Izraela-Izrael-je-priznao-Kosovo-4.-septembra-to-vise-nije-pitanje.html
  27. https://www.serbianmonitor.com/en/double-slap-for-serbia-israel-recognizes-kosovo-and-vucic-in-conflict-with-the-eu/
  28. "Serbia won't move embassy if Israel recognizes Kosovo". The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com. Retrieved 2020-09-09.
  29. "Israel firm in refusing to recognize Kosovo" Archived 2009-11-03 at the Wayback Machine, B92, 2009-10-28
  30. "Tel Aviv stigao na Štrand".
  31. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2013-10-22. Retrieved 2012-04-27.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  33. Adam Garfinkle Politics and Society in Modern Israel: Myths and Realities, By , M.E. Sharpe, 7 Dec 1999, page 194
  34. Tom Sawicki "How are Bosnia's Serbs getting Israeli arms?", The Jerusalem Report, January 1995
  35. Intelligence and the War in Bosnia, 1992–1995 (New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction, 2003), 215. https://www.niod.nl/sites/niod.nl/files/II%20-%20Intelligence%20and%20the%20war%20in%20Bosnia%201992%20-%201995%20-%20The%20role%20of%20the%20intelligence%20and%20security%20services.pdf
  36. Richard J Aldrich America used Islamists to arm the Bosnian Muslims, The Guardian Monday 22 April 2002
  37. Israeli's Kosovo Remarks Raise Ire April 09, 1999, TRACY WILKINSON, LA Times
  38. Ariel Sharon... by Robert Fisk Friday 6 January 2006, The Independent
  39. Israel government refrains from supporting NATO attacks, By Steve Rodan, Tuesday, March 30, 1999
  40. Russia or Ukraine? For some Israelis, Holocaust memories are key Haaretz, By David Landau, Apr. 15, 2014
  41. Aleksandar Vulin lays wreath at Ariel Sharon’s grave Archived 2014-05-21 at the Wayback Machine Published on January 20, 2014, Serbia Times
  42. Sources: Israel won't recognize Kosovo, for now Archived 2011-09-16 at the Wayback Machine, The Jerusalem Post, 2008-02-19
  43. Adar Primor (2012-03-13). "Israel, between Serbia and Kosovo". Haaretz. Retrieved 2012-03-18.
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