Jain sculpture

Image depicting Chandraprabha, the eight tirthankara of present half cycle of time

The Jain idols are males depicted in both sitting and standing postures.[5] The tīrthaṅkaras are represented either Padmasana (seated in yoga posture) or standing in the Kayotsarga posture.[6] Parshvanatha statues are usually depicted with a snake crown on head, Bahubali statues are usually depicted covered with creepers.[7] However, there are a few differences in Digambara and Svetambara depiction of idols.[5] Digambara images are naked without any beautification whereas Svetambara ones are clothed and decorated with temporary ornaments.[5]

Giant rock-cut statues of Jain Tirthankaras are carved in the Gopachal Hill, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh. [10][11]

Charans are footprints exclusive to Jain temples. The charan of Tirthankara Rishabhanatha are present at the Badrinath Temple.

Akota Bronzes and Vasantgarh hoard of Gujarat; Hansi hoard of Haryana, Chausa hoard and Aluara bronzes from Bihar.

Sculpture depicting Tirthankara Parshvanatha, Thirakoil, Tamil Nadu

Jainism spread here and there all over Tamil Nadu during Sangam Age. One of the Tamil literature, called Paripadal (பரிபாடல்), probably belongs to 3rd century, mentions that there were propelling statues sculptured in stone for different deities in the temple of God Murugan in Thirupparankundram. One among them was Jain statue. Others are Kaaman-Rathi (the deities of Love), Deity Indra (the king of so-called Heavenly people according to Indian mythology), Agaligai (wife of Saint Gaudham), and Buddha.

Kalugumalai Jain Beds near Madurai belongs to one century latter is to be compared with Thirpparankunram Jain sculpture. In addition a propelling stone statue of a Jain monk mentioned in Tamil literature is also present. Cave inscriptions in Brahmi script of Chera kings in Pugalur probably one century earlier to that of the literature we have taken to our consideration, names some of the Jain Monks vs Yatrur Senkayapan, Pittan, Kotran. Pittan and Kotran are the chieftains of Tamil Nadu also mentioned in Tamil literature more or less to the same period.

Lohanipur torso found in a central Division of Patna, ancient Pataliputra, dates back to 3rd century BCE.[12] Some of the oldest Jain sculptures excaved at Kankali Tila are in the Government Museum, Mathura.[13] Many Jain sculptures are kept in Government Museum, Chennai.[14][15]

The oldest Jain sculpture in the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York is of the Siddha Bahubali.[16]

A Buddhist image can be in one of several mudras. However the Jain tirthankara images can only be in one of the two format. In Padmasana, the statues of a Jina and a Buddha can be similar. The Buddha statue has folds of the cloth on the upperbody, with cloth behind the left arm, where as the Jina statue is without clothes, unless it is a Shwetambara image which shows "kandora" folds.

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  Toluvila statue Buddha from Anuradhapura, 5th Century CE, Colombo
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  Lord Neminatha (Akota Bronzes 7th century)
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  Rishabhanatha 5th Century CE, from Kankali Tila

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  Four Fold Jain Image 1st Century Kankali Tila Mathura
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  Bahubali, Metropolitan Museum of Art (6th CE)
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  Rishabhanatha, Mathura Museum, 6th century
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  Converted image of Parshvanatha
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  Suparsvanatha, Norton Simon Museum, c. 900 CE

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  Rishabhanatha, Parshvanatha, Neminatha, and Mahavira, LACMA, Uttar Pradesh, circa 600
• 
  Parshvanatha, Art Institute of Chicago, 6th century
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  Parshvanatha, 600-700
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  Neminatha, 7th C, Akota Bronzes
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  Rishabhanatha, 800-900
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  Jain tirthankara, Cleveland Museum of Art, 10th century

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  Naigamesha, Mathura Museum, 1st-3rd century CE
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  Jain Family Group, 6th century
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  Ambika, 6th century
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  Gomukha, c. 8th century
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  Padmavati, 10th century, Metropolitan Museum of Art
• 
  Yaksha Sarvahna, c. 900, Norton Simon Museum

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  17.4 m (57 ft) Gommateshwara statue at Shravanabelagola, 10th century
• 
  The 16 m (52 ft) statue of Neminath at Tirumalai, the tallest Jain sculpture in Tamil Nadu
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  Rishabhanatha statue at Gopachal Hill, Gwalior Fort, 58.4 feet (17.8 m)
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  Rock cut Tirthankara statues at Gopachal Hill, Gwalior
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  Shantinatha Statue at 9.8 m (32 ft) Shantinath Jinalaya, Shri Mahavirji
• 
  31 ft statue of Lord Vasupujya at Champapur, Bhagalpur
• 
  Munisuvrata statue at 8.23 m (27.0 ft) Shantinath Jain Teerth
• 
  33 m (108 ft) Statue of Ahimsa, Mangi-Tungi, Maharashtra, the largest Jain idol in world

• Lohanipur torso
• Akota Bronzes
• Chausa hoard
• Thirakoil
• Jain architecture
• Jain temple

• Pereira, José (1977), Monolithic Jinas, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 0-8426-1027-8
• Cort, John E. (2010) [1953], Framing the Jina: Narratives of Icons and Idols in Jain History, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-538502-1
• Zimmer, Heinrich (1953), Joseph Campbell (ed.), Philosophies of India, London, E.C. 4: Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd, ISBN 978-81-208-0739-6CS1 maint: location (link)
• Olivelle, Patrick (2006). Between the Empires: Society in India 300 BCE to 400 CE. Oxford University Press. p. 399. ISBN 9780199775071.
• Das, Kalyani (1980), Early Inscriptions of Mathurā
• Shah, Umakant Premanand (1995), Studies in Jaina Art and Iconography and Allied Subjects in Honour of Dr. U.P. Shah, Abhinav Publications, ISBN 9788170173168
• Shah, Umakant Premanand (1987), Jaina-rūpa-maṇḍana: Jaina iconography, Abhinav Publications, ISBN 978-81-7017-208-6 }}

• Guy, John. “Jain Sculpture.” In Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–. online (January 2012)

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