Jan Huyghen van Linschoten

Jan Huygen van Linschoten was born in Haarlem in Holland, in 1563, the son of a public notary and his wife. The family moved to the town of Enkhuizen when he was young. The addition of van Linschoten could indicate that his family had origins in the Utrecht village of the same name.[1]

Van Linschoten left for Spain during 1579 to live with his older brother Willem, who was working as a merchant in Seville. He learned Spanish and worked there until 1580, when he got a job in Lisbon, Portugal, working with another merchant. A downturn in trade led him to seek alternatives. With the help of Willem, who was acquainted with the newly appointed Archbishop of the Portuguese colony of Goa, Dominican D. Frei João Vicente da Fonseca, the younger Huyghen was appointed Secretary to the Archbishop. Huyghen sailed for Goa on 8 April 1583, arriving five months later via Madeira, Guinea, the Cape, Madagascar and Mozambique.

A fusta with Portuguese pavilion from a book by Jan Huygen van Linschoten

While in Goa, Jan Huygen van Linschoten kept a diary of his observations of the Portuguese-ruled city, amassing information about the Europeans, Indians, and other Asians who lived there. He also had access to maps and other privileged information about commerce and Portuguese navigation in southeast Asia and used his cartographic and drawing skills in order to copy and draw new maps, reproducing a considerable amount of nautical and mercantile information. Several of the nautical charts that he copied had been meticulously kept secret by the Portuguese for more than a century.

Later after returning to Enkhuizen, he collected accounts from other travellers, such as his friend Dirck Gerritsz "China", a fellow resident of Enkhuizen who earned his nickname from his travels in the Far East, and was the first Dutchman to travel to China and Japan in three voyages of the Nau do Trato as constable of artillery. Jan Huygen van Linschoten made note of the trading conditions among different countries, and the sea routes for travelling between them. This information later helped both the Dutch and the English to challenge the Portuguese monopoly on East Indian trade.

The 1587 death of his sponsor, the Archbishop of Goa, while on a trip to Lisbon to report to the King of Portugal, meant the end of van Linschoten's appointment. He set sail for Lisbon in January 1589, passing by the Portuguese supply depot at St. Helena Island in May 1589.

The island of Terceira, Azores, in a hand-colored engraving in the Itinerario.

The voyage was interrupted by English piracy by Francis Drake and Lord Cumberland in 1589. Van Linschoten spent two years in the Azores, where he serviced the island governor, Juan de Urbina. Urbina asked van Linschoten to depict Angra, something he did. Van Linschoten only reached Lisbon in January 1592. He spent six months at Lisbon, before starting his voyage back, in July 1592, to his home city of Enkhuizen.

Plaque painted by Karel van Mander commemorating whalebone given to Haarlem by Jan Huyghen van Linschoten from Willem Barentsz expedition.

In June 1594, van Linschoten sailed from Texel in the expedition headed by Dutch cartographer Willem Barentsz. The fleet of three ships was to enter the Kara Sea, with the hopes of finding the Northeast passage above Siberia.[2] At Williams Island the crew encountered a polar bear for the first time. They managed to bring it on board, but the bear rampaged and was killed. Barentsz reached the west coast of Novaya Zemlya and followed it northward, before being forced to turn back in the face of large icebergs.

Barentz flagship Gulden Windthunde nearly collided with that of the Vice Admiral. Linschoten on the latter. 6 August 1595

The following year they sailed again in a new expedition of six ships, loaded with merchant wares that they hoped to trade with China.[3] The party came across Samoyed "wild men" but eventually had to turn back when discovering the Kara Sea to be frozen. Van Linschoten was one of the two crew members to publish journals about the Barentsz expedition.

In 1595, with assistance from Amsterdam publisher Cornelis Claesz, who specialised in shipping, geography and travels, Jan Huygens van Linschoten wrote Reys-gheschrift vande navigatien der Portugaloysers in Orienten (Travel Accounts of Portuguese Navigation in the Orient). This work contains numerous sailing directions, not only for shipping between Portugal and the East Indies colonies, but also between India, China and Japan.[4] It also contains one of the earliest European accounts of tea drinking in Japan:

"Their manner of eating and drinking is: everie man hath a table alone, without table-clothes or napkins, and eateth with two pieces of wood like the men Chino: they drink wine of Rice, wherewith they drink themselves drunke, and after their meat they use a certain drinke, which is a pot with hote water, which they drink as hot as ever they may indure, whether it be Winter or Summer... The aforesaid warme water is made with the powder of a certaine hearbe called Chaa, which is much esteemed, and is well accounted among them."[5]

In the same year, 1595, he married Reynu Meynertsdr. Seymens of Enkhuizen. She was "already four months pregnant by her intended second husband....At the time of her courtship Reynu Seymens was thirty-one and a mother of three. Her lover's voyaging career may well have hastened their consummation."[4]

Jan Huygen van Linschoten also wrote two other books, Beschryvinghe van de gantsche custe van Guinea, Manicongo, Angola ende tegen over de Cabo de S. Augustijn in Brasilien, de eyghenschappen des gheheelen Oceanische Zees (Description of the Entire Coast of Guinea, Manicongo, Angola and across to the Cabo de St. Augustus in Brazil, the Characteristics of the Entire Atlantic Ocean), published in 1597; and Itinerario: Voyage ofte schipvaert van Jan Huygen van Linschoten naer Oost ofte Portugaels Indien, 1579-1592 (Travel account of the voyage of the sailor Jan Huygen van Linschoten to the Portuguese East India), published in 1596. "The frontispiece of the first edition [was] pirated [from] the engraving from (of all things) a work celebrating the campaigns of a Spanish general and printed...up as the Dutch hero" by his publisher Joost Gillis Saeghman.[6] The map published in this book, Exacta & accurata delinatio… regionibus China, Cauchinchina, Camboja, sive Champa, Syao, Malacca, Arracan & Pegu, was prepared by Petrus Plancius.[7]

An English-language edition of the Itinerario was published in London in 1598, entitled Iohn Huighen van Linschoten his Discours of Voyages into ye Easte & West Indies. A German edition was printed the same year. Considered very significant, it was published in Latin in Frankfurt, 1599; another Latin translation in Amsterdam, 1599; and in French in 1610.[8]

The Itinerario continued to be re-edited after van Linschoten´s death, in 1611, until the middle of 17th century. Jan Huygen also published, in 1597, the Dutch translation of father José de Acosta´s book on the Spanish America and his own academic account of his travellings to the North, in 1601. He entered the capital of VOC in 1606. In 1609, he also published in Dutch the letter from the duke of Lerma, the King´s favourite, to Philip III of Spain, about the Moorish revolt in Spain. That same year he was asked to give an opinion on the foundation of future WIC.

In addition to detailed maps of these places, van Linschoten also provided the geographic ‘key’ to unlocking the Portuguese grip on passage through the Malacca Strait. He suggested traders approach the East Indies from the south of Sumatra through the Sunda Strait, thereby minimizing the risk of Portuguese intervention. This passage eventually became the main Dutch route into southeast Asia and was at the origin of their colonization of the territories that form today's Indonesia.

This data was used extensively in the preparation of the first fleet for Asia, that of Cornelis de Houtman (1595-1597). Van Linschoten gave the route that de Houtman followed, by sailing westwards of Madagascar to Java island, and the Dutch would follow for many years, and participated on the debates of the fleet´s preparation and destination. Due to this, during his lifetime, van Linschoten engaged personally in polemics with the Petrus Plancius, the later cartographer of the VOC, for the preparation of de Houtman´s fleet, but also in his sailings North. He also worked closely with Lucas Janszoon Waghenaer and Bernardus Paludanus.

Van Linschoten died in Enkhuizen where he had acted as Treasurer to the town since 1597.[9]

• The Linschoten Society (Linschoten-Veeeniging) was founded in 1908 to publish rare or unpublished Dutch travel accounts of voyages, journeys by land, and descriptions of countries.
• ABN-AMRO bank of The Netherlands established the Jan Huygen van Linschoten Award in his honor, a business excellence award. In 2007 it was awarded to the Netherlands-based creative firm OMA for its success in entering and maintaining business in emerging markets such as China, Kazakhstan, and the United Arab Emirates.
• The minor planet 10651 van Linschoten is named after him.

• 1598 English translation, John Huighen van Linschoten, His discours of voyages into ye Easte and West Indies: deuided into foure bookes London: John Wolfe. online. In Wolfe's ordering, the First Book is the 1596 Itinerario, Second Book is 1597 Beschryvinghe, Third Book is the 1595 Reys-gheschrift and the Fourth Book is van Linschoten's translation of the revenues of the Spanish crown. In other editions, the 2nd and 3rd books are often switched around.
• 1598 John Huighen van Linschoten his Discours of Voyages into ye Easte & West Indies From the Collections at the Library of Congress
• 1874–85 English edition, The Voyage of John Huyghen van Linschoten to the East Indies, 1874–85 edition, London: Hakluyt. Reprint of only the First Book of 1598 translation ( vol. 1, vol. 2)

• Chronology of European exploration of Asia
• Francisco Gali

• Burnell, Arthur Coke; Tiele, P.A (1885), The voyage of John Huyghen van Linschoten to the East Indies, from the old English translation of 1598: the first book, containing his description of the East, London: The Hakluyt Society. Full text at Internet Archive.
• Van Linschoten; Jan Huygen (2005), The Voyage of John Huyghen van Linschoten to the East Indies, Elibron Classics, the Hakluyt Society, ISBN 1-4021-9507-9
• Van Linschoten, Jan Huygen. Voyage to Goa and Back, 1583–1592, with His Account of the East Indies : From Linschoten's Discourse of Voyages, in 1598/Jan Huygen Van Linschoten. Reprint. New Delhi, AES, 2004, xxiv, 126 p. ISBN 81-206-1928-5.
• Synge, J.B. (1912). A Book of Discovery. Yesterday's Classics. ISBN 1-59915-192-8.
• "Willem Barentsz and the Northeast passage". University Library of Tromsø – The Northern Lights Route. Retrieved 18 June 2010.
• Koeman, C. (1985) "Jan Huygen van Linschoten", Revista da Universidade de Coimbra, Vol. 32, pp. 27–47. offprint

• Media related to Jan Huygen van Linschoten at Wikimedia Commons

Boogaart, Ernst van den. Jan Huygen van Linschoten and the moral map of Asia. London: The Roxburghe Club, 1999.

Boogaart, Ernst van den. “Heathendom and civility in the Historia Indiae Orientalis. The adaptation by Johan Theodor and Johan Israel de Bry of the edifying series of plates from Linschoten's Itinerario”, Netherlands Yearbook for History of Art, 53 (1), 2002a, 71-106.

Boogaart, Ernst van den. Civil and Corrupt Asia. Word and text in the Itinerario and the Icones of Jan Huygen van Linschoten. Chicago/London: University of Chicago Press, 2003.

Parr, Charles McKew. Jan van Linschoten: The Dutch Marco Polo. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Company, 1964.

Saldanha, Arun. “The Itineraries of Geography: Jan Huygen van Linschoten´s Itinerario and Dutch Expeditions to the Indian Ocean, 1594-1602.” Annales of the Association of American Geographers, 101 (2011), 149-177.