Kapitan (rank)

Kapitan (appointment, later rank) was used first in the middle age in France in order to designate leaders of the military districts or regions. In the second half of the 16th century, it came in use to specify commanding officers of company-sized units. In the 19th century it became gradually a military rank, and was used in combination with other noun, e.g. Stabs-kapitan (ru: штабс-капитан Russian Imperial Army) Kapitan-leytenant (naval forces). The rank designation Kapitan contains a common syllable and historical roots in a number of European countries at the one hand. Slight national variations of spelling are for the sake of the historical and heraldic tradition, at the other hand.

Kapitan in the Russian Army
Rank insignia	Armed Forces of the Russian Federation
Introduction	1935 to the Red Army
Rank group	Commanding staff
Army / Air Force	Kapitan
Navy	Kapitan-leytenant
NATO equivalent	OF-2

In Russia, the military rank Kapitan was introduced in the XVI century to foreign officers, appointed to commander of company-sized units. In the XVII – XVII century this rank became open to all company commanders, serving in the regular army. In the cavalierly (in dragoon regiments and Special Corps of Gendarmes) the equivalent to Kapitan was Rotmister (derived from the German Rittmeister), and in the Cossacks corps it was Yesaul.

In the Russian Army (1855–1917) and in the so-called White Army braid shoulder boards with one central stripe have been worn (see picture 1, below). As the Major-rank was abolished in May 1884, the Kapitan-rank was upgraded to level VIII in the rank table. However, the Guards kapitan became equivalent to generic Podpolkovnik in the Army.

In the civil administration Kapitan of the infantry was equivalent to the Council assessor (ru: коллежский асессор; kollezhsky assessor) from 1884, and Titular adviser (ru: титулярный советник, tituljarny sovetnik) until 1884.

Sequence of ranks RIA 1917

lower rank: Shtabs-kapitan (en: Staff captain)	Kapitan (en: Captain)	higher rank: Major (en: Major)

Some examples of rank insignia (epaulette, shoulder board), used by RIA IRA, are shown below:

• 
  Kapitan epaulette (1904)
• 
  ... shoulder board
• 
  ... fiel uniform

Soviet Union and Russian Federation

In the armed forces of the Soviet Union (later Russian Federation) the Kapitan´s rank (to Army, Air Force, and Navy land services) was introduced by disposal of the Central Executive Committee of the Soviet Union and the Council of People's Commissars, from September 22, 1935.[1] It was equivalent to the rank kapitan-leytenant (ru: капитан-лейтенант) of the Navy.

If military personnel serves in a guards formation, or on a guards war ship, to the rank designation will be placed in front the noun guards (e.g. "Gurds kapitan"). Civil – or military personnel with a specific defined level of expertise or knowledge in medical or judicial professions, to the military rank will be added the noun "legal or the wording "medical service". Further adding to the military rank designation might be "retired" or "on retirement".

Personnel serving in the executive of the Russian Federation might be specified by rank designation as follows.

• Kapitan of the Police (until March 1, 2011 Kapitan of the Militsiya)
• Kapitan of the Internal Troops
• Kapitan investigation of tax offence

Sequence of ranks ascending

lower rank: Starshy leytenant (en: 1st lieutenant)	Kapitan (en: Captain)	higher rank: Major (en: Major)