Kapteyn b

Kapteyn b is an exoplanet that orbits within the habitable zone of the red subdwarf Kapteyn's star, located approximately 12.8 light-years (3.92 pc) from Earth. Kapteyn b is within the estimated habitable zone of its star.[2] It was the closest suspected potentially habitable exoplanet to the Solar System other than Tau Ceti e up until 2016, when Proxima Centauri b at 4.22 light-years was confirmed. It was pushed into fourth when Ross 128 b was confirmed in 2017. Later research had cast doubt on the existence of Kapteyn b, suggesting the signal is consistent with stellar activity rather than a planet.[3] This doubt, however, has been refuted by the original discovery team.[4] The system itself is estimated to be 11 billion years old, substantially older than the Solar System.[2]

Kapteyn b[1][2]
Artist's impression of Kapteyn b
Discovery
Discovered byHARPS
Discovery dateJune 2014
Radial velocity
Orbital characteristics
0.168+0.006
−0.008 AU
Eccentricity0.21+0.11
−0.10
48.616+0.036
−0.032 d
StarKapteyn's star
Physical characteristics
Mean radius
1.6+0.41
−0.4 R⊕
Mass4.8+0.9
−1.0 M⊕
Mean density
6.44 g/cm3
Temperature205 K (−68 °C; −91 °F)

    Characteristics

    Mass, radius, and temperature

    Kapteyn b is a super-Earth, a planet that has a radius and mass bigger than that of Earth, but smaller than that of the ice giants Uranus and Neptune. It has a surface temperature of 205 K (−68 °C; −91 °F). It has a mass greater than or equal to 4.8 M⊕ and a radius less than or equal to around 1.6 R⊕, depending on its composition, making it a likely rocky world.

    Host star

    The planet orbits a red subdwarf star named Kapteyn's Star. The star has a mass of 0.27 M☉ and a radius 0.29 R☉. It has a surface temperatures of 3550 K and is roughly 11 billion years old. In comparison, the Sun is about 4.6 billion years old[5] and has a surface temperature of 5778 K.[6]

    The star's apparent magnitude, or how bright it appears from Earth's perspective, is 8.85. It is too dim to be seen with the naked eye, but can be seen with good binoculars.

    Orbit

    Kapteyn b makes a complete orbit around its parent star with about 1.2% of the Sun's luminosity about every 48.62 days at a distance of 0.17 AU (compared to Mercury, which orbits at a distance of around 0.39 AU). It has an eccentricity of 0.21, meaning its orbit is mildly elliptical.

    Habitability
    See also: Habitability of red dwarf systems

    The exoplanet was announced to be orbiting in the habitable zone of its parent star, the region where, with the correct conditions and atmospheric properties, liquid water may exist on the surface of the planet. Kapteyn b has a radius range of 1.2–1.6 R⊕, so it is likely rocky. Its host star is a red subdwarf, with a little more than a quarter as much mass than the Sun does. As a result, stars like Kapteyn's Star have the ability to live up to 100–200 billion years, 10–20 times longer than the Sun will live.[7]

    Another crucial factor in habitability is temperature and atmospheric properties. The estimated equilibrium temperature for Kapteyn b is around 205 K (−68 °C; −91 °F), too cold to support liquid water on the surface. Without the proper greenhouse gases in its atmosphere (if it has one), it is likely to be a planet covered in ice. However, if it has enough CO2 in its atmosphere, the surface temperature may rise enough to have water exist in its liquid form on the surface.

    Discovery

    The planet was first discovered by the HARPS spectrometer which is housed at the European Southern Observatory's La Silla Observatory in Chile. Further confirmations of the planetary detection were made at the Keck Observatory in Hawaii and at the PFS Observatory, also in Chile.[2] The method of discovery involved observing and recording tiny wobbles in the star caused by the gravitational tug of its planets, using Doppler spectroscopy.[2]

    Additional planet

    One other planet has been detected within the same planetary system. It is designated "Kapteyn c" and orbits further out from the star, beyond the outer edge of the habitable zone.[2] It is considered to be too cold for stellar-light based life.[2]

    See also

    References
    1. Anglada-Escude, G.; et al. (8 July 2014). "Two planets around Kapteyn's star: a cold and a temperate super-Earth orbiting the nearest halo red dwarf". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society: Letters. 443: L89–L93. arXiv:1406.0818. Bibcode:2014MNRAS.443L..89A. doi:10.1093/mnrasl/slu076. Retrieved 10 January 2015.
    2. Wall, Mike (3 June 2014). "Found! Oldest Known Alien Planet That Might Support Life". Space.com. Retrieved 10 January 2015.
    3. Robertson, Paul (11 May 2015). "Stellar activity mimics a habitable-zone planet around Kapteyn's star". The Astrophysical Journal. 805 (2): L22. arXiv:1505.02778. Bibcode:2015ApJ...805L..22R. doi:10.1088/2041-8205/805/2/L22.
    4. Anglada-Escudé, G.; Tuomi, M.; Arriagada, P.; Zechmeister, M.; Jenkins, J. S.; Ofir, A.; Dreizler, S.; E. Gerlach; Marvin, C. J. (2016). "No Evidence for Activity Correlations in the Radial Velocities of Kapteyn's Star". The Astrophysical Journal. 830 (2): 74. arXiv:1506.09072. Bibcode:2016ApJ...830...74A. doi:10.3847/0004-637X/830/2/74. ISSN 0004-637X.
    5. Fraser Cain (16 September 2008). "How Old is the Sun?". Universe Today. Retrieved 19 February 2011.
    6. Fraser Cain (15 September 2008). "Temperature of the Sun". Universe Today. Retrieved 19 February 2011.
    7. Adams, Fred C.; Laughlin, Gregory; Graves, Genevieve J. M. "Red Dwarfs and the End of the Main Sequence". Gravitational Collapse: From Massive Stars to Planets. Revista Mexicana de Astronomía y Astrofísica. pp. 46–49. Bibcode:2004RMxAC..22...46A.

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