List of Brazilian federative units by Human Development Index

Introduced by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) in 1990, the Human Development Index (HDI) is a composite statistic of education, income and longevity indices, calculated in order to measure social and economic development within countries.[1][2] It consists of a number between 0 and 1, comprising five tiers of human development—very low, low, medium, high, or very high—wherein the development is considered higher when closer to 1.[3] According to the latest Human Development Report, published in 2015 and reflecting data from 2014, Brazil placed 75th among 188 countries with an HDI value of 0.755.[4][5] The UNDP highlighted the "rapid advance" of Brazil in two decades, leaving a situation of low human development (0.590) in 1990, reaching medium development (0.669) in 2000 and, finally, achieving high human development (0.726) in 2010.[6][7][8]

Map of the Brazilian states by HDI in 2017.
Legend:
  0.800 – 1.000 (Very high HDI) - 3 States
  0.700 – 0.799 (High HDI) - 20 States
  0.600 – 0.699 (Medium HDI) - 4 States

In order to bring a human development perspective to the national level, the UNDP also created, in 1998, the Human Development Atlas in Brazil, which calculates the HDI of all the Brazilian administrative divisions, based on data provided by the decennial censuses conducted by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE).[9][10] Released in 2013, in partnership with the Institute of Applied Economic Research (IPEA) and the João Pinheiro Foundation (FJP), the latest edition of the Human Development Atlas in Brazil shows that the average HDI of the Brazilian federative units grew by 47.5% from 1991 to 2010.[11][12]

Since the beginning of the statistical series in 1991, the Federal District, which contains the national capital—Brasília—, has the highest HDI among the 27 federative units of Brazil, São Paulo and Santa Catarina are the second and third respectively, being the only three to fall in the category of very high human development according to 2010's estimates. Meanwhile, the state of Alagoas set out the lowest HDI since 2000, especially due to a poor performance in education. Tocantins put forward the fastest progress in HDI value (0.330) from 1991 to 2010, while Rio de Janeiro had the smallest increase (0.188). According to the UNDP report, the states of the North and Northeast regions have the lowest indicators, with most municipalities registering low or medium human development, while in the South, more than 65% of municipalities have achieved high human development.[13][14]

Human Development Atlas

The methodology used by the UNDP to measure the HDI of all 5,565 Brazilian municipalities and 27 federative units differs from that used for countries. Although it has the same three dimensions of the global HDI—education, income and longevity—it adapts the global methodology to the Brazilian context and the availability of national indicators.[15] Therefore, a comparison between Brazilian federative units and countries is discouraged and the numbers cannot be used as a parameter. The global report uses mean years of schooling and expected years of schooling to evaluate education, while the local report utilizes schooling of the adult population and school flow of young people.[15] In the case of income, while the global report uses GNI per capita (PPP USD), the local report makes use of the Municipal Income per capita (BRL).[15] As for longevity, both use life expectancy at birth as indicator.[15]

Abbreviations
HDI
 Human Development Index
E
 Education index
I
 Income index
L
 Longevity index
Legend
 0.800–1.000   Very high human development
 0.700–0.799   High human development
 0.600–0.699   Medium human development
 0.500–0.599   Low human development
 0.000–0.499   Very low human development
List of Brazilian federative units according to Human Development Index and its subindices of Education, Income and Longevity[16][17][18]

2017 2010 2000 1991[lower-alpha 1] Comparable Country
Rank Federative unit HDI E I L HDI E I L HDI E I L HDI E I L
1  Federal District 0.850 0,804 0,859 0,890 0.824 0.742 0.863 0.873 0.725 0.582 0.805 0.814 0.616 0.419 0.762 0.731 Slovakia
2  São Paulo 0.826 0,828 0,796 0,854 0.783 0.719 0.789 0.845 0.702 0.581 0.756 0.786 0.578 0.363 0.729 0.730 Croatia
3  Santa Catarina 0.808 0,779 0,783 0,866 0.774 0.697 0.773 0.860 0.674 0.526 0.717 0.812 0.543 0.329 0.648 0.753 Bahamas
4  Rio de Janeiro 0.796 0,763 0,769 0,858 0.761 0.675 0.782 0.835 0.664 0.530 0.745 0.740 0.573 0.392 0.696 0.690 Serbia
5  Paraná 0.792 0,764 0,771 0,843 0.749 0.668 0.757 0.830 0.650 0.522 0.704 0.747 0.507 0.298 0.644 0.679 Albania
6  Rio Grande do Sul 0.787 0,729 0,787 0,849 0.746 0.642 0.769 0.840 0.664 0.505 0.720 0.804 0.542 0.328 0.667 0.729 Georgia
7  Minas Gerais 0.787 0,753 0,741 0,875 0.731 0.638 0.730 0.838 0.624 0.470 0.680 0.759 0.478 0.257 0.618 0.689 Sri Lanka
8  Mato Grosso 0.774 0,758 0,742 0,825 0.725 0.635 0.732 0.821 0.601 0.426 0.689 0.740 0.449 0.221 0.627 0.654 Bosnia
9  Espírito Santo 0.772 0,732 0,740 0,850 0.740 0.653 0.743 0.835 0.640 0.491 0.687 0.777 0.505 0.304 0.619 0.686 Cuba
10  Goiás 0.769 0,740 0,747 0,822 0.735 0.646 0.742 0.827 0.615 0.439 0.686 0.773 0.487 0.273 0.633 0.668 Armenia
11  Mato Grosso do Sul 0.766 0,710 0,748 0,847 0.729 0.629 0.740 0.833 0.613 0.445 0.687 0.752 0.488 0.259 0.641 0.699 Macedonia
12  Roraima 0.752 0,771 0,706 0,781 0.707 0.628 0.695 0.809 0.598 0.457 0.652 0.717 0.459 0.240 0.643 0.628 Ukraine
13  Tocantins 0.743 0,727 0,696 0,811 0.699 0.624 0.690 0.793 0.525 0.348 0.605 0.688 0.369 0.155 0.549 0.589 Dominican Republic
14  Amapá 0.740 0,710 0,695 0,820 0.708 0.629 0.694 0.813 0.577 0.424 0.638 0.711 0.472 0.254 0.620 0.668 Saint Lucia
15  Ceará 0.735 0,717 0,676 0,818 0.682 0.615 0.651 0.793 0.541 0.377 0.588 0.713 0.405 0.204 0.532 0.613 Tunisia
16  Amazonas 0.733 0,735 0,682 0,786 0.674 0.561 0.677 0.805 0.515 0.324 0.608 0.692 0.430 0.204 0.605 0.645 Mongolia
17  Rio Grande do Norte 0.731 0,677 0,680 0,849 0.684 0.597 0.678 0.792 0.552 0.396 0.608 0.700 0.428 0.242 0.547 0.591 Lebanon
18  Pernambuco 0.727 0,685 0,682 0,821 0.673 0.574 0.673 0.789 0.544 0.372 0.615 0.705 0.440 0.232 0.569 0.617 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
19  Rondônia 0.725 0,703 0,699 0,776 0.690 0.577 0.712 0.800 0.537 0.345 0.654 0.688 0.407 0.181 0.585 0.635 Botswana
20  Paraíba 0.722 0,671 0,694 0,809 0.658 0.555 0.656 0.783 0.506 0.331 0.582 0.672 0.382 0.191 0.515 0.565 Fiji
21  Acre 0.719 0,682 0,664 0,821 0.663 0.559 0.671 0.777 0.517 0.325 0.612 0.694 0.402 0.176 0.574 0.645 Moldova
22  Bahia 0.714 0,654 0,685 0,812 0.660 0.555 0.663 0.783 0.512 0.332 0.594 0.680 0.386 0.182 0.543 0.582 Maldives
23  Sergipe 0.702 0,640 0,677 0,799 0.665 0.560 0.672 0.781 0.518 0.343 0.596 0.678 0.413 0.211 0.552 0.581 South Africa
24  Pará 0.698 0,661 0,654 0,788 0.646 0.528 0.646 0.789 0.518 0.319 0.601 0.725 0.413 0.194 0.567 0.640 Marshall Islands
25  Piauí 0.697 0,666 0,660 0,771 0.646 0.547 0.635 0.777 0.484 0.301 0.556 0.676 0.362 0.164 0.488 0.595 Vietnam
26  Maranhão 0.687 0,682 0,623 0,764 0.639 0.562 0.612 0.757 0.476 0.312 0.531 0.649 0.357 0.173 0.478 0.551 Iraq
27  Alagoas 0.683 0,636 0,639 0,783 0.631 0.520 0.641 0.755 0.471 0.282 0.574 0.647 0.370 0.174 0.527 0.552 Morocco
Average[lower-alpha 2]  0.774   0.742   0.747   0.850   0.727   0.456   0.692   0.612   0.612   0.279   0.647   0.493  0.493 0.279 0.647 0.662

See also

Notes
  1. Considering that the UNDP uses data provided by census, the HDI was exceptionally calculated in 1991 because of the postponement of the 1990 census by the IBGE due to political and institutional reasons.
  2. Because of the difference in methodology used to calculate the HDI of Brazilian federative units and countries, although similar, there is a discrepancy between the figures for Brazil presented in the local and global reports of the UNDP.

References
Specific
  1. "Human Development Index (HDI)". United Nations Development Programme. Retrieved August 5, 2013.
  2. Human Development Atlas in Brazil 2013, p. 24.
  3. Human Development Atlas in Brazil 2013, p. 27.
  4. Human Development Report 2013, p. 145.
  5. "Brazil" (PDF). Human Development Report (2013 ed.). United Nations Development Programme. March 14, 2013. Retrieved August 5, 2013.
  6. Human Development Report 2013, p. 1.
  7. "UNDP report highlights Brazil's social progress" (Press release). Brazilian Ministry of Social Development and Fight against Hunger. March 15, 2013. Archived from the original on August 5, 2013. Retrieved August 5, 2013.
  8. "Brazil". Country Profile: Human Development Indicators. United Nations Development Programme. Archived from the original on June 6, 2013. Retrieved August 5, 2013.
  9. "1998 Human Development Atlas" (in Portuguese). United Nations Development Programme. Retrieved August 5, 2013.
  10. Human Development Atlas in Brazil 2013, p. 13.
  11. Richard, Ivan (July 29, 2013). "Brazil's Human Development Index nearly doubled in 20 years". Brasília: EBC. Retrieved August 5, 2013.
  12. Acayaba, Cíntia; Oliveira, Mariana (July 29, 2013). "Municipal HDI of Brazil grows 47,5% in 20 years, appoints UNDP" (in Portuguese). Brasília: G1. Retrieved August 5, 2013.
  13. Human Development Atlas in Brazil 2013, p. 45.
  14. "Brazil's Human Development Improves". Rio de Janeiro: Bernama. July 30, 2013. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved August 5, 2013.
  15. Human Development Atlas in Brazil 2013, pp. 24–29.
  16. "2013 Human Development Atlas in Brazil". Database (in Portuguese). United Nations Development Programme. Retrieved August 5, 2013.
  17. Human Development Report 2013, pp. 148–151.
  18. PNUD Brasil. "Radar IDHM: evolução do IDHM e de seus índices componentes no período de 2012 a 2017" (PDF).
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