List of ancient peoples of Anatolia

This is a list of peoples who inhabited Anatolia in antiquity. The essential purpose of the list is to identify prehistoric cultures in the region but many of the peoples continued to inhabit Anatolia into and through classical and late antiquity, so the actual scope of the list encompasses the history of Anatolia from prehistory to the Eastern Roman Empire (4th to 7th centuries AD), during which transition to the early medieval occurred.

This article is about a list of peoples inhabiting ancient Anatolia. For the ethnolinguistic group speaking Anatolian languages, see Anatolian peoples.
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History of Turkey
Prehistory
Palaeolithic Anatolia c. 500,000– 
10,000 BC
Mesolithic Anatolia c. 11,000– 
9,000 BC
Neolithic Anatolia c. 8,000– 
5,500 BC
Bronze Age
Troy 3000–700 BC
Hattians 2500–2000 BC
Akkadian Empire 2400–2150 BC
Luwians 2300–1400 BC
Assyria 1950–1750 BC
Achaeans (Homer) 1700–1300 BC
Kizzuwatna 1650–1450 BC
Hittites 1680–1220 BC
Arzawa 1500–1320 BC
Mitanni 1500–1300 BC
Hayasa-Azzi 1500–1290 BC
Lycia 1450–350 BC
Assuwa 1300–1250 BC
Diauehi 1200–800 BC
Neo-Hittites 1200–800 BC
Phrygia 1200–700 BC
Caria 1150–547 BC
Tuwanuwa 1000–700 BC
Ionia 1000–545 BC
Urartu 859–595/585 BC
Iron Age
Diauehi 1200–800 BC
Neo-Hittites 1200–800 BC
Phrygia 1200–700 BC
Caria 1150–547 BC
Doris 1100–560 BC
Aeolis 1000–560 BC
Tuwanuwa 1000–700 BC
Ionia 1000–545 BC
Urartu 859–595/585 BC
Median Empire 678–549 BC
Lydia 685–547 BC
Classical Age
Achaemenid Empire 559–331 BC
Kingdom of Alexander the Great 334–301 BC
Kingdom of Cappadocia 322–130 BC
Antigonids 306–168 BC
Seleucid Empire 305–64 BC
Ptolemaic Kingdom 305–30 BC
Kingdom of Pontus 302–64 BC
Bithynia 297–74 BC
Kingdom of Pergamon 282–129 BC
Galatia 281–64 BC
Parthian Empire 247 BC–224 AD
Armenian Empire 190 BC–428 AD
Roman Republic 133–27 BC
Kingdom of Commagene 163 BC–72 AD
Ancient Rome 133 BC-27 BC–330 AD
Sassanian Empire 224–651 AD (briefly in Anatolia)
Medieval Age
  • Medieval Anatolia
Eastern Roman Empire (330–1204, 1261-1453)
Rashidun Caliphate (637–656)
Great Seljuk State (1037–1194)
Danishmends (1071–1178)
Anatolian beyliks (1081–1423)
Sultanate of Rum (1077–1307)
Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia (1078–1375)
County of Edessa (1098–1150)
Artuqids (1101–1409)
Empire of Trebizond (1204–1461)
Empire of Nicaea (1204–1261)
Latin Empire (1204–1261)
Ilkhanate (1256–1335)
Kara Koyunlu (1375–1468)
Ak Koyunlu (1378–1501)
Ottoman Era
Rise (1299–1453)
Classical Age (1453–1566)
Transformation (1566–1703)
Old Regime (1703–1789)
Decline and modernization (1789–1908)
Defeat and dissolution (1908–1922)
Republic of Turkey
War of Independence (1919–1922)
Provisional government (1920–1923)
One-party period (1923–1930)
(1930–1945)
Multi-party period (1945–present)
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Preclassical Age regions of Anatolia/Asia Minor with main settlements.
Classical regions of Asia Minor/Anatolia
Regions of Asia Minor/Anatolia, c. 500 BC. Aegean Greek settlements italicised

Anatolia was inhabited by numerous races and its history is characterised by folk movement and migration. Broadly, the peoples can be split linguistically between those who spoke a proto-Indo-European language, such as proto-Anatolian or proto-Greek, and those who spoke a language outside of the Indo-European family such as Kartvelian or Kaskian. The Indo-Europeans are further sub-divided into those who may be termed Anatolian natives and those whose origins were elsewhere. Native Anatolians included the Hittites, Luwians and the Lydians; incoming races included the Armenians, Greeks, Phrygians and Thracians.

Indo-European peoples

Hittites

Luwians

Palaic peoples

Possible Anatolian (Indo-European) peoples

  • Mysians? (possibly they were more related to the Phrygians, a non Anatolian Indo-European people, and therefore they were possibly not an Anatolian Indo-European people, Mysia was also known as Phrygia Hellespontica, however they probably had a mixing with an Anatolian people closer to the Lydians that would explain contradictory statements by ancient authors)
    • Milatai? / Milatae?

Galatians

Greeks

Phrygians
  • Kaourkoi / Caurci?
  • Fontes?

Mysians
  • Mysians (possibly they were more related to the Phrygians, a non Anatolian Indo-European people, and therefore they were possibly not an Anatolian Indo-European people, Mysia was also known as Phrygia Hellespontica, however they probably had a mixing with an Anatolian people closer to the Lydians that would explain contradictory statements by ancient authors)
    • Milatai? / Milatae?

Mushki

Tibareni

Non-Indo-European peoples

Colchians

Eastern Mushki

Tibareni

Hattians

The Hattians occupied the land of Hatti in central Anatolia and are documented at least as early as the empire of Sargon of Akkad (c. 2300 BC).[1]

See also

References
  1. Trevor Bryce, The Kingdom of the Hittites: New Edition, Oxford University Press, 2005. p.12

Further reading
  • Steadman, Sharon R.; McMahon, Gregory (2011). The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Anatolia: (10,000-323 BC). Oxford University Press. ISBN 0195376145.
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