List of earthquakes in the Philippines

The Philippines lies along the Pacific Ring of Fire, which causes the country to have frequent seismic and volcanic activity. Many earthquakes of smaller magnitude occur very regularly due to the meeting of major tectonic plates in the region. The largest was the 1918 Celebes Sea earthquake with Mw8.3.

Earthquakes in the Philippines
A 1910 earthquake map of the Philippines
LargestMw8.3 1918 Celebes Sea earthquake
DeadliestMw 8.0 1976 Moro Gulf earthquake 5,000–8,000 killed

Spanish period

16th century
  • An intensity VI quake struck Manila on June 25, 1599. The quake had damaged many private buildings and the city and ruined the roof of Old Santo Domingo Church.

17th century
  • An intensity VIII quake struck Manila on January 2, 1600.
  • A quake struck Manila on January 16, 1601. The earthquake lasted about 7 minutes, and aftershocks were experienced the whole year.
  • An intensity VII quake struck the municipalities of Dulag and Palo, Leyte on December 3, 1608.
  • An intensity IX quake struck Manila in November 1610. It was a terrible quake that progressed from east to west.
  • An intensity IX quake struck Panay Island on 1620. A great number of casualties were reported in Capiz and Iloilo provinces. The earthquake changed the course of the Aklan River and damaged stone churches and their façades in Passi, Iloilo.
  • An intensity X quake struck Northern Luzon on 1627. Convulsions were felt in Cagayan and Ilocos Norte provinces, the Bontoc and Lepanto, and central parts of the Cordillera Central. Other sources claimed that the Caraballo Mountains somewhat subsided.
  • An intensity IX quake struck Albay and Camarines[1] on 1628. The quake caused avalanches of ashes, lapilli, water and sand that swept away whole towns in Albay and Camarines.
  • An intensity IX quake struck Illana Bay, Western Mindanao on December 21, 1636. Landslides reported along Illana Bay, Sibuguey Bay and Point Flechas.
  • An intensity X quake struck Northern Luzon on January 4, 1641. The quake occurred after the 1641 eruption of Mount Parker. Landslides and mudflow destroyed villages in Ilocos provinces, Cagayan and the Cordillera Central.
  • A magnitude 7.5 quake struck Luzon on November 30, 1645. The earthquake was then the strongest to hit the Islands since the Spanish conquest.[2] It had greatly damaged newly constructed churches and Manila Cathedral, along with residential villas and buildings in the city and nearby provinces. Some 600 people were reported dead.[3]
  • An intensity VIII quake struck Luzon on December 5, 1645. It was a major aftershock of the November 30, 1645 Luzon earthquake, and it had further destroyed remaining buildings in Manila and nearby towns. Aftershocks ceased around March 1646.
  • An intensity IX quake struck Southern Luzon on 1648. It was a very violent earthquake that wrecked many buildings.
  • An intensity VI quake struck Manila on May 1, 1653.
  • An intensity IX quake struck Southern Luzon on August 20, 1658. It was comparable to the 1645 Luzon earthquake, but had caused less damage on building and was less proximity from the epicenter. It had destroyed the Royal Monastery of Santa Clara, several monasteries of the Dominicans and Recollects, the Jesuit College and episcopal palaces.[3]
  • A magnitude 5.5 quake struck Manila on June 19, 1665. Only a Jesuit church experienced great damage. 19 were reported dead.
  • An intensity VIII struck Isla Verde Passage in February 1675. The quake destroyed many buildings in northern Oriental Mindoro and southern Batangas provinces. This led to occurrences of landslides, opening of ground fissures, and subsidence of beaches along the coast of Mindoro.
  • An intensity VII struck Manila on August 24, 1683.

18th century
  • An intensity VII struck Lake Bombon (now known as Taal Lake) on September 24, 1716. It was connected with the eruption of Taal volcano; the constant volcanic activity in the area of Taal caused seismic movements.
  • An intensity IX struck Tayabas (now known as Quezon) in 1730. It had ruined the churches and convent in Mauban and several other churches in the province of Tayabas and Laguna.

19th century
The belfry of Manila Cathedral after the series of destructive earthquakes of July 1880.
  • An earthquake on June 3, 1863, destroyed Manila Cathedral, the Ayuntamiento (city hall), the Governor's Palace (all three located at the time on Plaza Mayor, now Plaza de Roma) and much of the city. The residence of the Governor-General was moved to Malacañang Palace located about 3 km (1.9 miles) up the Pasig River, while the other two buildings were rebuilt in place.
  • An intensity X quake struck Luzon on July 14 to 25, 1880.[4] The quake caused severe damage to these major cities in Luzon, most significantly in Manila where a lot of buildings collapsed. Number of casualties are unknown.[3]
  • A quake struck Lucban, Quezon on October 26, 1884. It destroyed churches in Lucban, Tayabas province (now known as Quezon province) and Cavinti in Laguna province.[3]
  • Two earthquakes struck near Basilan Island near Mindanao on September 20 and 21, 1897. Both earthquakes triggered tsunamis, with the second being quite destructive, with a maximum run-up of 7.0 m. At least 13 died as a result of the second tsunami, with a hundred or more casualties also being reported.

American period and Post-World War II

Early 20th century
1972
1956
1934
1924
1972
1942
Large earthquakes ≥ 6.4 Mw near the Manila Trench. In 1924,[5] 1934,[6] 1956,[7] 1972,[8] 1999.[9] And the part near Mindoro in 1942[10] and 1972,[11] both of which were ≥ 7.4.
1913
1924
1943
1972
Six of the seven largest Philippine earthquakes since 1901 with magnitude almost 8.0 Mw or higher were in Mindanao:

1913,[12] 1918,[13] 1924,[14] 1943,[15] 1972,[16] and 1976.[17]

These areas are near the Cotabato Trench and the southern portion of the Philippine Trench.
  • A magnitude 7.5 quake struck Northeastern Mindanao on July 11, 1912. Damage and high intensity were experienced by towns of La Paz, Bunawan, Veruela and Talacogon in the Agusan Valley where intense ground shaking, liquefaction, widespread landslides and river/lake seiches occurred.[18]
  • The Mw 8.3 Celebes Sea earthquake occurred on August 15, 1918 with a maximum Mercalli intensity of X (Extreme). The offshore shock affected the southern Philippines with high intensity shaking and a destructive tsunami that left 52 people dead.
  • A strong magnitude 8.0 earthquake struck Southern Mindanao on April 14, 1924.[19]
  • A magnitude 7.8 Mw earthquake struck Panay Island on January 25, 1948 at 1:46 am. The epicenter was between the municipalities of Anini-y and Dao (now Tobias Fornier) in Antique province.
  • An intensity VII earthquake struck Luzon, mainly Isabela on December 29, 1949. Starting at 11:05 am, it lasted for two-and-a-half minutes. The damage was moderately destructive, causing landslides and rough waves capsizing boats, as well as fissures that spat out black water. The intensity ranged from IV to VII throughout Luzon.[20]

Mid to late 20th century
  • A magnitude of 7.6 earthquake struck Casiguran, Aurora, on August 2, 1968, at the depth of approximately 31 km. It was considered the most severe and destructive earthquake experienced in the Philippines during the last 20 years. 270 people were reported dead and 261 were injured.
The damage caused by a tsunami at Barangay Tibpuan, Lebak, Mindanao after the 7.9 Moro Gulf Earthquake on August 16, 1976.
  • A magnitude 7.0 quake struck Ragay Gulf on March 17, 1973. Calauag, Quezon was the worst hit, as the quake caused 98 houses totally destroyed, and 270 more were partially damaged.[21]
  • A magnitude 8.0 earthquake struck Mindanao on August 16, 1976. The quake caused a devastating tsunami that had hit the 700 km coastline of the island of Mindanao bordering Moro Gulf in the North Celebes Sea. An estimated 5,000 – 8,000 people died. The major cause of the great number of casualties during the event could be attributed to the fact that the quake happened just after midnight when most people were sleeping; and a great tsunami was spawned, struck the coasts from different directions and caught the people unaware.[22]
  • A magnitude 6.5 earthquake struck Laoag on August 17, 1983, at a depth of 42 km. The quake has caused the deaths of 16 and injured 47 people.[23]
  • A magnitude 6.8 earthquake struck Bohol on February 8, 1990. Six fatalities were reported and more than 200 were injured in the event. About 46,000 people were displaced by the event and at least 7,000 among them were rendered homeless. Estimated damage to properties is amounting to ₱154-million.[24]
  • A magnitude 7.1 earthquake struck Panay Island on June 14, 1990 at a depth of 15 km. Seven people died and 31 others were injured.[25]
  • A magnitude 7.8 earthquake struck Luzon on July 16, 1990. It caused severe damage to major cities in Luzon: Dagupan City (soil liquefaction), Baguio, and Cabanatuan City; Hyatt Terraces Baguio collapsed. 1,621 were reported dead. Damage to buildings, infrastructures, and properties amounted to at least ₱10-billion, a part of which was caused by ground rupturing. However, some houses within 1–2 m on either side of the ground rupture survived owing to their light-weight construction while those built of reinforced concrete within this zone suffered partial damage. Damage beyond 2m depended mainly on the structural integrity of the building and effects of local topography and ground conditions.[22][26]
  • A magnitude 7.1 earthquake struck Mindoro on November 15, 1994 at depth of 15 km. The quake caused a tsunami killed 41 people and destroyed 1530 houses.[27]
  • A series of large earthquakes struck Samar on April 21, 1995, with four of the largest earthquakes being near magnitude 7 and the largest one registering at magnitude 7.3. The earthquakes also resulted in a small tsunami that was recorded in Legazpi, Albay. The area was hit by another earthquake of magnitude 7.0 on May 5 of the same year.[28]
  • A magnitude 5.6 earthquake struck Bohol on May 27, 1996 at a depth of 4 km. The earthquake did not cause major damage to properties. Damage was confined to poorly built structures and/or old wooden, masonry, limestone walls of houses and buildings, generally due to ground shaking.[29]
  • A magnitude of 5.1 struck Bayugan, Agusan del Sur on June 7 and 9, 1999. The towns of Bayugan and Talacogon were the most devastated.[18]
  • A magnitude 6.8 earthquake struck northwest of the coast of Zambales on December 12, 1999. The earthquake killed six people and injured 40 in Zambales, Pangasinan, and Metro Manila. The quake also caused power outages throughout Manila.[30]

21st century

Largest earthquakes by year
2001
2005
2007
2009
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
From the table, some of the largest (per year) of Philippine earthquakes since 2001. Note the western cluster near the Cotabato Trench under the Moro Gulf/Celebes Sea, and the eastern cluster near the southern portion of the Philippine Trench.
The Cotabato Trench in southern Mindanao, the Philippine Trench, and the Philippine Mobile Belt.

The largest or most notable Philippine earthquakes per year since 2001. As for the repeated entries, Moro Gulf near the Cotabato Trench is a seismically active area (the location of the devastating 1918 Celebes Sea earthquake and 1976 Moro Gulf earthquake). Meanwhile, Samar and Davao Region are near the northern and southern portions of the Philippine Trench, respectively.

Year Magnitude Location / Name Date
2001 7.5 Philippine Sea near Tarragona, Davao Oriental[31] January 1
2002 Moro Gulf March 5
2003 6.5 Philippine Sea near Borongan City, Eastern Samar November 18
2004 Batangas Bay near Mabini, Batangas October 8
2005 6.4 Moro Gulf, Mindanao[32] November 30
2006 6.3 Luzon Strait near Babuyan Island October 9
2007 6.4 Davao Gulf near Governor Generoso, Davao Oriental[33] August 20
2008 6.9 Philippine Sea near Cabodiongan, Eastern Samar March 3
2009 6.6 Moro Gulf, Mindanao October 4
2010 7.6 Moro Gulf, Mindanao July 23
2011 6.4 Luzon Straight near Fuga Island, Cagayan March 20
2012 7.6 Philippine Sea near Guiuan, Eastern Samar August 31
2013 7.2 Sagbayan, Bohol October 15
2014 6.6 Moro Gulf, Mindanao[34] December 2
2015 6.1 Philippine Sea near Burgos, Surigao del Norte[35] July 3
2016 6.3 Philippine Sea near Mati City, Davao Oriental[36] September 24
2017 7.2 Sarangani Bay near Sarangani, Davao Oriental[37] April 29
2018 7.2 Davao Gulf near Governor Generoso, Davao Oriental December 29
2019 6.9 Matanao, Davao del Sur December 15
2020 6.6 Masbate Pass near Cataingan, Masbate August 18
2021 7.1 Davao Occidental January 22

All large known earthquakes

As the Philippines is subject to most seismic activity, to keep this list manageable, only strong earthquakes after 2001 are prioritized (those with M < 6 are discouraged), unless the event has other noteworthy qualities such as causing fatalities, significant damage, or other notable consequences.

  • A magnitude of 7.5 quake struck Mindanao on January 1, 2001 at a depth of 33 km.[38]
  • A magnitude of 7.5 quake struck Southern and Central Mindanao on March 5, 2002 at a depth of 31 km.[39] At least 15 people were killed, 100 injured and 800 buildings were damaged or destroyed.[40]
  • A magnitude of 6.1 quake struck Sultan Kudarat on March 6, 2002. Office of Civil Defense (OCD) records show that 8 people had died and 41 were injured due to the earthquake. It affected 7,684 families in the provinces of Sultan Kudarat, Sarangani, North Cotabato and South Cotabato including four cities and 17 municipalities.[41]
  • A magnitude of 6.2 quake struck Masbate on February 15, 2003 at a depth of 22 km. The quake damaged major infrastructures in Masbate.[42]
  • A magnitude of 6.5 quake struck Samar on November 18, 2003. One person was reported dead.
  • A magnitude of 6.5 quake struck Mindoro on October 8, 2004.
  • A magnitude of 6.6 quake struck Moro Gulf on October 4, 2009.
  • A series of quakes with the main quake's magnitude of 7.3 struck Moro Gulf on July 23–24, 2010.
  • A magnitude of 6.4 quake struck Ilocos Region on March 20, 2011.
  • A magnitude of 5.2 quake struck Valencia City, Bukidnon on November 8, 2011 at a depth of 1 km.[43] 39 people were injured, and several establishments were damaged.[44]
  • A magnitude of 6.9 quake struck Negros, the rest of Central Visayas, and some parts of Mindanao on February 6, 2012, at a depth of 20 km. The quake killed people, caused major damage on infrastructures, and buildings. A tsunami alert level 2 was raised due to the quake. The quake also caused a landslide, burying a barangay. More than a thousand of aftershocks were recorded by PHIVOLCS within 2 days since the quake occurred.[45][46][47] According to National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council, as of February 18, 2012, the death toll have risen to 51 with 62 people still missing, and injuring 112 people. Most deaths came from the city of Guihulngan and La Libertad where landslides occurred. 63, 697 from provinces in Region VII were affected by the quake. 15, 483 houses were partially or totally damaged, and a total of ₱383-million worth of damage to buildings, roads and bridges, and other infrastructures were recorded.
  • A magnitude of 5.9 quake struck Surigao City on March 16, 2012. Many were injured in the city for that certain day was the grand opening of Gaisano Capital Surigao. An estimated 6,000 people were in Gaisano when the earthquake happened. The earthquake caused a stampede which injured people.[48][49][50]
  • A magnitude of 7.6 quake struck 106 km near Guiuan, Eastern Samar on August 31, 2012. It was also felt in certain areas of Visayas and Mindanao. One person died, and another one was injured in Cagayan de Oro City after being trapped in a collapsed house due to a landslide.[51] Minutes after the quake, power interruptions occurred in the affected areas. The National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council reported that a house in Agusan del Sur province caught fire sparked by a gas lamp that was toppled during the earthquake. It also reported that two bridges in Eastern Samar, particularly the Buyayawan Bridge in Mercedes town and the Barangay Casuroy Bridge in San Julian town, were partially damaged. The Abreeza Mall in Bajada, Davao City suffered minor cracks on the floor due to the earthquake.[52] In General MacArthur, Eastern Samar, 77 homes were damaged. There were also 6 houses damaged in Barangay Casoroy, San Julian.[53] In Balangiga, Eastern Samar, a hospital sustained serious damage.[54] A wall from an old building collapsed in Butuan City.[55] The NDRRMC reported on Saturday noon there were cracks on some roads and bridges and other establishments in areas where the quake was felt.[56] Most of the homes destroyed were those made of light materials, while overall damage to infrastructure remained minimal.[57] A tsunami warning of Level 3 was raised by the Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology, but was lifted 5 hours after the quake only caused tiny waves.[58]
  • A series of earthquakes, struck cities of Malaybalay and Valencia, and the sitio of Musuan, Maramag in Bukidnon last September 3–4, 2012. The first quake has a magnitude of 3.4 and was felt at 06:48 pm,[59] and was followed by magnitude 4.0 at 07:45 pm,[60] and 4.7 at 09:21 pm.[61] Hours after the first three, a series of quakes occurred in 03:44 am and in 03:52 am. The first quake had a magnitude of 5.6 with a depth of focus of 3 km;[62] while the second one was recorded at a magnitude of 4.9 with a depth focus of 3 km.[63] The quake was felt as far as Cagayan de Oro, Kidapawan, Butuan, and Cotabato cities.[64][65] A nun was injured in Barangay Lourdes in Valencia City after the incident. Valencia City Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council reported that 144 houses and structures were destroyed. Mayor Ignacio Zubiri of Malaybalay City reported no casualties nor damage in his city.[66] The quakes were of tectonic in origin. A total of 131 aftershocks were recorded after the 5.6 quake on September 4, 2012.[67]
  • A 6.2 earthquake struck off the coast of Southern Mindanao on February 16, 2013, 28 kilometers southeast of Caburan, Davao del Sur. According to the United States Geological Survey, the quake struck at a depth of 98.2 km.[68][69]
  • A 5.7 earthquake struck the island of Mindanao on June 1, 2013.[70] The quake's epicenter was located in Carmen, Cotabato and struck with a depth of 5 kilometers.[71][72] The said quake injured six people, 4 of them were children, and fully or partly destroyed several houses, and some school buildings.[73][74] It also damaged a bridge at Barangay Kimadzil, and another one at Barangay Kibudtungan.[75] The quake was followed by 15 aftershocks, the last one was followed by a 4.3 quake on June 2, 2013.[76] The quake caused ₱71-million worth of damage. Another quake jolted the said town after 4:00 am on June 3, 2013. The quake was recorded at 5.7 and struck at a depth of 3 kilometers.[77] The newest quake further injured 8 more people, and damaged more houses. Classes which was slated to open on June 3, 2013, were cancelled due to a series of quakes that hit the town since June 1, 2013.[78]
  • A magnitude of 7.2 earthquake struck Bohol on October 15, 2013 at 8:12 a.m. (PST).[79] Its epicenter was located 6 kilometres (3.7 mi) SW of Sagbayan at a depth of 12 kilometres (7.5 mi). According to the official report by the National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council, 222 were reported dead while 796 people were injured. Tens of thousands of structures were damaged by the earthquake. Most notable were the national historical churches in Bohol and Cebu.
  • Loon Church before and after the Bohol earthquake of October 15, 2013
  • Loon Church prior to the earthquake
  • The rubble that was Loon Church after the quake
Damaged Itbayat Church after the 2019 Batanes earthquake
  • A twin magnitude 5.4 and 5.9 earthquake struck off east of Itbayat, Batanes on July 27, 2019.[90][91] The first tremor occurred at 4:16 am at a depth of 12 km and the second tremor occurred at 7:37 am at a depth of 21 km. The twin quakes destroyed several structures in Itbayat.[92] 9 people were confirmed dead while 60 people are injured.[93]
  • A magnitude of 6.3 earthquake struck Tulunan, Cotabato on October 16, 2019 around 7:37 pm.[94] Seven people were reported dead and more than 200 others injured. Most of the houses in Brgy. Malawanit Magsaysay, Davao del Sur, were destroyed. The aftermath left frequent aftershocks extended to over a week on random cycles.[95]
  • A magnitude of 6.6 earthquake again struck in Tulunan, Cotabato on October 29, 2019, with some reports stating that this earthquake felt much devastating as the previous earthquake that took place on October 16, 2019.[96] Nearby towns such as those in Kidapawan, North Cotabato and Davao city were also affected.
  • A magnitude 6.5 earthquake struck Tulunan, Cotabato for the third time on October 31, 2019, Death toll amongst towns and cities nearby has increased; CNN Philippines reporting increased fatal casualties risen to 10 during live news broadcast. Revised body count reports 24 fatal casualties in total including the numbers from the two consecutive earthquakes that took place on October 29 and 31, with more than 500 people being injured and three reported missing.[97]
  • A magnitude 5.9 earthquake struck in Kibawe, Bukidnon on November 18, 2019. Phivolcs said that the earthquake happened 9:22 pm, with the epicenter located in Kadingilan, Bukidnon. The earthquake, which was tectonic in origin, had a depth of 10 kilometers and was felt in the following areas.[98]
  • A magnitude 6.8 earthquake struck Matanao, Davao del Sur on December 15, 2019 at 2:11 pm. 13 people were killed, one remains missing and 210 others were injured during this tremor.[99]
Cracks on the pier of Cataingan Port after the 2020 Masbate earthquake

Deadliest earthquakes

The table below is a tally of the ten deadliest recorded earthquakes in the Philippines since the 1600s:

Ten deadliest recorded earthquakes in the Philippines since the 1600s
Mag. Origin Location Date Mortality Missing Injured Damage Source
1 8.0 Tectonic Moro Gulf August 16, 1976 4,791 2,288 9,928
2 7.8 Tectonic Luzon Island July 16, 1990 1,621 1,000 3,000 < ₱ 10 billion
3 7.5 Tectonic Luzon Island November 30, 1645 600 < 3,000 < Unknown
4 7.6 Tectonic Mindanao March 31, 1955 400 < Unknown US$5 million [105]
5 7.6 Tectonic Casiguran, Aurora August 2, 1968 271 261
6 7.2 Tectonic Bohol and Cebu October 15, 2013 222 8 796 ₱ 4 billion (est.) [106]
7 7.1 Tectonic Mindoro November 15, 1994 78 430 ₱ 5.15 million [27]
8 6.7 Tectonic Negros Oriental February 6, 2012 51 62 112 ₱ 383 million
9 7.8 Tectonic Panay (Lady Caycay) January 25, 1948 50 (est.) ₱ 7 million
10 5.5 Tectonic Manila June 19, 1665 19 Unknown

See also

References
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