List of offshore wind farms in the United States

Offshore wind power is in the early stages of development in the United States. The first commercial offshore wind farm – the 30 megawatt (MW) Block Island Wind Farm off the coast of Rhode Island – began operation in 2016. More projects are now underway and, as of 2017, about 30 projects totalling 24 gigawatts (GW) of potential installed capacity were being planned.[1] In 2016, the United States Department of Energy estimated that the country has a gross resource potential of 10,800GW of offshore wind capacity, with a "technical" resource potential of 2,058GW.[2]

Block Island Wind Farm

Overview
Main article: Wind power in the United States

Offshore wind projects are under development in wind-rich areas of the U.S. East Coast, Great Lakes, and Pacific coast. In January 2012, a "Smart for the Start" regulatory approach was introduced, designed to expedite the siting process while incorporating strong environmental protections. Specifically, the Department of Interior approved “wind energy areas” off the coast where projects can move through the regulatory approval process more quickly.[3] The NOAA Coastal Services Center (CSC) has released a cadastre web tool to illustrate suitability of Eastern seaboard areas.[4]

To comply with the Jones Act of US ships staffed by US personnel for US projects,[5][6] specially built vessels for $300 million could economically supply a schedule of 4 GW projects over 10 years.[7]

The state of New York has set of target of 2,400 megawatts (MW) of offshore wind to be built by 2030. The neighbouring state of New Jersey is aiming for 3,500MW by that same date.[8] In 2016, an update to Massachusetts energy law committed the state to purchasing 1,600MW of offshore wind by 2027,[9] of which the first half was later awarded to Vineyard Wind (see project list below).[10]

In 2019, the University of Delaware and the Danish Energy and Climate Academy jointly opened the first US skills training program for offshore wind energy professionals.[11]

In December 2020, Congress approved a 30% Investment tax credit for US offshore wind farms. [12][13]

Bureau of Ocean Energy Management

The Bureau of Ocean Energy Management is a federal agency responsible for determining offshore areas where wind farms may be built on the Outer Continental Shelf.[14] It sells leases to qualified bidders.[15]

Experimental and exploratory projects

First floating turbine

North America’s first floating wind turbine was the 20 kW Volturn US, which was lowered into the Penobscot River in Maine in 2013.[16][17][18][19] It is a University of Maine project.[20][21][22]

Federally-funded research projects

In May 2014, the United States Department of Energy chose three offshore wind projects to receive up to $47 million apiece over a four-year period:

As of 2020, the United States Department of Energy is funding two demonstration projects:[35]

Operational utility scale
Wind farm Offshore BOEM wind energy lease area States Coordinates Capacity
(MW)		 Completion year Turbines Developer/Utility Regulatory agency Refs
Block Island WindOffshore Rhode IslandRI41°06′52.96″N 71°31′16.18″W30 20165 x 6MW Haliade 150ØrstedRhode Island PUC[37][38]
Coastal Virginia Offshore Wind - Pilot ProjectOffshore Virginia
OCS-A 0497[39]		25 nautical miles east of Cape Henry (VA)2,135 acres (864 ha)VA36°53′30″N 75°29′30″W1220202 x 6MW
Siemens Gamesa SWT-6.0-154		Ørsted
Dominion Energy		Virginia Department of Mines Minerals and Energy (DMME)
BOEM		[40][41]

List of proposed wind farms on the United States' Atlantic Coast
This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.

The following table lists largest offshore wind farm areas (by nameplate capacity) that are in various states development for the Outer Continental Shelf in U.S. territorial waters of the East Coast of the United States.[42] where a Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM) wind energy area (WEA) lease has been secured[43][44] and have gained at least some required regulatory approval before construction can begin. Distances are approximated and generally represent closest point of turbine array to shoreline, while acreage represents size of total lease area, which may be shared, and not the blocks within them allocated for the wind farm.

Wind farm Offshore BOEM wind energy lease area States Coordinates Capacity
(MW)		 Completion year Turbines Developer/Utility Regulatory agency Refs
Coastal Virginia Offshore WindOffshore Virginia
OCS-A 0483[45]		25 to 35 nautical miles east of Cape Henry (VA)112,799 acres (45,648 ha)VA36.9°N 75.38°W / 36.9; -75.382,6402026TBADominion EnergyBOEM[46]
Ocean WindOffshore New Jersey
OCS-A 0498
(NJWEA South)[47]		13 nautical miles-15 miles (24 km) east of Atlantic City (NJ)[48]160,480 acres (64,940 ha)NJ39.366111°N 74.414167°W / 39.366111; -74.4141671,100 202490 Haliade-X 12 MWØrsted
PSEG		NJBPU[49][50][51][52][53]
Kitty Hawk WindOffshore North Carolina
OCS-A 0508[54]		24 nautical miles east of Corolla (NC)122,405 acres (49,536 ha)NCPhase One: 800
Est. Total: 2500		2026TBAAvangrid RenewablesBOEM[55]
Sunrise WindOffshore Massachusetts & Rhode Island
OCS-A 0486 (North Lease Area)[56]		26 nautical miles-30 miles (48 km) east of Montauk Point, Long Island (NY) & 16.6 nautical miles-19 miles (31 km) southeast of Block Island (RI)97,498 acres (39,456 ha)NY880 2024Siemens Gamesa SG 8.0-167Ørsted
Eversource
Con Ed Transmission
New York Power Authority		NYSERDA[57][58][59]
Empire WindOffshore New York
OCS-A 0512
(Hudson North)[60][61]		12 nautical miles 14 miles (23 km) south of Jones Beach Island, Long Island (NY) at New York Bight79,350 acres (32,110 ha)NY816 202460-80EquinorNYSERDA[62][63][64][58][59]
Vineyard WindOffshore Massachusetts
OCS-A 0501[65][66]		13 nautical miles -15 miles (24 km) west of Marthas Vineyard (MA)166,886 acres (67,536 ha)MA800 202384 MHI Vestas V164-9.5MWAvangrid
Copenhagen Infrastructure Partners		[67][68][69][70]
Park City Wind Offshore Massachusetts OCS-A 0501 23 miles off the coast of Martha's Vineyard (MA) CT 804 2025 Avangrid
Copenhagen Infrastructure Partners		 Connecticut DEEP [71]
Revolution WindOffshore Rhode Island
OCS-A 0486 (North Lease Area)[56]		halfway between Montauk Point (NY) & Martha’s Vineyard (MA)97,498 acres (39,456 ha)RI
CT		700 2023Siemens Gamesa 8MW SG 8.0-167Ørsted
Eversource
National Grid
United Illuminating		Connecticut DEEP
Rhode Island PUC		[72][73]
Marwind
Offhore Maryland
OCS-A 0490[74]		26 nautical miles -30 miles (48 km) east of Ocean City (MD)79,707 acres (32,256 ha)MD248 202332US WindMaryland PSC[75][76][77][78][79][80]
South ForkMassachusetts & Rhode Island
OCS-A 0486 (North Lease Area)[56][81]		26 nautical miles-30 miles (48 km) southeast of Montauk Point, Long Island (NY) & 16.6 nautical miles-19 miles (31 km) southeast of Block Island (RI)97,498 acres (39,456 ha)RI
NY		130 20238 Siemens Gamesa SG 8.0-167Ørsted
Eversource
Long Island Power Authority		NYSERDA[82][83][84][59]
SkipjackOffshore Delaware
OCS-A 0519[85]		16.9 nautical miles-19.5 miles (31.4 km) from coast of Delaware to Maryland state line26,332 acres (10,656 ha)[86]MD
DE		38.565°N 74.779°W / 38.565; -74.779120 202310 12MW GE Haliade-XØrstedMaryland PSC[87][78][79]

Abandoned, postponed or decommissioned

See also

Notes
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  2. "Computing America's Offshore Wind Energy Potential". U.S. Department of Energy. 9 September 2016. Retrieved 11 August 2018.
  3. Kit Kennedy (2 February 2012). "Offshore Wind One Step Closer to Reality in the Mid-Atlantic". Renewable Energy World.
  4. Offshore Wind Development - Site Suitability Prototype National Ocean Service. Accessed: 4 February 2011. Archived June 12, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
  5. Merchant, Emma Foehringer (13 October 2017). "This Controversial Law Could Stifle the US Offshore Wind Market". Retrieved 19 October 2017.
  6. Papavizas, Charlie (21 March 2019). "Forming joint ventures to construct US offshore wind farms". www.renewableenergyworld.com. Retrieved 25 March 2019.
  7. "U.S. Jones Act Compliant Offshore Wind Turbine Installation Vessel Study" October 2017
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  9. "Offshore wind finally gets blowing in the US". Vox. 14 June 2018. Retrieved 11 August 2018.
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  11. "Offshore Wind Skills Academy". University of Delaware Div. of Professional and Continuing Studies. Retrieved 2020-04-18.
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  13. https://rules.house.gov/sites/democrats.rules.house.gov/files/BILLS-116HR133SA-RCP-116-68.pdf
  14. "State Activities". boem.gov. Retrieved 20 May 2015.
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  18. Russo, Gene (2014). "Renewable energy: Wind power tests the waters". Nature News & Comment. 513 (7519): 478–480. Bibcode:2014Natur.513..478R. doi:10.1038/513478a. PMID 25254459. Retrieved 20 May 2015.
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  33. "Blue Water wins four projects".
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  39. "Virginia Activities, Bureau of Ocean Energy Management".
  40. "Dominion Energy - Coastal Virginia Offshore Wind".
  41. https://www.offshore-mag.com/renewable-energy/article/14188769/coastal-virginia-offshore-wind-propels-emerging-us-offshore-wind-market
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  43. https://www.boem.gov/sites/default/files/environmental-stewardship/Mid-Atlantic-Regional-Planning-Body/RenEn-Program-8.28.19_2.pdf
  44. "State Activities | Bureau of Ocean Energy Management".
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  48. https://www.boem.gov/sites/default/files/renewable-energy-program/State-Activities/NJ/NJ-LEASE-FORM-OCS-A-0498.pdf
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