Mérida, Yucatán

House of Montejo in a 19th-century lithograph

Mérida city center in 1981

One of Merida's twin mansions “Las Casas Gemelas”

Cathedral of Mérida (1598)

There were three Spanish conquistadors named "Francisco de Montejo": Francisco de Montejo "el Adelantado" ("The Lieutenant", the eldest); Francisco de Montejo y León "el Mozo" ("The Boy", his son); and Francisco de Montejo "el Sobrino" ("The Nephew"). Mérida was founded in 1542 by Montejo y León ("el Mozo") and named after the town of Mérida in Extremadura, Spain. It was built on the site of the Maya city of T'hó (/d̥ʼχøʼ/), which was also called Ichkanzihóo or Ichcaanzihó (/isʃkan'siχœ/; "City of Five Hills") in reference to its pyramids.

Carved Maya stones from ancient T'ho were used to build the Spanish colonial buildings which are numerous in downtown Mérida; these stones are visible, for instance, in the walls of the main cathedral. Much of Mérida's architecture from the colonial period through the 18th century and 19th century is still standing in the centro histórico of the city. From colonial times through the mid-19th century, Mérida was a walled city intended to protect the Peninsular and Criollo residents from periodic revolts by the indigenous Maya. Several of the old Spanish city gates survive, but modern Mérida has expanded well beyond the old city walls.

Monument to Gonzalo Guerrero in Paseo de Montejo avenue. Guerrero was a shipwrecked Spanish mariner who married a Maya woman and later fought with the Mayas against the Spanish conquest of Yucatán

Late in the 19th century and the early 20th Century, the area surrounding Mérida prospered from the production of henequén. For a brief period, around the turn of the 20th century, Mérida was said to house more millionaires than any other city in the world. The result of this concentration of wealth can still be seen today. Many large and elaborate homes still line the main avenue called Paseo de Montejo, though few are occupied today by individual families. Many of these homes have been restored and now serve as office buildings for banks and insurance companies. Korean immigration to Mexico began in 1905 when more than a thousand people arrived in Yucatán from the city of Incheon. These first Korean migrants settled around Mérida as workers in henequen plantations.

Completed in 1911 by Camilo and Ernesto Cámara Zavala, “Las Casas Gemelas” (The Twin Houses), are two side by side French and Spanish style mansions that remain from the early 20th Century. They are two of only a few houses that are still used as residences on Paseo Montejo from that era. They are owned by the Barbachano and Molina Méndez families. During the Porfiriato, the Barbachano house held cultural events that hosted artists, poets, and writers. In the mid-1900s, the Barbachanos hosted aristocrats including Princess Grace and Prince Ranier of Monaco, as well as first lady of the U.S., Jacqueline Kennedy.[4]

Mérida has one of the largest centro histórico districts in the Americas (surpassed only by Mexico City and Havana, Cuba). Colonial homes line the city streets to this day, in various states of disrepair and renovation; the historical center of Mérida is currently undergoing a minor renaissance as more and more people are moving into the old buildings and reviving their former glory.

In August 1993, Pope John Paul II visited the city on his third trip to Mexico.[5] The city has been host to two bilateral United States – Mexico conferences, the first in 1999 (Bill Clinton – Ernesto Zedillo) and the second in 2007 (George W. Bush – Felipe Calderón).

In June 2007, Mérida moved its city museum to the renovated Post Office building next to the downtown market. The Museum of the City of Mérida houses important artifacts from the city's history, as well as an art gallery. Mérida hosted the VI Summit of Association of Caribbean States, in April 2014.

Mérida is the cultural and financial capital of the Yucatán Peninsula, as well as the capital city of the state of Yucatán. In recent years, important science competitions and World events have been held in Mérida – FITA Archery World Cup Finals, the International Cosmic Ray Conference, a Physics Olympiad, etc.

The city as seen from the 18th floor of the Hyatt Regency Hotel

Monument to the Yucatán caste war

Mérida is located in the northwest part of the state of Yucatán, which occupies the northern portion of the Yucatán Peninsula. To the east is the state of Quintana Roo, to the west is the state of Campeche, to the north is the Gulf of Mexico, and far to the south is the state of Chiapas. The city is also located in the Chicxulub Crater. It has a very flat topography and is only 9 metres (30 ft) above sea level. The land outside of Mérida is covered with smaller scrub trees and former henequen fields. Almost no surface water exists, but several cenotes (underground springs and rivers) are found across the state. Mérida has a centro histórico typical of colonial Spanish cities. The street grid is based on odd-numbered streets running east/west and even-numbered streets running north/south, with Calles 60 and 61 bounding the "Plaza Grande" in the heart of the city. The more affluent neighborhoods are located to the north and the most densely populated areas are to the south. The Centro Histórico area is becoming increasingly popular with Americans and other expatriates who are rescuing and restoring the classic colonial structures. In 2007 the Los Angeles Times recently noted this surge of interest in rescuing Mérida's historic downtown.[6]

The Yucatan Peninsula, in particular the capital city Mérida, is in a prime location which allows for economic growth. Mérida has been a popular location for investment.[11] This, in turn, has allowed the Yucatan economy to grow at three times the rate of the national average.[11] Since Mérida is the capital city of Yucatan and one of the largest cities in this section of Mexico, region-based urbanization is highly influential, in comparison to city-based urbanization.[12] As the capital city of the state of Yucatan, Mérida has its advantages, "Cities, particularly capital cities, are where the vast majority of modern productive activities are concentrated in the developing world and where the vast majority of paid employment opportunities are located."[13] Many resources have been allocated to this region, but not everyone prospers with the influx of these resources. High rates of urban poverty can be attributed to the rapid development of these cities and resource and service allocation can be disproportionate between the rich and the poor of the area. Due to the rapid expansion of these cities, there is uneven distribution of services among members of the community.[13] Due to the developing economy, based on urbanization of the city, high rates between the social classes are present; notable zones throughout the city are visible marking where the upper or lower class are present.[14]

Merida's Municipal Palace, seat of the City Hall and Mayor's office.

Interior of the government palace building decorated with murals by Fernando Castro Pacheco

Mérida is the constitutional capital of the state of Yucatán. State government officials reside here. The municipal or local government is invested under the authority of a City Council (Ayuntamiento) which it is seated at the Municipal Palace of Merida, located at the city's downtown. The City Council is presided by a municipal president or mayor, and an assembly conformed by a number of regents (regidores) and trustees (síndicos). Renán Barrera Concha became Mayor on September 1, 2018.

Italian and French-style architecture is common at city downtown and the Paseo de Montejo avenue.

Yucatec Maya architecture in The Americas Park (Parque de las Américas) located near downtown Merida. The park is a social and cultural place for the residents.

Mérida has been nicknamed "The White City" (La Ciudad Blanca), though the exact origin of this moniker is not clear. Some explanations include the common color of its old buildings painted and decorated with "cal" or the fact that the residents keep the city particularly clean. Mérida was named after the Spanish town of the same name, originally (in Latin) Augústa Emérita (see Mérida, Spain). Mérida has served as the American Capital of Culture in the years 2000 and 2017.[15]

As the state and regional capital, Mérida is a cultural center, featuring multiple museums, art galleries, restaurants, movie theatres, and shops. Mérida retains an abundance of colonial buildings and is a cultural center with music and dancing playing an important part in day-to-day life. At the same time it is a modern city with a range of shopping malls, auto dealerships, hotels, restaurants, and leisure facilities. The famous avenue Paseo de Montejo is lined with original sculpture. Each year, the MACAY Museum in Mérida mounts a new sculpture installation, featuring works from Mexico and one other chosen country. Each exhibit remains for ten months of the year. In 2007, sculptures on Paseo de Montejo featured works by artists from Mexico and Japan.

Yucatán's Maya Museum

Mérida and the state of Yucatán have traditionally been isolated from the rest of the country by geography, creating a unique culture. The conquistadors found the Mayan culture to be incredibly resilient, and their attempts to eradicate Mayan tradition, religion, and culture had only moderate success. The surviving remnants of the Mayan culture can be seen every day, in speech, dress, and in both written and oral histories. It is especially apparent in holidays like Hanal Pixan, a Mayan/Catholic Day of the Dead celebration. It falls on November 1 and 2 (one day for adults, and one for children) and is commemorated by elaborate altars dedicated to dead relatives. It is a compromise between the two religions with crucifixes mingled with skull decorations and food sacrifices/offerings. Múkbil pollo (pronounced/'mykβil pʰoʎoˀ/) is the Mayan tamal pie offered to the dead on All Saints' Day, traditionally accompanied by a cup of hot chocolate. Many Yucatecans enjoy eating this on and around the Day of the Dead. And, while complicated to make, they can be purchased and even shipped via air. (Muk-bil literally means "to put in the ground" or to cook in a pib, an underground oven).

For English speakers or would-be speakers, Mérida has the Mérida English Library,[16] a lending library with an extensive collection of English books, videos, tapes, and children's books. The library is also the site for expatriate meetings, children's storytelling hours, and other cultural events.

Mérida is also home to the Yucatán Symphony Orchestra, which plays regular seasons at the José Peón Contreras Theatre on Calle 60 and features classical music, jazz, and opera.[17]

Food

Yucatán food is its own unique style and is very different from what most people consider "Mexican" food. It includes influences from the local Mayan cuisine, as well as Caribbean, Mexican, European and Middle Eastern foods. Tropical fruit, such as coconut, pineapple, plum, tamarind and mamey are often used in Yucatán cuisine.

Papadzules, a Maya meal consisting of pumpkin seed-soaked corn tortillas filled with egg, spices and other seasonings, is an ancient dish of the Yucatán.

There are many regional dishes. Some of them are:

• Poc Chuc, a Mayan/Yucateco version of boiled/grilled pork
• Salbutes and Panuchos. Salbutes are soft, cooked tortillas with lettuce, tomato, turkey and avocado on top. Panuchos feature fried tortillas filled with black beans, and topped with turkey or chicken, lettuce, avocado and pickled onions. Habanero chiles accompany most dishes, either in solid or puréed form, along with fresh limes and corn tortillas.
• Queso Relleno is a gourmet dish featuring ground pork inside of a carved edam cheese ball served with tomato sauce
• Pavo en Relleno Negro (also known locally as Chilmole) is turkey meat stew cooked with a black paste made from roasted chiles, a local version of the mole de guajalote found throughout Mexico. The meat soaked in the black soup is also served in tacos, sandwiches and even in panuchos or salbutes.
• Sopa de Lima is a lime soup with a chicken broth base often accompanied by shredded chicken or turkey and crispy tortilla.
• Papadzules. Egg "tacos" bathed with pumpkin seed sauce and tomatoes.
• Cochinita pibil is a marinated pork dish, by far the most renowned from Yucatán, that is made with achiote. Achiote is a reddish spice with a distinctive flavor and peppery smell. It is also known by the Spanish (Recados) seasoning paste.
• Bul keken (Mayan for "beans and pork") is a traditional black bean and pork soup. The soup is served in the home on Mondays in most Yucatán towns. The soup is usually served with chopped onions, radishes, chiles, and tortillas. This dish is also commonly referred to as frijol con puerco.
• Brazo de reina (Spanish for "The Queen's Arm") is a traditional tamal dish. A long, flat tamal is topped with ground pumpkin seeds and rolled up like a roll cake. The long roll is then cut into slices. The slices are topped with a tomato sauce and a pumpkin seed garnish.
• Tamales colados is a traditional dish made with pork/chicken, banana leaf, fresh corn masa and achiote paste, seasoned with roasted tomato sauce.

Achiote is a popular spice in the area. It is derived from the hard annatto seed found in the region. The whole seed is ground together with other spices and formed into a reddish seasoning paste, called recado rojo. The other ingredients in the paste include cinnamon, allspice berries, cloves, Mexican oregano, cumin seed, sea salt, mild black peppercorns, apple cider vinegar, and garlic.

Hot sauce in Mérida is usually made from the indigenous chiles in the area which include: Chile Xcatik, Chile Seco de Yucatán, and Chile Habanero.

Several facilities can be found where to practice sports:

• Estadio Salvador Alvarado in the center
• Unidad Deportiva Kukulcán (with the major football Stadium Carlos Iturralde, Kukulcan BaseBall Park and Polifórum Zamná multipurpose arena)
• Complejo deportivo La Inalambrica, in the west ( with archery facilities that held a world series championship )
• Unidad deportiva Benito Juarez Garcia, in the northeast.
• Gimnasio Polifuncional, where professional basketball team Mayas de Yucatán plays for the Liga Nacional de Baloncesto Profesional de México (LNBP) representing Yucatán.

Entrance building of the Hospital Regional de Alta Especialidad

Mérida has many regional hospitals and medical centers. All of them offer full services for the city and in case of the Regional Hospitals for the whole Yucatán peninsula and neighboring states.

The city has one of the most prestigious medical faculties in Mexico (UADY). Proximity to American cities like Houston allow local Doctors to crosstrain and practice in both countries making Mérida one of the best cities in Mexico in terms of health services availability.

Hospitals:

• Public:
  • Hospital Regional del ISSSTE
  • Hospital Ignacio García Téllez Mexican Social Security Institute (IMSS)
  • Hospital Benito Juárez IMSS
  • Hospital Agustin O'Horán
  • Hospital Regional de Alta Especialidad
• Private:
  • Clínica de Mérida
  • Star Médica
  • Centro Médico de las Américas (CMA)
  • Centro de Especialidades Médicas
  • Hospital Santelena
  • Centro Médico Pensiones (CMP)

In 2000 the Mérida municipality had 244 preschool institutions, 395 elementary, 136 Jr. high school (2 years middle school, 1 high), 97 High Schools and 16 Universities/Higher Education schools. Mérida has consistently held the status of having the best performing public schools in Mexico since 1996. The public school system is regulated by the Secretariat of Public Instruction.[19] Attendance is required for all students in the educational system from age 6 up to age 15.[19] Once students reach high school, they are given the option of continuing their education or not; if they chose to do so they are given two tracks in which they can graduate.[19]

Nevertheless, education in Merida has a variety of quality throughout the city. This mainly has to do with the different social strata and where they reside. Mayan indigenous population are at the bottom of the spectrum and this can be represented in the type of education that the children are receiving. Upper class is usually located in the north, as it is less populated and has higher living costs.[14] For the most part, private schools are located in the northern part of the city. The only students who attend these schools are those of high class and of non-Maya descent.[20] A distressing statistic of how this affects the indigenous communities can be noted, "In Yucatan only 8.9 % of the Mayans have achieved junior high and solely the 6.6% have studied beyond that point. The 83.4% of the Mayans 15 years old and older dropped out of school before finishing junior high."[21]

Many laws have been set in place to avoid discrimination between the Spanish speakers and the Mayan speakers as the "Law says that it is a duty of the Mexican State to guarantee —guarantee, not just try, not just attempt— that the indigenous population has access to the obligatory education, bilingual and intercultural in their methods and contents."[21] Despite this having been set into law, there is no bilingual or cultural accepting program after elementary school.[21] The system for indigenous education only serves about one third of the Mayan speaking population of the area.[22] Many Mayan children are forced to learn Spanish and cease using their native tongue, which may be challenging for them to do. This in turn causes many of the students to feel that learning at school is not their strong suit and may even end up dropping out early in their education.[22]

University of Yucatán-Mérida

There are several state institutions offering higher education:

• Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán (UADY)
• Universidad Tecnológica Metropolitana (UTM)
• Instituto Tecnológico de Mérida (ITM)
• Escuela Superior de Artes de Yucatán (ESAY)
• Universidad Pedagógica Nacional
• Escuela Normal Superior de Yucatán (ENSY)
• Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Merida satellite campus (UNAM)

Among several private institutions:

• Centro de Estudios Superiores CTM (CESCTM)
• Colegio de Negocios Internacionales (CNI)
• Universidad Anáhuac Mayab
• Universidad Marista
• Centro de Estudios Universitarios del Mayab (CEUM)
• Universidad Modelo
• Universidad Interamericana para el Desarrollo (UNID)
• Centro Educativo Latino (CEL)
• Universidad Interamericana del Norte
• Centro Universitario Interamericano(Inter)
• Universidad Mesoamericana de San Agustin (UMSA)
• Centro de Estudios de las Américas, A.C. (CELA)
• Universidad del Valle de Mexico (UVM)
• Instituto de Ciencias Sociales de Mérida (ICSMAC)
• Universidad Popular Autónoma de Puebla, Plantel Mérida (UPAEP Mérida)

Mérida has several national research centers. Among them

• Centro de Investigacíón Científica de Yucatán (CICY)
• Centro de Investigaciones Regionales Dr. Hideyo Noguchi, dependent from the UADY, conducts biological and biomedical research.
• Centro INAH Yucatán, dedicated to anthropological, archaeological and historic research.
• Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados CINVESTAV/IPN

• Ermilo Abreu Gómez, writer, journalist and lecturer
• Víctor Alcocer, actor of film, television and voice-over
• Eligio Ancona, teacher, lawyer, novelist, historian, playwright, journalist, and politician
• Felipe Carrillo Puerto, journalist, politician and revolutionary
• Fernando Castro Pacheco, painter, engraver, illustrator, printmaker and teacher
• Raquel Dzib Cicero, teacher and feminist
• Guty Cárdenas, composer, singer and guitarist
• Luis Demetrio, singer and composer
• Rafael Inclán, actor
• Conchi León, playwright, actress, director and Yucatecan theater teacher[23]
• Carlos Loret de Mola, journalist
• Armando Manzanero, singer and composer
• Carlos Martin Briceño, writer
• Ofelia Medina, actress, singer and screenwriter
• Andrés Quintana Roo, liberal politician, lawyer, and author
• Aleks Syntek, singer and songwriter
• Carlos Torre Repetto, chess player

Mural alluding to the conquest of Yucatán, painted by Fernando Castro Pacheco. History Hall of the Palace of Government of Yucatán.

Mérida, Yucatán is twinned with 13 cities:[24]

• Erie, United States (1973)
• New Orleans, United States (June 9, 1990)
• Panama City, United States (November 13, 2003)
• Glendora, United States (1973)
• Sarasota, United States (2010)
• Mérida, Spain (October 12, 1990)
• Incheon, South Korea (October 15, 2007)
• Texcoco, Mexico (May 22, 2001)
• Camagüey, Cuba (February 6, 2000)
• Mérida, Venezuela (October 12, 1990)
• Chiquinquirá, Colombia (March 26, 1999)
• Pereira, Colombia (April 17, 2000)
• Monterrey, Mexico (2014)[25]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mérida, Yucatán.

Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Mérida (Mexico).

• City of Mérida Home page
• "Merida" . The New Student's Reference Work . 1914.