March 1964

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March 27, 1964: Most powerful earthquake in U.S. history strikes Alaska on Good Friday

The following events occurred in March 1964:

March 1, 1964 (Sunday)
  • Eighty-five people were killed when Paradise Airlines Flight 901 crashed into a mountain in while on its way to Tahoe Valley, California, a ski resort town across the border from casinos in Nevada. Wreckage of the plane, a propeller-driven Lockheed Constellation, was located the next day on an 8,700 foot ridge in the Sierra Nevada mountains, where it had impacted after running into a sudden snowstorm while on its approach to Tahoe Valley.[1] Twenty passengers had taken off with the plane from Salinas and another 61 boarded at San Jose. Fifteen other people in San Jose had wanted to board Flight 901 but were told that they would have to catch a later plane.[2][3]
  • Anti-government demonstrations began in Gabon, with protesters shouting "Léon M'ba, président des Français!" ("Léon M'ba, President of the French!") and calling for the end of the "dictatorship".[4]
  • The American première of Karlheinz Stockhausen's Momente, performed by Martina Arroyo (soprano), the Crane Collegiate Singers of SUNY Potsdam (Brock McElheran, chorus master), and members of the Buffalo Philharmonic Orchestra (Lukas Foss, music director), conducted by the composer, took place in Kleinhans Music Hall in Buffalo, New York.
  • The Liberian tanker Amphialos broke in two and sank 230 to 270 nautical miles (430 to 500 km) south east of Liverpool, Nova Scotia, Canada. HMCS Athabaskan of the Royal Canadian Navy rescued 34 of her 36 crew.[5][6]
  • Richard Welsh, a professional skydiver who was celebrating his 29th birthday, was killed by an accident blamed on his habit of screaming while pretending to fall off of an airplane and on the fact that he had no pocket on his outfit. Lacking a pocket, Welsh had clinched the handle of his parachute's ripcord between his teeth, but when he opened his mouth as he fell, the cord flew over his shoulder. As he fell 3,000 feet to his death, Welsh was seen "groping desperately all the way down" trying to grab the cord to open the chute; his body, along with his unopened parachute, was found in the backyard of a home in Delhi Township, Michigan.[7][8]
  • Born: Florencio Randazzo, Argentine politician, in Chivilcoy

March 2, 1964 (Monday)
  • Mount Villarrica, a volcano in Chile erupted suddenly, triggering an avalanche that buried the village of Coñaripe. Twenty-two people were reported killed and 35 others missing.[9][10]
  • After modifications, a U-2 spyplane was able to successfully land on an aircraft carrier, as pilot Bob Schumacher brought the high altitude jet down onto the USS Ranger. Previously, the plane's use had been limited to sites within a 1,500 mile radius of a U.S. base, and some areas of the globe were beyond its reach until it could operate from a mobile airstrip.[11]
  • President Joseph Kasavubu of the Congo suspended the parliament indefinitely, after more than half of the 137 deputies of the Central Assembly failed to appear in Léopoldville, whether out of fear of arrest or because of joining a rebellion against the Congolese government.[12]
  • Born: Laird Hamilton, American big-wave surfer and co-inventor of tow-in surfing, in San Francisco

March 3, 1964 (Tuesday)

March 4, 1964 (Wednesday)
Jimmy Hoffa
  • Teamsters President Jimmy Hoffa was found guilty by a federal jury in Chattanooga, Tennessee on two counts of jury tampering that had happened in 1962. The conviction was the first after four previous trials on other federal charges had ended in an acquittal. Hoffa was released after posting a new bail bond for $75,000 pending the appeal of the verdict and his 8-year prison sentence.[15] His appeals would finally be exhausted three years later, and he would begin his sentence on March 7, 1967.
  • Mark Lane, an attorney from New York City, asked for and was granted the opportunity to appear before the Warren Commission for the stated purpose of representing the interests of the late Lee Harvey Oswald, who had been charged with the assassination of President John F. Kennedy.[16] Lane, who would write the bestselling book Rush to Judgment and who would become the most well-known proponent of JFK conspiracy theories, showed the group news photographs from the assassination scene which he believed had been altered. Commission member and future U.S. President Gerald Ford told reporters later that Lane "was given a fair hearing. He put his ideas in the record, and all will be checked out." [17]
  • The United Nations Security Council unanimously adopted Resolution 186, providing for a multinational peacekeeping force for Cyprus.[18] UNFICYP would become operational on March 27.

March 5, 1964 (Thursday)
  • British Army troops engaged in combat in Cyprus for the first time, when two soldiers fired back at Turkish Cypriot combatants in the predominantly Turkish village of Karmi. The gunfire began after an army unit was sent to protect Greek Cypriot schoolchildren.[19]
  • Following an attempted coup in Gabon, some Gabonese mistakenly accused the United States as a co-conspirator in the recent coup attempt that had temporarily overthrown President Leon M'Ba, and bombed the U.S. Embassy in Libreville.[20] The explosion, which occurred at a time when the building was closed and locked, "cracked two windows, partially demolished the embassy sign and splattered mud over the front of the building." [21][22]
  • The Republic of Zanzibar prohibited the use of the pulled rickshaw on its streets, banning the human-pulled taxi as a symbol of feudal exploitation.[23]

March 6, 1964 (Friday)
Paul I
Constantine II
  • King Paul of Greece, died at the age of 62 of post-operative complications following surgery for stomach cancer. His 23-year-old son became King Constantine II .[24]
  • The literacy test for Mississippi voters was upheld as three judge panel of the U.S. District Court in Jackson ruled, 2–1, that the state law did not violate the U.S. Constitution. The U.S. Department of Justice had brought suit to challenge a requirements that voters had to be, within the judgment of a county official, of good moral character and that they had to be able to read and write, and to be able to interpret selected sections of law. Historically, the literacy test had more often disenfranchised African Americans than white residents.[25] The tests would be outlawed for federal elections by the passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965.
  • The original version of the Soviet Union's MiG-25 supersonic jet fighter, referred to in the West as the "Foxbat", was flown for the first time. "These amazing aircraft", an author would note, "were to sustain the biggest development programme in history, leading to forty-nine versions, of which thirty-three flew and more than twenty entered service." [26]
  • A 504 foot long tanker, the Bunker Hill, exploded and sank in 300 foot deep water in Puget Sound near off of the coast of Anacortes, Washington. Five members of the crew, including the ship's captain, were killed, while the U.S. Coast Guard was able to rescue 25 others from icy water. The ship, which was empty at the time and would normally have carried a crew of 44, had departed and was on its way to pick up a cargo of gasoline at Portland.[27] As a result of the accident, the National Maritime Union would successfully lobby for inflatable life rafts to be placed on all ships owned by companies that had contracts with NMU members.[28]

March 7, 1964 (Saturday)

March 8, 1964 (Sunday)
Malcolm X
Archbishop Wojtyla
  • Malcolm X, who had been suspended from the Nation of Islam, announced in New York City that he was forming a black nationalist party. "I remain a Muslim," he told reporters, "but the main emphasis of the new movement will be black nationalism as a political concept and form of social action against the white oppressors." [32] Three days later, he incorporated his new organization as Muslim Mosque, Inc.[33] and established a headquarters at the Hotel Theresa in the Harlem section of New York City, at 125th Street and Seventh Avenue.[34]
  • Karol Wojtyla was enthroned as the Roman Catholic Archbishop of Krakow at the Wawel Cathedral in Poland's city of Krakow.[35] In 1978, Archbishop Wojtyla would become Pope John Paul II.
  • A DC-3 airplane, operated by Taxader Air Lines, crashed in Colombia while making a flight from Pereira to Bogota, killing the 25 passengers and five crew.[36]

March 9, 1964 (Monday)
  • The United States Supreme Court ruled in New York Times Co. v Sullivan that under the First Amendment, a state was limited in its power to award damages for libel arising from criticism of public officials acting within the scope of their duties. L. B. Sullivan, the police commissioner of Montgomery, Alabama, had been awarded US$500,000 in damages in a libel suit against The New York Times after the Times had run an advertisement on March 29, 1960, accusing Sullivan of overseeing "a wave of terror" against African-Americans.[37][38]
  • The first Ford Mustang rolled off the assembly line at the Ford Motor Company factory in Dearborn, Michigan. A researcher would note later that what he believed to have been the first Mustang marked for shipment (based on having the lowest vehicle identification number that had been found to exist, 100211) was sent to fill an order by the Hull-Dobbs Ford dealership in Winston-Salem, North Carolina, but added that "no record... has been discovered that indicates the VIN number of the first Mustang to roll off the line on that Monday", and that any promotional photo of the first car "typically... would picture a pre-production car purposely placed at the head of the line".[39]
  • A woman found on a sidewalk in Tulsa, Oklahoma, was saved from death despite having a body temperature of only 59.5 °F (12 °C) on arrival at the Hillcrest Medical Center. After 90 minutes, here temperature was recorded at 67 °F (19 °C). A physician at the hospital, Dr. Edward Jenkins, credited the survival of Mrs. Marie Adams to the fact that she had been drunk and that the alcohol in her system led to an unusually quick loss of body heat and a drastic reduction in her body's need for oxygen. Mrs. Adams's injuries were limited to numb fingertips and pain in her throat and chest.[40]
  • Died: Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck, 93, General of the Imperial German Army during World War One, and known as Der Löwe von Afrika ("The Lion of Africa") for his defense of Germany's African colonies against a much larger force of Allied troops.

March 10, 1964 (Tuesday)

March 11, 1964 (Wednesday)
Leoni
Betancourt

March 12, 1964 (Thursday)
Lottery ticket buyer King
  • John W. King, the Governor of New Hampshire, paid three dollars at the Rockingham Park race track in Salem, to buy the first state lottery ticket legally sold in the United States in the 20th Century. Governor King purchased ticket number 0000001 for the New Hampshire Sweepstakes, two days after voters had approved lottery sales tickets at the state's two race tracks and 49 state operated liquor stores. On the first day of sales, 3,600 people hoping to win $100,000 (on September 12) bought tickets.[57] Starting on July 15, the random drawing of 332 tickets would take place to link a name to one of the 332 racehorses registered at the Park, followed by five more drawings before 11 of the horses would run at Rockingham. In all, six people, randomly associated with the winning horse, would each receive $100,000 before taxes.[58]
  • The U.S. House of Representatives voted against raising their salaries by 45 percent (from $22,500 to $32,500 annually), declining, 184–222, to approve a bill that would have raised the salaries of 1.7 million other U.S. government employees. While the original intention was to have the measure made subject to a voice vote, where it would not be clear which individual Congress members wanted to give themselves pay raises, about one half of those present supported a motion to put the matter to a roll call vote. For the record, Democrats supported the measure 149 to 86, while the Republican vote was only 35 for and 136 against.[59]
  • Symphony in D for Cello and Orchestra, composed by Benjamin Britten, was given its first performance. Britten, an Englishman, conducted the Moscow Philharmonic Orchestra in the debut of his work, and dedicated it to Russian cellist Mstislav Rostropovich.[60]
  • Died: Abbas al-Aqqad, 74, Egyptian journalist, poet and philosopher

March 13, 1964 (Friday)
  • A cautionary tale in "not wanting to get involved" happened when the murder of Kitty Genovese took place outside her apartment building in the upper-middle-class neighborhood of Kew Gardens in the New York borough of Queens. New York Police Department investigators were dumbfounded to discover that 38 different "respectable, law-abiding citizens" admitted that they had witnessed the crime, but that none of them had telephoned the police until more than half an hour later, after the killer had returned to the scene a third time to stab 28-year old Catherine Genovese to death. Miss Genovese, the manager of a bar, was returning from work when she was attacked.[61][62][63] Forty-two years later, a researcher would write in American Heritage magazine, "The true number of eyewitnesses was not 38 but 6 or 7," and add that "The Times article that incited all this industry about an urban horror was almost certainly a misleading account of what happened." [64][65] A month later, Winston Moseley would confess to killing Ms. Genovese and two other women.[66] Moseley would be given a sentence of death, later commuted to life imprisonment, and would live 52 more years after the murder, passing away inside the Clinton Correctional Facility in New York on March 28, 2016, at the age of 81.[67]
  • A 65-man patrol of the Peruvian Army came under attack from a tribe of Coquima Indians in as it attempted to follow smugglers near the Amazon basin jungles. At the Mariscal Ramón Castilla Province, near the Peruvian side of the Yavarí River marking the boundary between Peru and Brazil, one soldier was killed by a poisoned-tip arrow when his unit was ambushed, and another was killed by an arrow the next day. The Indian casualties, caused by Peruvian gunfire, bombs, rockets and napalm, were reported to be 33 dead.[68]
  • Brazil nationalized the six remaining privately owned oil refineries in the South American nation, and in a separate decree, authorized government seizure of all unused farm lands that were adjacent to highways, railroad lines and canals. The decrees were signed by President João Goulart in front of a mass gathering of 200,000 people outside the Central Brazilian Railroad station in Rio de Janeiro, and left military leaders with the conclusion that they would need to remove Goulart from office.[69][70]

March 14, 1964 (Saturday)

March 15, 1964 (Sunday)
  • In what one historian would describe as "the earliest expression" of "antiwar feeling among American college students" in response to the Vietnam War, students at Yale University concluded a three-day long conference on socialism that included members of the new Students for a Democratic Society, and launched the "May 2nd Movement" (M2M), and adjourned with plans for an antiwar demonstration in New York City for May 2, 1964.[74]
Burton and Taylor
  • Actors Richard Burton and Elizabeth Taylor, who had co-starred in the 1963 film Cleopatra as lovers Mark Antony and Cleopatra, respectively, married in Montreal.[75] The two would divorce in 1974, and then remarry in 1975 before divorcing again in 1976.
  • Born: Rockwell (stage name for Kennedy William Gordy), American rock musician known for his hit son Somebody's Watching Me; in Detroit
  • Died: Zbigniew Jan Dunikowski, 74, Polish born "alchemist" and convicted swindler who claimed that he had discovered a process for synthesizing gold from the silica in ordinary sand. After persuading investors to purchase shares of his Belgian company, Metallex, he was arrested in 1931 and sentenced to two years in a French prison following his conviction for fraud.[76][77][78][79]

March 16, 1964 (Monday)
  • Following up on his promise in the 1964 State of the Union address to raise living standards in America, U.S. President Lyndon Johnson sent a detailed message to the U.S. Congress, declaring "I have called for a national war on poverty. Our objective: total victory." Johnson, who opened by writing "We are citizens of the richest and most fortunate nation in the history of the world," asked for a $962,000,000 program to help " millions of Americans—one fifth of our people—who have not shared in the abundance which has been granted to most of us, and on whom the gates of opportunity have been closed." [80][81][82]
  • Dundee's "Royal Arch", originally erected in the 1850s to commemorate a visit to the city by Queen Victoria and her husband, Prince Albert, was demolished to make way for the construction of the Tay Road Bridge.
  • Died:

March 17, 1964 (Tuesday)
  • What would become known as the "domino theory" became the basis for American policy on Vietnam, after U.S. President Johnson approved National Security Action Memorandum 288 and the recommendations made to him by Secretary of Defense Robert S. McNamara. "We seek an independent non-Communist South Vietnam," McNamara wrote, adding that "unless we can achieve this objective... almost all of Southeast Asia will probably fall under Communist dominance", starting with South Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia, followed by Burma and Malaysia. "Thailand might hold for a period with our help, but would be under grave pressure. Even the Philippines would become shaky, and the threat to India to the west, Australia and New Zealand to the south, and Taiwan, Korea, and Japan to the north and east would be greatly increased." [83]
  • Joan Merriam Smith, a 27-year old test pilot from Long Beach, California, departed from Oakland at 1:01 in the afternoon in a quest to become the first woman to fly solo around the world.[84]
  • Born:

March 18, 1964 (Wednesday)
  • In a private speech to American diplomats, Thomas C. Mann, the U.S. Under-Secretary of State for Inter-American Affairs, announced a reversal of American foreign policy in the Western Hemisphere. The U.S. Ambassadors to the nations in Latin America had been summoned to Washington for an observance of the third anniversary of President Kennedy's Alliance for Progress initiative, and Mann set aside the American policy of refusing to recognize or aid nations where dictatorships operated in place of democratic government. Henceforward, American policy would be nonintervention in the internal affairs of Latin American republics, and an emphasis on promoting economic growth, opposing the spread of Communism, and protecting American investments.[85] The New York Times would reveal the details of the secret meeting and dub the change in policy the "Mann Doctrine".[86][87]
  • The technology demonstration satellite Kosmos 26 was launched by the Soviet Union from the Mayak Launch Complex at Kapustin Yar.[88]
  • Approximately 50 Moroccan students broke into the embassy of Morocco in the Soviet Union and staged an all‐day sit-in protesting against sentencing of 11 people to death for the alleged assassination attempt of Moroccan King Hassan II.
  • Died:

March 19, 1964 (Thursday)
  • Jerrie Mock, a 38-year old housewife in Columbus, Ohio, departed from that city's airport on her quest to become the first woman to fly solo around the world, two days after Joan Merriam Smith had departed on the same venture.[89] For the next 29 days, readers of newspapers worldwide would follow the progress of Mrs. Mock and Mrs. Smith to see who would complete the task first. Mrs. Smith's two day start was offset by engine trouble that delayed her in Dutch Guiana for a week. Ultimately, Jerrie Mock would complete the circumnavigation of the world first, landing her "Spirit of Columbus" on April 17 at 9:36 in the evening in Columbus, after a journey of 22,858.8 miles and 21 stops.[90] Mrs. Smith had gotten as far as Australia, landing at Darwin on April 17.[91] Mrs. Smith, who had repeatedly encountered engine trouble, would become the second woman to fly solo around the world, landing back at Oakland on May 12.[92][93]
  • The American communications satellite Relay II made the first transmission of a live television broadcast from Japan to the United States.[94]
  • Troops from South Vietnam, accompanied by U.S. Army advisers, mistakenly crossed the border into Cambodia and attacked the village of Chanthrea, killing 17 civilians.[95]
  • Sir Edward Boyle, the British Minister of Education, announced that his Ministry had officially approved the 43 symbol Initial Teaching Alphabet for schoolchildren persons just beginning to read. The I.T.A. had been devised by another member of parliament, James Pitman, who said that as many as 10,000 British children (and 2,000 American children) had learned to read using the alternative alphabet since its introduction as an experiment by the University of London in September 1961.[96]
  • The Foreign Ministry of Luxembourg announced that its head of state, the Grand Duchess Charlotte, would abdicate soon after a reign of 45 years, and turn the monarchy over to her 43-year-old son, Jean.[97]
  • The British government announced plans to build three new towns in South East England to provide housing near overpopulated London.[98] One of these was centred on the village of Milton Keynes in north Buckinghamshire.[99]
  • In the United Kingdom, power dispute talks broke down and it was feared that supply disruptions would follow industrial action.[100]

March 20, 1964 (Friday)
  • Anti-Muslim rioting broke out in the Indian steel-manufacturing city of Rourkela, located in the Orissa state (now called Odisha), after a trainload of Hindu refugees arrived from East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) and described atrocities that had befallen them at the hands of Bengali Muslims.[101] At least 115 people were killed during the night, mostly Muslims who were stabbed or hacked to death.[102] The violence spread into the states of West Bengal, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Jharkhand and Chhattisgarh. By the time that the Indian Army suppressed the mayhem, the official death toll after three weeks was 346, although "unofficial estimates by informed sources put the death total at possibly 700" [103] and the government of Pakistan said that as many as 2,000 Muslims had been massacred.[104][105]
  • ESRO, the European Space Research Organization and a precursor to the European Space Agency, was established in accordance with an agreement signed on June 14, 1962.[106]
  • The Houston Press, one of the three daily newspapers serving Houston, Texas, published its final issue. Founded on September 25, 1911, the Press was later acquired by the Scripps-Howard chain and was sold to the rival Houston Chronicle.[107]
  • The Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union passed a decree that provided for a more liberal system of parole and probation, allowing "conditional release from deprivation of freedom" for well-behaved and able-bodied prisoners after they had served only one-fifth of their sentences. An inmate who "demonstrated the desire to redeem his guilt through honest work" was required to stay within an administrative region designated by the government, and to work on construction projects such as chemical plants, oil refineries or factories.[108]
  • Died: Brendan Behan, 41, Irish poet, novelist and dramatist

March 21, 1964 (Saturday)

March 22, 1964 (Sunday)
Damaged further in shipping

March 23, 1964 (Monday)
  • The first United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) opened with a session at Geneva. Representatives from 120 nations attended and the conference would last for twelve weeks.[113]
  • At Riyadh in Saudi Arabia, Crown Prince Faisal convened a meeting of the other brothers of King Saud of Saudi Arabia, tribal leaders and the 34 principal Muslim patriarchs, to discuss the King's demands for a full restoration of powers that had been taken from him in 1958. The council of civil and religious leaders discussed the problems with the King, and agreed that he needed to be stripped of all remaining authority. At the end of the week, King Saud reluctantly agreed to the council's decree, which took away "his armed protection, most of his revenue and half his income" [114] but allowed him to remain as a figurehead monarch.
  • Rock and roll singer Elvis Presley received his discharge from the U.S. Army reserve, after completion of six years of active and reserve duty.[115]
  • John Lennon's first book, In His Own Write was published and would become a bestseller in the United Kingdom.[116]
  • Died:
    • Peter Lorre, 59, Hungarian-born American film and TV actor formerly known as Laszlo Lowenstein
    • Torstein Raaby, 45, Norwegian resistance fighter and explorer, died of heart failure during a polar exploration in Greenland.

March 24, 1964 (Tuesday)
  • The government of Turkey announced the deportation of all citizens of Greece who had been permitted to live and work, and published its first list of named individuals who were directed to leave with a week. The first group would be forced to sign a statement that they were voluntarily leaving because they had been "involved in illegal economic and political activities", and would depart Istanbul on March 29 "with very little money and few belongings".[117]
  • Edwin O. Reischauer, the United States Ambassador to Japan, was stabbed and seriously wounded by a deranged teenager outside the U.S. Embassy in Tokyo.[118] Norikazu Shioya told police that his motive was to call attention to the problems of co-education, which Shioya saw as a threat to Japanese society, and cited one offense as "making girls and boys sit together at the same desk".[119]
  • Dutchman, an off-Broadway play by African-American playwright LeRoi Jones (later Amiri Baraka) premiered at the Cherry Lane Theatre in New York's Greenwich Village. It would win the Obie Award for Best American Play later in the year and be turned into a film in 1967.[120]

March 25, 1964 (Wednesday)

March 26, 1964 (Thursday)
Jim Thompson
  • U.S. Army Captain Floyd J. "Jim" Thompson was captured by the Viet Cong in South Vietnam after he and his pilot, Richard L. Whitesides, were shot down over the Quang Tri Province, near the village of A Vao. Whitesides was killed in the crash, while Thompson was sent to a prison camp in North Vietnam, where he would spend almost nine years in captivity. Released on March 16, 1973, ten days short of the anniversary of his capture, Captain Thompson remains the longest serving American prisoner of war.[123]
  • You Only Live Twice, Ian Fleming's twelfth James Bond novel, and the last of his novels to be published during his lifetime, was released by Jonathan Cape in the United Kingdom.
  • Died: Henry Monck-Mason Moore, 77, British colonial administrator who served as the first Governor-General of Ceylon (now Sri Lanka) after it was granted independence in 1948, serving until 1949. Moore had previously served as Ceylon's Governor (1944–1948), and as Governor of Sierra Leone (1934–1937) and Governor of Kenya (1940–1944).

March 27, 1964 (Friday)
  • At 5:36 in the afternoon on Good Friday (0336 UTC March 28), the Great Alaskan earthquake, recorded at between 8.6 and 9.2 on the Richter scale, struck the city of Anchorage, Alaska.[124] The tremor, the most powerful earthquake in the United States and the second most powerful in recorded history, killed 131 people [125] and sent waves that struck the coasts of Alaska, British Columbia, Washington, Oregon, and California as well as forcing the call for 300,000 residents of Hawaii to evacuate.[126] At Valdez, Alaska, 24 dockworkers unloading a ship were killed when the dock was pulled underwater.[127] Deemed unsafe, the entire town was moved to a location four miles away.[128]
  • UNFICYP, the peacekeeping United Nations Force in Cyprus, became operational.[129] With soldiers from nine nations, the force would reach a level of 6,238 troops and 173 police by June.[130] The force has remained on Cyprus ever since and, more than 50 years later, has 1,100 personnel on the island.[131]
  • Kosmos 27 was launched by the Soviet Union in to make the first atmospheric probe of the planet Venus, but failed to escape Earth orbit and burned up in the atmosphere the next day.[132]
  • On the same day, Ariel 2, the first satellite to equipped for radio astronomy, and only the second to be launched by the United Kingdom, was put into orbit.[133]

March 28, 1964 (Saturday)
  • At 12:09 a.m., the wave caused by the Alaskan earthquake sent a five foot high wall of water across the small town of Crescent City, California, 1,400 miles from the epicenter and striking six hours after Anchorage had been struck. Eleven people drowned when the water swept four blocks in from the coast.[134]
  • Alitalia Airlines Flight 45 crashed into the side of Mount Somma, near Mount Vesuvius, as it was preparing to land at Naples on a flight from Rome. The Vickers Viscount turboprop airplane was carrying 45 people at 10:30 on the evening before Easter Sunday.[135] Flight 45 was at an altitude of 2,000 feet when it hit the 3,714 foot high mountain.[136]
  • King Saud of Saudi Arabia surrendered nearly all of his power, but retained his title, after the Saudi royal family pressured him to sign a decree. Saud's younger brother Crown Prince Faisal, was granted control of the oil-rich kingdom as the regent for the King.[114][137]
  • The Revolutionary Council that ruled Burma issued the "Law Protecting National Unity" and outlawed all political parties except for the ruling Burma Socialist Programme Party. The law would not be repealed until September 18, 1988.[138]
  • British Royal Air Force jets, based at the Colony of Aden, bombed a Yemeni army fort at Harib in retaliation for raids by the Yemen Arab Republic on Beihan and killed 25 people. Other members of the United Nations Security Council condemned the raid, although the United Kingdom representative said that it had dropped leaflets 30 minutes before the attack and said that it had acted in self-defense.[139][140]
  • Wax likenesses of The Beatles were put on display in London's Madame Tussauds Wax Museum. The Beatles were the first pop stars to be displayed at the museum.

March 29, 1964 (Sunday)
  • Radio Caroline became the United Kingdom's first pirate radio station, with a signal heard at 1520 kHz on the AM band. Founded by Ronan O'Rahilly, the station began broadcasting pop music from the ship MV Caroline, formerly the Danish passenger ferry Frederica. Since the ship was anchored three miles (5 km) off the coast of Felixstowe, Suffolk, England, just outside British territorial waters, it was beyond British jurisdiction.[141]
  • Violent disturbances broke out between two youth gangs, the Mods and Rockers at the English seaside resort of Clacton-on-Sea on Easter Sunday.[142][143][144][145][146]

March 30, 1964 (Monday)
  • A war, between Somalia and Ethiopia, that had started on February 7, ended after President Ibrahim Abboud of Sudan brokered a ceasefire between the two northeast African nations. With a multinational peacekeeping force from the Organisation of African Unity supporting the cessation of hostilities, Somalian and Ethiopian forces withdrew back from the existing border.[147][148]
  • The game show Jeopardy!, created by Merv Griffin, made its debut at 11:30 Eastern time in the U.S., appearing on the NBC television network. Art Fleming served as the show's original host. As a reporter described the format, the show "provides answers in six categories, and three non-celebrity contestants have to supply the correct questions". Premiering half an hour earlier on the ABC network was the less successful Get the Message, hosted by Frank Buxton and described as being "that two celebrities per men-vs.-women side, instead of one, offer "Password"-like clues to contestants trying to guess words and phrases." [149]
  • Trans-Canada Airlines was renamed Air Canada.[150] Canada's House of Commons had approved the legislation on March 3,[151] in a bill sponsored by future Prime Minister Jean Chrétien from Quebec, who had championed the new name that would work equally well in the French and English languages.

March 31, 1964 (Tuesday)

References
  1. "85 Passengers Perish in Sierra Air Crash", Chicago Tribune, March 3, 1964, p2
  2. "85 ON LOST TAHOE PLANE— Craft Feared Down in Bad Sierra Storm", Chicago Tribune, March 2, 1964, p1
  3. Aviation Safety Network. Accessed 27 August 2013
  4. Biteghe, Moïse N’Solé (1990), Echec aux militaires au Gabon en 1964, Paris: Chaka, p. 92, ISBN 2-907768-06-9, OCLC 29518659
  5. "34 Saved After Tanker Breaks in Two". The Times (59949). London. 2 March 1964. col C, p. 10.
  6. "Ship Breaks in Two; 2 Die; 34 Are Saved", Chicago Tribune, March 2, 1964, p3
  7. "Blame Chutist's Yell for His Dive to Death", Chicago Tribune, March 2, 1964, p1
  8. "Own Shout Dooms Lansing Chutist To Death Plunge", Detroit Free Press, March 2, 1964, p1
  9. "Volcano Spews New Terror for Chileans", Chicago Tribune, March 4, 1964, p2-11
  10. John L. Smellie and Benjamin R. Edwards, Glaciovolcanism on Earth and Mars (Cambridge University Press, 2016) p74
  11. Norman Polmar, Spyplane: The U-2 History Declassified (MBI Publishing Company, 2001) p207
  12. Edgar O'Ballance, The Congo-Zaire Experience, 1960–98 (Palgrave Macmillan, 1999) p68
  13. Nadav Safran, Saudi Arabia: The Ceaseless Quest for Security (Cornell University Press, 1988) p101
  14. "List of National Parks". Ministry of the Environment. Retrieved 10 May 2011.
  15. "JURY FINDS HOFFA GUILTY", Chicago Tribune, March 5, 1964, p1
  16. Report of the Warren Commission on the Assassination of President Kennedy (McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1964) p297
  17. "Lawyer Who 'Represents' Oswald Heard", Chicago Tribune, March 5, 1964, p2
  18. Farid Mirbagheri, Cyprus and International Peacemaking 1964–1986 (Routledge, 2014) p37
  19. "BRITONS FIRE ON CYPRIOTS— Troops Act to Protect Greek Pupils", Chicago Tribune, March 6, 1964, p1
  20. Howe, Russell Warren (7 April 1964), "Election Sunday to Test French "Counter-Coup" in Gabon", The Washington Post, pp. D7, retrieved 8 September 2008
  21. "Bomb Splatters U.S. Embassy", Chicago Tribune, March 7, 1964, p6
  22. "Americans Score French in Gabon", The New York Times, p. 3, 7 March 1964, retrieved 7 September 2008
  23. Roman Loimeier, Between Social Skills and Marketable Skills: The Politics of Islamic Education in 20th century Zanzibar (BRILL, 2009) p51
  24. "Constantine II: Monarch at 23", Chicago Tribune, March 7, 1964, p1
  25. "Mississippi Voting Laws Ruled Valid", Chicago Tribune, March 7, 1964, p1
  26. Bill Gunston, Night Fighters: A Development and Combat History (The History Press, 1976)
  27. "5 Die, 25 Saved in Tanker Blast", Los Angeles Times, March 7, 1964, p10
  28. "Installation Of Life Rafts Agreed To By Shipowners", Baltimore Sun, April 10, 1964, p32
  29. "Fifty Years of Script and Written Language Reform in the PRC: The Genesis of the Language Law of 2001", by John S. Rohsenow, in Language Policy in the People’s Republic of China: Theory and Practice Since 1949 (Springer, 2004) p26
  30. "Pro-Westerner Named Iran Premier", The Courier-Journal (Louisville KY), March 8, 1964, p2
  31. "Iran, Islamic Republic of", in Heads of States and Governments: A Worldwide Encyclopedia of Over 2,300 Leaders, 1945 through 1992, by Harris M. Lentz (Fitzroy Dearborn, 1994) p404
  32. "Malcolm X Plans a New Negro Group", Chicago Tribune, March 9, 1964, p3
  33. Robert E. Terrill, The Cambridge Companion to Malcolm X (Cambridge University Press, 2010) p102
  34. Clifton E. Marsh, The Lost-found Nation of Islam in America (Rowman & Littlefield, 2000) p60
  35. George Weigel, Evangelical Catholicism: Deep Reform in the 21st-Century Church (Basic Books, 2014) pp118
  36. "Colombian Air Liner Crashes; 30 Are Killed", Chicago Tribune, March 9, 1964, p1
  37. "High Court Upsets Times Libel Award", Chicago Tribune, March 10, 1964, p1
  38. Frank Caso, Global Issues: Censorship (Infobase Publishing, 2008) p161
  39. Robert A. Fria, Mustang Genesis: The Creation of the Pony Car (McFarland, 2010) p160
  40. "Thaw and Save Frozen Woman— Credit Her Survival to Alcohol in Body, Chicago Tribune, March 10, 1964, p1
  41. Don Catlin, The Lottery Book: The Truth Behind the Numbers (Bonus Books, 2003) p10
  42. "Gamblers Win in New Hampshire When Voters OK Sweepstakes", St. Louis Post-Dispatch, March 11, 1964, p1
  43. George Packer, The Fight Is for Democracy: Winning the War of Ideas in America and the World (Harper Collins, 2003)
  44. James T. Havel, U.S. Presidential Candidates and the Elections, 1789–1992 (Macmillan Library Reference USA, 1996) p208
  45. "LODGE SWEEPS PRIMARY!— Goldwater Runs Second, Rocky Third", Chicago Tribune, March 11, 1964, p1
  46. "Lodge Happy at News; Won't Return to U.S.", Chicago Tribune, March 11, 1964, p2
  47. R. Hrair Dekmejian, Egypt Under Nasir: A Study in Political Dynamics (State University of New York Press, 1971) p154
  48. "Socialist Parliament Due Election In Egypt", Baltimore Sun, March 10, 1964, p2
  49. "Russians Shoot Down U.S. Jet— 3 Parachute from Plane; Fate in Doubt", Chicago Tribune, March 11, 1964, p1
  50. "U.S. Flyers Released by Russia; Both Well", Chicago Tribune, March 28, 1964, p2
  51. "Checkmate, Comrade", Long Beach (CA) Independent, March 11, 1967, p1
  52. Monroe Newborn, Computer Chess (Academic Press, 2014) p30
  53. "Venezuela Installs Leoni as President", Chicago Tribune, March 12, 1964, p1D-2
  54. Lance Parkin, The Impossible Has Happened: The Life and Work of Gene Roddenberry, Creator of Star Trek (Aurum Press Limited, 2016)
  55. Charles Woodley, The History of British European Airways (Pen & Sword Aviation, 2006) p68
  56. "Finnair Flies to Estonia 1st Time in Years", Chicago Tribune, March 12, 1964, p3
  57. "King Buys First Ticket In N.H. Sweepstakes", Portsmouth (NH) Herald, March 13, 1964, p1
  58. "New Hampshire Sweepstakes Run Today", Tallahassee (FL) Democrat, September 12, 1964, p7
  59. "HOUSE DEFEATS PAY RAISE— Supporters Wilt in Face of Roll Call", Chicago Tribune, March 13, 1964, p1
  60. Eric Walter White, Benjamin Britten: His Life and Operas (University of California Press, 1970) p54
  61. "Queens Woman Is Stabbed To Death in Front of Home", New York Times, March 14, 1964, p26
  62. "38 Citizens See Murder, Do Nothing!", Chicago Tribune, March 27, 1964, p1
  63. "37 Saw Murder But Didn't Call", New York Times, March 27, 1964, p1
  64. "Nightmare on Austin Street", by Jim Rasenberger, American Heritage (October 2006)
  65. Catherine Pelonero, Kitty Genovese: A True Account of a Public Murder and Its Private Consequences (Skyhorse Publishing, 2016)
  66. Kevin Cook, Kitty Genovese: The Murder, the Bystanders, the Crime that Changed America (W. W. Norton & Company, 2014)
  67. "Winston Moseley, Who Killed Kitty Genovese, Dies in Prison at 81", New York Times, April 4, 2016
  68. "40 March to Relieve Patrol in Peru Wilds", Chicago Tribune, March 15, 1964, p26
  69. "Brazil: General's Coup, 1964", in Encyclopedia of Conflicts Since World War II, by James Ciment (Routledge, 2015) p361
  70. "Goulart OK's Oil Refinery, Land Seizures", Chicago Tribune, March 14, 1964, p2-8
  71. "RUBY SENTENCED TO CHAIR— Jury Decides Fate in 2 Hours 24 Minutes", Chicago Tribune, March 15, 1964, p1
  72. "The Trial of Jacob Rubenstein ("Jack Ruby")", in Trials of the Century: An Encyclopedia of Popular Culture and the Law, by Scott P. Johnson (ABC-CLIO, 2011) pp409-410
  73. "Cypriot Wars (1955–1977)", by Robert Martyn, in Ground Warfare: An International Encyclopedia (ABC-CLIO, 2002) p229
  74. William Conrad Gibbons, The U.S. Government and the Vietnam War: Executive and Legislative Roles and Relationships, Part II: 1961–1964 (Princeton University Press, 1986) p250
  75. "Liz, Burton Wed in Canada", Chicago Tribune, March 16, 1964, p1
  76. Marco Fontani, et al., The Lost Elements: The Periodic Table's Shadow Side (Oxford University Press, 2014)
  77. "An Alchemist or Swindler? The Case of Zbigniew Dunkiowski", by Lotysz Slawomir, in Kwartalnik Historii Nauki i Techniki (Quarterly Journal of Scientific and Technical History, Winter 2009, pp63-82
  78. "Make Good or Stay in Jail, French Officials Tell Man Who Claims He Can Get Gold From Sand of Sea", The Arizona Daily Star (Tucson AZ), January 17, 1932, p3-1
  79. "Polish 'Alchemist' Shows New Process for Gold Extraction", Chicago Daily Tribune, February 19, 1935, p2
  80. "Johnson Asks 962 Million Poverty War— It's All in Budget, Congress Told", March 17, 1964, p1
  81. " Special Message to the Congress Proposing a Nationwide War on the Sources of Poverty", The American Presidency Project, U.C. Santa Barbara
  82. Harold Silver and Pamela Silver, An Educational War on Poverty: American and British Policy-making 1960–1980 (Cambridge University Press, 2006) p70
  83. Joshua Rovner, Fixing the Facts: National Security and the Politics of Intelligence (Cornell University Press, 2011) p53
  84. "Woman Is Off on Solo Flight Around World", Chicago Tribune, March 18, 1964, p1
  85. David F. Schmitz, Thank God They're on Our Side: The United States and Right-Wing Dictatorships, 1921–1965 (University of North Carolina Press, 2009) pp265-266
  86. "Johnson, Lyndon B.", in Encyclopedia of U.S. Military Interventions in Latin America, Alan McPherson, ed. (ABC-CLIO, 2013) p332
  87. "U.S. May Abandon Effort to Deter Latin Dictators", by Tad Szulc, New York Times, March 19, 1964, p1
  88. Wade, Mark. "Kosmos 2". Encyclopedia Astronautica. Archived from the original on 2012-07-08. Retrieved 2009-05-26.
  89. "2 Housewives Flying Globe in Solo Hops— Seek Page in History as First of Their Sex", Chicago Tribune, March 20, 1964, p5
  90. "Jerri Mock, Mother of 3, Completes History-Making Solo Flight Around World", UPI report in Lebanon (PA) Daily News, April 18, 1964, p1
  91. "Joan Merriam Has Landed in Darwin", AP report in Yuma (AZ) Daily Sun, April 17, 1964, p9
  92. "Woman Flier Completes World Hop", Fresno (CA) Bee, May 12, 1964, p1
  93. F. Robert Van Der Linden, Best of the National Air and Space Museum (Smithsonian Institution, 2016) p39
  94. "Communications in Orbit: A Legal Analysis and Prognosis", by Jerome Morenoff, in Communication Satellite Systems Technology: A Collection of Technical Papers Drawn Mainly from the AIAA Communications Satellite Systems Conference, May 2–4, 1966 (Academic Press, 2014) p1020
  95. "U.S. Expresses Regrets over Cambodia Raid", Chicago Tribune, March 24, 1964, p10
  96. "Wuns Upon a Tiem Thaer Wer 26 Letters— 43 Nou", Chicago Tribune, March 20, 1964, p1
  97. "Luxemburg's Duchess Set to End Reign— Son Jean, 43, to Take Over for Her Soon", Chicago Tribune, March 20, 1964, p1A-1
  98. "1964: 'Ambitious' plans for south east". BBC. 19 March 1964. Retrieved 2010-10-05.
  99. Express and Star
  100. "Power Dispute Talks Break Down Overtime Ban On Monday, Union Delegation Walks Out Of Meeting". The Times. 20 March 1964. p. 14, col.A.
  101. "Religious Riot Kills 28, Calcutta Reports", Baltimore Sun, March 21, 1964, p2
  102. "Americans In Indian Town Still In Shock Over Butchery Of March 20", AP report in Asheville (NC) Citizen-Times, April 10, 1964, p13
  103. "Indian Casualty Estimate", St. Louis Post-Dispatch, April 9, 1964, p20A
  104. "Indian Army Busy Seeking Killer Tribe", March 30, 1964, p2
  105. "74 Yanks Flee Hindu-Moslem Riots in India", Chicago Tribune, March 22, 1964, p7
  106. Brian Harvey, Europe's Space Programme: To Ariane and Beyond (Springer, 2003) p40
  107. Hank Moore, Houston Legends: History and Heritage of Dynamic Global Capitol (Morgan James Publishing, 2015) p97
  108. Jeffrey S. Hardy, The Gulag after Stalin: Redefining Punishment in Khrushchev’s Soviet Union, 1953–1964 (Cornell University Press, 2016) pp197-198
  109. "Unbeaten UCLA Wins NCAA Title", Chicago Tribune, March 22, 1964, p2-1
  110. Gus Russo, Live by the Sword: The Secret War Against Castro and the Death of JFK (Bancroft Press, 1998) p390
  111. "Four Chips Join Arms of Venus de Milo", Los Angeles Times, March 23, 1964, p2
  112. "Plot To Seize, Merge Spain, Portugal Fails", Indianapolis Star, March 23, 1964, p1
  113. Public Papers of the Secretaries General of the United Nations: Volume 6, Andrew W. Cordier and Max Harrelson, eds. (Columbia University Press, 2013) p538
  114. "King Saud, 62, Forced to Quit Saudi Arabia Throne— Council of Royal Family Strips Him of Power", Chicago Tribune, March 29, 1964, p8
  115. William W. Hartzog, American Military Heritage (Government Printing Office, 1971) p201
  116. James Henke, Lennon Legend: An Illustrated Life of John Lennon (Chronicle Books, 2003) p18
  117. Derya Bayir, Minorities and Nationalism in Turkish Law (Routledge, 2016) p130
  118. "U.S. Envoy Stabbed in Tokyo", Chicago Tribune, March 25, 1964, p1
  119. "Mental Patient Admits Attack on Reischauer", Chicago Tribune, March 25, 1964, p3
  120. Amy Abugo Ongiri, Spectacular Blackness: The Cultural Politics of the Black Power Movement and the Search for a Black Aesthetic (University of Virginia Press, 2010) p88
  121. "United Arab Republic", in The Statesman's Year-Book 1967–68 (Springer, 1967) p1583
  122. "The Guardianship of Infants Act, 1964". Acts of the Oireachtas. Irish Statute Book. Archived from the original on 2009-12-11.
  123. Tom Philpott, Glory Denied: The Vietnam Saga of Jim Thompson, America's Longest-Held Prisoner of War (W. W. Norton & Company, 2012) p430
  124. "ALASKA QUAKE DISASTER!", Chicago Tribune, March 28, 1964, p1
  125. Ernest Zebrowski, Perils of a Restless Planet: Scientific Perspectives on Natural Disasters (Cambridge University Press, 1999) p165
  126. "300,000 Flee on Island Shores; Losses Light", Chicago Tribune, March 28, 1964, p1
  127. "Prince William Sound, Alaska, earthquake", in Encyclopedia of Disasters: Environmental Catastrophes and Human Tragedies, by Angus M. Gunn (Greenwood Publishing, 2008) p480
  128. "Good Friday Earthquake, Valdez Museum
  129. Michael J. Butler, International Conflict Management (Routledge, 2009) p65
  130. Thomas M. Franck, Recourse to Force: State Action against Threats and Armed Attacks (Cambridge University Press, 2002) p80
  131. UNFICYP website
  132. Wesley T. Huntress, Jr. and Mikhail Ya. Marov, Soviet Robots in the Solar System: Mission Technologies and Discoveries (Springer, 2011) p133
  133. Mike Gruntman, Blazing the Trail: The Early History of Spacecraft and Rocketry (American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2004) p432
  134. "Wave Sweeps Over 56 Blocks of California Town; 11 Dead", Chicago Tribune, March 29, 1964, p2
  135. "Plane Crash Kills 45; Hits Mt. Vesuvius", Chicago Tribune, March 29, 1964, p5
  136. Aviation Safety Network
  137. "King Saud Stripped of Power by Brother", Chicago Tribune, April 1, 1964, p3-8
  138. "Rule of Law Concepts in Burma's Constitutions and Actual Practice", by Myint Zan, in Constitutionalism and Legal Change in Myanmar (Bloomsbury, 2017) p26
  139. Murray Colin Alder, The Inherent Right of Self-Defence in International Law (Springer, 2012) p134
  140. Clive Jones, Britain and the Yemen Civil War, 1962–1965: Ministers, Mercenaries and Mandarins (Sussex Academic Press, 2010) p52
  141. "Radio Caroline", in The A to Z of British Radio, by Seán Street (Scarecrow Press, 2009) p224
  142. "Youths Brawl in Britain; 90 Are Arrested", Chicago Tribune, March 30, 1964, p7
  143. Palmer, Alan; Veronica (1992). The Chronology of British History. London: Century Ltd. pp. 422–423. ISBN 0-7126-5616-2.
  144. "London Teens Riot Again in Seaside Town", Chicago Tribune, March 31, 1964, p3-11
  145. "1964: Mods and Rockers jailed after seaside riots", On This Day, BBC.co.uk
  146. "Mods and rockers 50 years on since Clacton 'invasion'", by Laurence Cawley, BBC News, April 20, 2014
  147. Michael Brecher and Jonathan Wilkenfeld, A Study of Crisis (University of Michigan Press, 1997) pp98-100
  148. "Ethiopia v Somali Republic 1964", The Black Handbook: The People, History and Politics of Africa and the African Diaspora, E. L. Bute and H. J. P. Harmer, eds. (Bloomsbury, 2016) p190
  149. "2 New Game Shows Have Old Themes", by Harry Harris, Philadelphia Inquirer, March 31, 1964, p19
  150. "Air Canada Now Official", Canadian Press report in The Brandon (MT) Sun, April 1, 1964, p29
  151. "Changing TCA To Air Canada", Ottawa Journal, March 4, 1964, p1
  152. "Brazil Chief Dares Navy to Block Him", Chicago Tribune, March 31, 1964, p1
  153. "TROOPS REBEL IN BRAZIL— Revolt Backed by 2 Corps and One State", Chicago Tribune, April 1, 1964, p1
  154. Youssef Cohen, The Manipulation of Consent: The State and Working-Class Consciousness in Brazil (University of Pittsburgh Press, 1989) p3
  155. "Lord Justice Pearson Inquiry Chairman". The Times. 1 April 1964. p. 10, col.B.
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