January 1965

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January 24, 1965: Sir Winston Churchill passes away at 90
January 6, 1965: Milan Cathedral completed after 567 years
January 20, 1965: U.S. President Johnson inaugurated in Washington
January 6, 1965: F-111, first plane with folding wings, takes flight

The following events occurred in January 1965:

January 1, 1965 (Friday)
  • The Battle of Bình Gia concluded, as the Viet Cong (VC) withdrew while in a superior position. The South Vietnamese Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN) lost 201 killed, while the U.S. had its biggest losses in the Vietnam War up to that time, with five killed.[1][2][3]{rp|302-3}}
  • Indonesia announced its intention to leave the United Nations, as Indonesian ambassador Lambertus Palar told the news verbally to Secretary General U Thant and UN General Assembly President Alex Quaison-Sackey. No member of the United Nations had quit the organization since its creation in 1945.[4]
  • Luis Muñoz Marín, Governor of Puerto Rico since 1945, was succeeded in the post after twenty years by Roberto Sánchez Vilella.
  • An hour before he was scheduled to broadcast a nationwide address, Nigeria's President Nnamdi Azikiwe canceled the speech. National elections had been held on December 29, but had been widely boycotted by people who felt they were fraudulent. The text of his address showed that Azkiwe planned to say that he would resign rather than to ask anyone to form a government based on the election results.[5]
  • Fatah, the "Palestinian National Liberation Movement" led by Yasser Arafat, issued its Military Communique No. 1, announcing the formation of a military wing, Al-'Asifah and declaring that it was going to launch a guerrilla action against Israel. Its declared purpose was to show that "the armed revolution is the way to Return and to Liberty" and that the cause of Palestinian reoccupation of the Israeli lands "has not died and will not die."[6] Fatah's first attempt at an attack would come on January 13, when four men rigged an explosive device to water pumps at Beit Netofa Valley water plant and then exchanged gunfire with the Israeli Defense Forces.[7]
  • Twenty-two people were killed, and 22 others injured, when their bus overturned near Jalapa in the Veracruz state of Mexico. More might have survived the wreck, but the bus burst into flames after one of the passengers struck a match in order to find his way out of the darkness.[8]
  • The #1 ranked team in college football, the Alabama Crimson Tide, was beaten by the #3 Texas Longhorns, 21-17, in the Orange Bowl.[9] Meanwhile, the #2 Arkansas Razorbacks rallied to beat the #6 Nebraska Cornhuskers, 10-7, in the Cotton Bowl and remained the only unbeaten major team from 1964[10] However, since the final Associated Press and United Press International polls had been made at the end of the regular season, Alabama's loss did not affect its #1 standing.

January 2, 1965 (Saturday)
  • Mohammed Ayub Khan was re-elected as President of Pakistan, defeating challenger Fatima Jinnah, the 76-year-old sister of Pakistan's founder Mohammed Ali Jinnah.[11]
  • Denis Healey, the United Kingdom Secretary of Defence, canceled the nation's fighter and military transport programmes and ordered the purchase of the US-built F-4 Phantom and C-130 Hercules in their place.
  • The United Kingdom airlifted 1,200 British paratroopers, infantrymen and sailors to Singapore in order to help guard Malaysia from a threatened attack by Indonesia.[12]
  • Radio Peking said that the Panchen Lama, who had been removed from office in late 1964 as China's puppet ruler for Tibet, had confessed to conspiring with Tibetan "serf owners" to foment unrest in the former kingdom.[13]
  • Joe Namath, quarterback for the University of Alabama, signed a three-year contract with the New York Jets of the American Football League (AFL) for an unprecedented $400,000 – the highest amount ever paid to a professional football player. Namath signed at a hotel in Miami, the day after completing his college football career in the Orange Bowl.[14][15] The deal would prove to be a breakthrough for the AFL in its attempt to compete with the established NFL, and would be a major reason for a major contract offer by the NBC television network for the rights to broadcast the newer league's games.[16]
  • Surgeons at the Oswestry Orthopaedic Hospital in Britain performed the last of several operations on Ann Rowston, a 19-year-old woman who had grown to 6 ft 7 in tall because of a pituitary gland disorder. With the removal of four inches from her left femur, preceded by operations to take two inches from her shin bones and four from her right femur, it was hoped that her height could be reduced to slightly over 6 feet tall.[17] On June 2, eight months after the first surgery had started, Rowston would be recovered sufficiently to leave the hospital on crutches and to begin therapy to resume walking.[18]
  • Martin Meyerson replaced Edward Strong as acting chancellor of U.C. Berkeley, betokening a shift of policy towards the campus Free Speech Movement.[19][20]
  • The long-running British TV sports series World of Sport was launched.
  • Don Drummond, who was one of the most famous ska musicians in Jamaica, but who also was known to be mentally ill, stabbed and killed his girlfriend, Marguerita Mahfood, after she returned to their home in Kingston from a nightclub performance. Found to be insane, Drummond was committed to a mental hospital, where he would die four years later.[21]
  • In Czechoslovakia, the children's television program Večerníček (featuring a boy of the same name who provides a bedtime story for young children) aired its first episode. The show would celebrate its 50th anniversary in 2015.

January 3, 1965 (Sunday)
  • The collapse of a Roman Catholic church in Rijo, a town in the Puebla state of Mexico, killed 57 people and injured 61 others during the first Sunday services in the new building.[22] Twenty of the victims were children, and 100 other children were left as orphans by the disaster.[23]
  • In his first public appearance of the year, Pope Paul VI gave a homily at a Mass for the Italian University.[24]
  • The first German airbase on foreign soil since the end of World War II opened, when West Germany's Luftwaffe began joint-operation with the Portuguese Air Force of a base 110 miles from Lisbon.[25]
  • Syria announced nationalization of foreign-controlled industries.[26]
  • Died:
    • Milton Avery, 79, American modern art painter
    • Semyon Kosberg, 45, Soviet Jewish aviation and rocket engineer, Hero of Socialist Labor and four time awardee of the Order of Lenin

January 4, 1965 (Monday)
  • U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson announced his plans for the "Great Society" during his State of the Union Address.[27][28] Johnson spoke at 9:00 in the evening Eastern time, setting a precedent for the annual State of the Union speech to be seen in "prime time"; with few exceptions, the address had generally been given in the afternoon.[29]
  • Sixty-four of the 103 people on Aeroflot Flight SU-101 were killed when the plane crashed while attempting to land at the Alma-Ata airport in the Kazakh SSR in the Soviet Union, after departing from Semipalatinsk as part of a multi-stop flight that had originated in Moscow. The pilot had attempted to land during poor visibility, and brought the Ilyushin 18B turboprop down into trees about 600 feet to the right of the runway.[30][31]
  • As the new U.S. Congress opened, Republican members of the U.S. House of Representatives voted, 73–67, to replace 64-year-old minority leader Charles A. Halleck of Indiana with a younger candidate, 51-year-old Representative Gerald R. Ford of Michigan. "[32] "If Ford had not made that run against Halleck", longtime friend and aide Donald Rumsfeld would write later, "he would not have become the House Republican leader, nor would he later have been selected by President Nixon as vice president when Spiro Agnew had to resign. Indeed, it can probably be said that the man who was never elected president by the American people became president of the United States by the narrow margin he received to become House minority leader on January 4, 1965."[33]
  • Members of the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party, a group of several hundred protesters, mostly African-American, asked the House of Representatives to disqualify four Democrats and one Republican who had been elected to represent Mississippi in the House in November, on the grounds that the MFDP's candidates had been illegally kept off of the ballot. On the motion of New York Congressman William F. Ryan, the five stood aside while the representatives from the other 49 states were sworn in, and a roll call vote was taken. The House voted 277 to 148 to administer the oath to their five Mississippi colleagues.[34][35][36]
  • The U.S. House of Representatives voted 224-201 to revise its rules in order to prevent the House Rules Committee from blocking legislation that it opposed. Under the new system, if a bill had not been cleared by the Rules Committee within 21 legislative days, the Speaker of the House was authorized to remove it directly to the entire House for a vote.[37]
  • Deactivation of America's Titan I missiles began less than three years after they had first become operational on April 18, 1962. The 144 Titans had been deployed at five air force bases in the Western United States, and the first to be taken off of alert were those at Beale Air Force Base in California.[38] The ICBMs, which had to be raised out of their silos for fueling before they could be launched, had been made obsolete by the new Minuteman missiles.[39]
  • Rubén Olivares began his professional boxing career in a bout in Cuernavaca, Mexico, knocking out Isidro Sotelo in the first round. Olivares would enter the Hall of Fame as one of the hardest punching boxers of all time, and would win almost three-quarters of his fights by knockouts, including his first 24 bouts and 50 of his first 53. He would reign as the world bantamweight champion between 1969 and 1972, and the world featherweight champion briefly during 1974, and 1975.[40]
  • Born:
  • Died: T. S. Eliot, 76, American-born writer, and 1948 winner of the Nobel Prize in Literature

January 5, 1965 (Tuesday)
  • The Renault 16, the world's first production car with a hatchback rear door instead of a trunk, was introduced at a press conference on the French Riviera, and three months before it was to be made available to the public.[41]
  • The Fender Musical Instruments Corporation was sold to CBS for $13,000,000.[42][43]
  • The People's Republic of China and Tanzania signed an agreement for a loan of ten million British pounds from China, and Chinese aid of £3,000,000 to build a fully integrated textile mill.[44]
  • Che Guevara of Cuba met in Brazzaville with MPLA leader (and future President of Angola) Agostinho Neto to discuss Cuban aid in the MPLA's fight to liberate Angola from Portuguese control.[45]
  • The Firestone Tire and Rubber Company announced an agreement with Romania for Firestone to design and equip a synthentic rubber plant in the Communist republic.[46]
  • Dempsey Bruton, a NASA engineer at the flight facility at Wallops Island, Virginia, filed a report of an unidentified flying object led to an investigation by the U.S. Air Force.[47] The incident would be embellished in later years, with descriptions of a NASA satellite tracking station who "calculated its speed at 6,000 mph"[48] and witnesses in downtown Washington, D.C., later seeing "strange, disclike objects zigzagging effortlessly north to south across the sky toward the Capitol building."[49]
  • One 18-year-old man and three teenage boys were found dead inside their cell in the city jail in Payson, Arizona. The young men who had been arrested the night before for petty theft, had not been checked upon until 10:30 the next morning. The only inmates, all four were victims of carbon monoxide poisoning from a faulty space heater.[50]
  • Born:
    • Patrik Sjöberg, Swedish high jumper who held the world record from 1987 to 1988 after clearing 2.42 meters (7'11.3"); in Gothenburg;
    • Vinnie Jones, English-born soccer football star who captained the Wales national team; in Watford
  • Died: Billy Wade, 34, American stock car racer and 1963 NASCAR Rookie of the Year, was killed when he was testing tires for the Goodyear Tire Company at the Daytona International Raceway. When he entered a turn at 170 mph while, the right front tire blew and he crashed into a wall.[51]

January 6, 1965 (Wednesday)
  • Construction of the Milan Cathedral was completed after 567 years, with the installation of the last of its massive bronze doors. Giovanni Colombo, the Archbishop of Milan, blessed the event with the words "May this door be one to hope and salvation."[52]
  • The General Dynamics F-111 Aardvark, the first aircraft that could fold and unfold its wings, while in flight, made its first successful flight. Richard L. Johnson and Val E. Pruhl, test pilots for General Dynamics, were the flight crew on the expensive fighter-bomber. Johnson commented later, "For the first time, with wing sweep, we can have an airplane with supersonic performance that, at the same time, does not need a concrete lake to land upon."[53] During the flight, "the wings were swept from the 16-degree full-forward position to the 72.5-degree full aft position".[54]
  • Hassan al-Amri, "the General of Yemen", became Prime Minister of the Yemen Arab Republic for the second time, in a military government.[55]
  • U.S. Senator Karl Mundt of South Dakota introduced a proposed amendment to the U.S. Constitution that would reform the electoral college system that had been in place since 1789. Under the Mundt proposal, which would fail in the Senate, the presidential candidate with the plurality of popular votes in a particular state would not necessarily win all of the state's electoral votes. Mundt's idea was to award one electoral vote for each congressional district where a candidate finished first, with two additional electoral votes to the overall winner of a particular state.[56]
  • Born: Wendelin Van Draanen, American children's author who created the Sammy Keyes mystery novels; in Chicago

January 7, 1965 (Thursday)
  • The Bank of France demanded that the United States Treasury convert French holdings of $150,000,000 worth of United States dollars into gold. The U.S. had honored two previous requests for smaller amounts in 1962 and 1963. France's move came in light of the Finance Ministry's report that France had only 70% of its optimal gold reserve to back up its own currency.[57]
  • Identical twin brothers Ronnie and Reggie Kray, 31, were arrested on suspicion of running a protection racket in London.[58]
  • The town of Simacota, located in the Santander Department in northeastern Colombia, was seized by more than 100 members of the new Ejército de Liberación Nacional (ELN), the "National Liberation Army")[59][60] The invaders murdered three of Simacota's four policemen, robbed the local bank, harassed the townspeople and looted the local pharmacy of its medicines, before being driven out by the Colombian Army. Only three of the 100 ELN men were captured.[61]

January 8, 1965 (Friday)
Star of India
  • The Star of India, missing since an October 29, 1964 robbery of the American Museum of Natural History in New York, was found along with eight other priceless jewels after suspect Allen Kuhn led detectives to a bus station in Miami. Kuhn and his partners in crime had placed the gems in "a damp and moldy bag" and hidden them in one of the station's lockers.[62]
  • The 1965 PGA Tour began with the Los Angeles Open golf tournament at Rancho Park Golf Course.

January 9, 1965 (Saturday)
  • The "Hope Slide", the largest landslide in Canada's history, buried British Columbia Highway 3 under 47 million cubic meters (1.66 billion cubic feet) of rock at 7:00 in the morning.[63] Four people died when their vehicles, a convertible car and a hay truck, were buried in the debris, while a Greyhound bus driver was able to back up quickly before he and his passengers were caught in the avalanche. Two of the bodies from the hay truck were recovered, while two others remain entombed in a pile of rock and mud as high as 85 meters (280 feet) and three kilometers (almost two miles) wide.[64][65] Mountain truck driver Norman Stephanishin had spotted an earlier fall of rocks across the highway, and had warned five persons to get away, but only one, a young woman, had chosen to leave with him. "I just don't they quite realized what I was talking about", he would say later.[66] Stephanishin then encountered the bus, carrying a dozen passengers, and the driver, David Hughes, "backed the bus at full speed for 1 1/2 miles along the twisting, dark highway while most of his passengers slept."[67]
  • The Mirzapur Cadet College formally opened for academic activities in East Pakistan (now Bangladesh).
  • The Malaysian patrol ship Sri Perak fired upon and sank an Indonesian tugboat that was apparently attempting to land guerrillas on the coast near Port Dickson. Sixteen survivors were rescued and taken prisoner, but it was believed at least 40 more had gone down with the ship.[68]
  • Major Wang Shi-chuen of the Republic of China Air Force was captured alive after his U-2 spy plane was shot down during an attempt to photograph the Paotow uranium enrichment plant in the People's Republic of China. He would remain a prisoner for nearly 18 years, before being released in Hong Kong in November 1982.[69]
  • The British comedy series Not Only... But Also premiered on BBC Two, hosted by Dudley Moore and Peter Cook, with special guests John Lennon and Norman Rossington, and musical guest Diahann Carroll.[70]
  • Born:
  • Died: Walter Monckton, 1st Viscount Monckton of Brenchley, 73, British lawyer and politician who had drafted the abdication documents for King Edward VIII in 1936, and later served as Minister of Labour (1951–1955) and Minister of Defence (1955–1956).

January 10, 1965 (Sunday)
  • Exactly a month after his last public appearance, former British Prime Minister Winston Churchill suffered a severe stroke that would lead to his death two weeks later. Earlier that evening, Churchill was partaking of his "nightly ritual of brandy and cigars" and remarked to his son-in-law, Christopher Soames, "It has been a grand journey, well worth making... once."[71] Though he would sometimes regain consciousness and be able to talk, Churchill would remain paralyzed until his passing on January 24.
  • Twenty-one African-American players from the American Football League said that they would not play in the league's all-star game in New Orleans, scheduled for January 16. The night before, players had been refused admittance to the same French Quarter night clubs that their white teammates had gone into, were unable to get taxicabs to stop for them, and had insults shouted at them. The 21 men met at the Roosevelt Hotel, where the East team was staying, and a majority voted not to play, according to Buffalo's Ernie Warlick, who served as the group's spokesman.[72] The game would be rescheduled the next day to Houston.[73]
  • Died:
    • Frederick Fleet, 77, British member of the crew of the RMS Titanic who had been the first to sight the iceberg that ultimately sank the ship in 1912
    • Antonín Bečvář, 63, Czech astronomer who created the compilation of star charts that were in international use from 1951 to 1981

January 11, 1965 (Monday)
  • Sixty thousands members of the International Longshoremen's Association walked out on strike on American ports on the East Coast and the Gulf Coast, from Maine to Texas. During the strike, estimated to cost shipping and receiving companies $20,000,000 per day, ships in port could not be unloaded or loaded.[74]
  • At a hangar in Santa Monica, California, The Douglas Aircraft Company unveiled its new commercial jet airplane, the Douglas DC-9, billed as the "first American lightweight twin jet commercial transport".[75]
  • The serial killer who had been dubbed "Jack the Stripper" killed his final known victim. During a 14-month period, the corpses of at least six young prostitutes in London were found, partially or fully undressed, were found in the area. All had been strangled or drowned. Bridget O'Hara was last seen alive on January 11, and her body would not be located until February 16. Two men who committed suicide during the spring of 1965 would be considered suspects, but the crime was never solved.[76]
  • Commander Henry T. Stanley, a U.S. Navy pilot, died after staying with a falling jet-trainer so that he could steer it away from residences in Fremont, California. The jet, co-piloted by Lt. Commander Harford Field, had taken off from the aircraft carrier U.S.S. Midway and narrowly missed colliding with Mission San Jose High School and area homes, before impacting on a large vacant lot. Field ejected to safety on orders from Stanley.[77]
  • A California teenager, 16-year-old Tom Tawzer, became only the second person known to survive a drop from San Francisco's Golden Gate Bridge. Up until then, there had been 278 fatal plunges from the bridge. Tawzer, from Livermore leaped or fell 236 feet and landed in the path of an ocean freighter, and a patrolman used flares to wave the ship off in time. Despite some internal injuries and a broken clavicle, Tawzer was able to swim to a Coast Guard crew that was coming to his rescue.[78]
  • HMS Eagle, an aircraft carrier described as the Royal Navy's most formidable warship, arrived at Singapore to become part of a 70 ship defense for Malaysia in the event of an attack from Indonesia.[79]
  • A telephone conversation between future U.S. National Security Adviser and Secretary of Defense Frank Carlucci and another American diplomat, Robert Gordon, was recorded by intelligence officers in Tanzania, and Zanzibari and Tanzanian analysts concluded that the two had been discussing a military intervention in Zanzibar, codenamed "Second Twelfth". Gordon and Carlucci would maintain that "second twelfth" meant only their plans to recommend U.S. President Johnson to send congratulations to Zanzibar's President Abeid Karume in time for a celebration of the Zanzibar Revolution on February 12, and that Gordon's statement that he was going to "need more ammunition" had only been a misunderstood American colloquialism. The Tanzanians doubted the explanation, and Carlucci and Gordon would be expelled.[80][81]
  • West Germany's Bundestag lifted all restrictions against the televising of parliamentary sessions.[82]
  • The experimental XC-142, a four-engine tiltwing aircraft made its first successful test of an inflight transition from horizontal to vertical wing position and back again. However, the project would be canceled after only five prototypes were built, and the XC-142 would never be put into regular operation.[83]
  • Died: A. V. Alexander, 79, British official who served as First Lord of the Admiralty during World War II, and later as the British Minister of Defence

January 12, 1965 (Tuesday)
  • The bodies of two 15-year-olds, Christine Sharrock and Marianne Schmidt, were found at Wanda Beach near Sydney, in a crime that shocked Australians because of the age of the victims and the brutality of their slashing.[84] The crime remains unsolved after more than half a century.[85][86]
  • The NERVA Program (Nuclear Engine for Rocket Vehicle Application) conducted a test near Los Alamos, New Mexico, to determine the consequences of "the most devastating accident possible" for a nuclear reactor. With measuring instruments, including high-speed cameras to gather data, the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission used a nuclear rocket engine and applied an electrical power surge to make its reactor overheat, in order to simulate "a runaway reactor". The temperature rose to more than 4,000 °C (over 7,200 °F) before the reactor burst "sending fuel hurtling skyward and glowing every color of the rainbow". Pieces of radioactive fuel as large as 148 pounds were thrown upward, including a 98-pound portion that landed a 400 yards away, and a radioactive cloud blew over Los Angeles and out to sea.[87]
  • U.S. President Johnson presented a proposal to Congress for what he called the "national goal of Full Educational Opportunity", a reform of American education at all levels, "from preschool through graduate study" with a suggested appropriation of 1.5 billion dollars of federal financial assistance to school districts. Within less than 90 days, the new Congress would pass the Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA)[88] which would be signed into law on April 11 at a one-room schoolhouse where Johnson had been a teacher in the 1930s.[89]
  • Dean Burch was forced to resign as Chairman of the Republican National Committee after being blamed for the disastrous Republican Party losses in the 1964 presidential election and the congressional elections and replaced by Ray C. Bliss.[90]
  • The ejection seat system for escape from the Gemini spacecraft was tested for the first time at supersonic speed. It was successfully fired from an F-106 at Mach 1.72 at an altitude of 12,192 meters, after a test earlier in the day at Mach 0.65 at 4,785 meters.[91]
  • Born:
  • Died: Lorraine Hansberry, 34, African-American playwright best known for the Broadway play A Raisin in the Sun; from pancreatic cancer.

January 13, 1965 (Wednesday)
  • Japan's Prime Minister Eisaku Satō met with U.S. Secretary of Defense Robert S. McNamara in Washington to discuss the ramifications of China's first successful test of an atomic bomb. Almost forty-four years later, in 2008, the Japanese Foreign Ministry would declassify its documents from the talk, and reveal that Sato said that Japan had no plans to develop its own nuclear weapons, but that it would "of course be a different matter in the event of a war" with China. In the event of a Chinese attack, Sato said, he expected the United States "to retaliate immediately using nuclear weapons" and that Japan would allow the U.S. to place submarines near Japan in order for missiles to be launched.[92][93][94]
  • President Johnson announced plans for a reform on U.S. immigration law, denouncing the quotas for different nationalities as "incompatible with our basic American tradition" and proposed what would become the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965. "We have no right to disparage the ancestos of millions of our fellow Americans this way", Johnson told Congress. The legislation would pass 326-69 in the House and 76-18 in the Senate, and would be signed into law on October 3, 1965 in a ceremony staged at the Statue of Liberty.[95]
  • The Outlaws Is Coming!, the last motion picture made by the comedy trio The Three Stooges, premiered at the Texas Theater in San Antonio, Texas a day before being released nationwide.[96] By then, Moe Howard and Larry Fine were over 60 years old, and
    "Curly Joe" DeRita (who had become the third stooge after the death of Curly Howard) was in his late 50s. The film was moderately successful.
  • Wilt Chamberlain, the highest-paid player in the National Basketball Association, was traded from the San Francisco Warriors to the Philadelphia 76ers[97] shortly after he had scored 20 points for the West in the 1965 NBA All-Star Game in St Louis, a 124-123 loss to the Eastern Conference stars.[98] Reluctantly, Chamberlain returned to Philadelphia (where he had starred for the Philadelphia Warriors before their move) and on January 21, played his first game for the 76ers, and led them to a 111-102 win over his former teammates.[99] With Chamberlain, the 76ers, who would finish 40-40 in 1965, were 55-25 in 1966 and would win the NBA championship in 1967.[100]

January 14, 1965 (Thursday)
Lemass (Ireland)

January 15, 1965 (Friday)

January 16, 1965 (Saturday)
  • At 9:31 in the morning, 22 residents of a neighborhood in Wichita, Kansas were killed when a U.S. Air Force KC-135 jet tanker crashed on North Piatt Street near 20th Street, and enveloped 11 houses in flame. All seven of the crew died in the accident. Loaded with almost 31,000 gallons of jet fuel, the KC-135 had taken off from McConnell Air Force Base on a training exercise to refuel a B-52 in flight.[112][113][114] The site where the homes once stood is now Piatt Park.
  • The Canada-United States Automotive Agreement, eliminating tariffs for auto industry manufacturers, was signed at the LBJ Ranch in Texas by Canadian Prime Minister Lester B. Pearson and U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson.[115] The agreement would be approved by Canada two days later by an order in council, and by the United States Senate in October (and made retroactive to January).[116]
  • Nine people were killed and 50 injured at a train station at Bonassola, Italy, near Genoa, when a freight car with 1,200 pounds of dynamite exploded. Five of the dead and most of the injured had been passengers on a train that had stopped at the station shortly before the blast.[117]
  • U.S. Marshals arrested 18 men in Philadelphia, Mississippi, including the sheriff and deputy sheriff of Neshoba County, in the case surrounding the 1964 murders of Chaney, Goodman, and Schwerner.[118]
  • British part-time soldier Brian Spillett entered a neighbour's house to try to save him from a fire. He failed, and both men died. Spillett would be posthumously awarded the George Cross for his bravery.[119]

January 17, 1965 (Sunday)
Rumors of Foyt's death greatly exaggerated
  • Auto racing legend A. J. Foyt, who had twice won the 1961 Indianapolis 500 and was the defending U.S. Auto Club National Champion, was pronounced dead at the scene of a crash at the Motor Trend 500 race in Riverside, California.[120][121] Foyt's car had flipped several times after his brakes went out and his back was broken, but the judgment by one of the doctors on the scene turned out to be premature. After recovering from surgery, Foyt would resume racing and win two more Indy 500s, the Daytona 500, and the 24 Hours of Le Mans race.[122] Fifty years later, Foyt would celebrate his 80th birthday.
  • Born: Manolo (Manuel Sánchez Delgado), Spanish soccer footballer for Atlético Madrid and the Spanish national team; in Cáceres

January 18, 1965 (Monday)
  • Eli Cohen, a spy for Israel's Mossad intelligence agency, was arrested in Damascus after more than two years of transmitting Syria's military secrets to his Israeli handlers. Posing as Kamal Amin Ta'abat, he had successfully posed as a wealthy Syrian Muslim who returned home after making his fortune in Argentina, where he had established friendships with Syrian government officials. Ta'abat/Cohen's downfall came when Colonel Ahmed Su'edani became chief of Syrian intelligence, and traced the origin of daily Morse code transmissions to the Mossad agent's apartment. Even under torture, Cohen would betray no relevant information about Israeli intelligence, and he would be hanged on May 18, 1965, in a televised ceremony.[123]
  • The Kawnpui Convention concluded after three days of meetings between over 100 leaders of the Sino-Tibetan Kukir minority in northeast India, from the Paite National Council, the Vaiphei National Organisation, the Simte National Organisation, the Chin National Union, the Mizo National Union, the Hmar National Union, the Kuki National Assembly, the Gangte Tribal Union, the Kom National Union and the Biete Convention Council. Meeting under the leadership of General Secretary Holkhomang Haokip, and Chairman K.T. Lalla, at Kawnpui in Churachandpur district of the Manipur state, the diverse group agreed on a common cause of petitioning for a separate state within India.[124] Seven years later, Mizoram would be separated from the state of Assam. On February 20, 1987, Mizoram would become the 23rd State of India.
  • The Soviet Union claimed that the United States and West Germany were planning to build "an 800-mile curtain belt of atomic land mines" across the border between West Germany and the nations of East Germany and Czechoslovakia. The United States responded that there had never been any plans for "atomic land mines".[125]
  • At Kooyong Stadium, the Australian women's tennis team won their second straight Federation Cup. Although the U.S. team had beaten the Australians in the doubles event, it had already been mathematically eliminated after Billie Jean King lost to Margaret Smith Court in two sets.
  • Born: Dave Attell, American comedian, in Queens, New York City

January 19, 1965 (Tuesday)
  • The unmanned Gemini 2 was launched on a suborbital test of various spacecraft systems, in preparation for the first American mission to send two astronauts into space. Nineteen minutes later, the capsule was recovered in the South Atlantic Ocean by the USS Lake Champlain and proved that its heat shields could protect the capsule's occupants from the friction of coming back through Earth's atmosphere.[126][127]
  • Ramón José Castellano resigned as Archbishop of Córdoba.

January 20, 1965 (Wednesday)
  • Lyndon B. Johnson was inaugurated for his own full term as President of the United States. Hubert H. Humphrey was given the oath as the U.S. Vice-President, which had been vacant since Johnson had been sworn in on November 22, 1963. Johnson's inaugural address was only 1,259 words long, and was completed in 22 minutes, including 11 interruptions for applause. "Applause was discouraged by his sober delivery", reporter Walter Trohan of the Chicago Tribune wrote the next day.[128] Johnson used the term that would define his domestic policy when he said "In a land of great wealth, families must not live in hopeless poverty. In a land rich in harvest, children just must not go hungry. In a land of healing miracles, neighbors must not suffer and die untended. In a great land of learning and scholars, young people must be taught to read and write.... I do not believe that the Great Society is the ordered, changeless, and sterile battalion of the ants. It is the excitement of becoming-always becoming, trying, probing, falling, resting, and trying again--but always trying and always gaining." He also alluded to the war in Vietnam that would ultimately prove the undoing of his foreign policy, saying "If American lives must end, and American treasure be spilled, in countries that we barely know, then that is the price that change has demanded of conviction and of our enduring covenant."[129]
  • The White House had sent out invitations to more than 200,000 households, an unprecedented number, but there was a catch. The vast majority of those were labeled "souvenir invitation" and had a disclaimer that said "the invitation in itself does not constitute an admission to any of the inaugural events". As one cynic noted, "the souvenir invitation just admits you to the city of Washington".[130]
  • In the October 1961 issue of Popular Mechanics, meteorologist Irving P. Krick, who claimed that he could forecast specific weather even years in advance, had predicted that "The weather in Washington, D.C., on January 20, 1965, will be fair with unseasonably high temperatures. Highest temperature of the day will be in the 50s."[131] Krick wasn't far off; the high in Washington that day was 46 degrees and the weather was partly cloudy.[132]
  • Indonesia confirmed its decision to become the first member to withdraw from the United Nations, as Foreign Minister Subandrio gave formal notification to Secretary-General U Thant.[133] Indonesia would return to the UN twenty months later, on September 19, 1966.[134]
  • Born: Sophie, Countess of Wessex, wife of Prince Edward of the United Kingdom; as Sophie Rhys-Jones, in Oxford.
  • Died: Alan Freed, 43, pioneering American radio disc jockey who popularized rock and roll music, died five days after being admitted into a hospital from uremia and cirrhosis brought on by alcoholism. A biographer would later note, "He went to the grave penniless— a far cry from just a few years before, when he had been able to claim thousands of dollars a day for his services."[135]

January 21, 1965 (Thursday)

January 22, 1965 (Friday)
  • TIROS 9, the first weather satellite that could provide pictures of the entire earth, was launched into a nearly polar orbit that took it around the Earth 12 times per day. Spinning on its side, it effectively rolled in its orbit and, with a camera on each side, could face perpendicularly to the Earth twice during each roll. With wide-angle views, the TIROS-9 could pass over every section of the globe twice a day, during daytime and at night.[142] The real-time information would first prove to be lifesaving in December 1966, when meteorologists would be able to warn residents of the Fiji Islands of a rapidly approaching hurricane in time for them to evacuate.[143]
  • Michael Stewart was appointed as the new Foreign Secretary of the United Kingdom by Prime Minister Harold Wilson. Stewart replaced Patrick Gordon Walker, who was asked to resign after his second defeat in a by-election the day before.[144]
  • Born:

January 23, 1965 (Saturday)
  • The supercarrier USS America was commissioned at the Norfolk Naval Shipyard, and placed under the command of Captain Lawrence Heyworth, Jr.[145] One of the three Kitty Hawk-class aircraft carriers, America had a total length of 1,048 feet and a width of 248 feet, and room for almost 5,200 officers and sailors. Forty years later, it would be scuttled on May 14, 2005 after being retired and put through live weapons testing, and would become the largest warship in history to be sunk.[146]
  • Rioters in the city of Huế burned down the U.S. Information Agency,[147] and a teenage girl set fire to herself in protest, after South Vietnam's Prime Minister Trần Văn Hương issued a decree to increase the number of young men who would be drafted into the Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN) to fight against the Viet Cong. After the rioting continued nationwide for ten days, the ARVN's to generals replaced him.[148]
  • Sir Edric Bastyan, Governor of South Australia, officially opened Kensington's Olympic sports arena.[149]
  • Born: Michael Schade, Canadian operatic tenor, in Geneva, Switzerland

January 24, 1965 (Sunday)
  • Sir Winston Churchill, the former Prime Minister of the United Kingdom who had guided Britain through World War II and later through the economic problems of the 1950s, died at the age of 90, two weeks after suffering a severe stroke. His final words, reportedly, were "I'm so bored with it all."[150] Sir John Colville, Churchill's private secretary, would recall that 12 years earlier, in 1953, Churchill had said, "Today is the 24th of January. It's the day my father died. It's the day I shall die too."[71][151] Lord Randolph Churchill had passed away on January 24, 1895, exactly 70 years before his famous son.
  • The Liberian cargo ship SS San Nicola sank in the Pacific 750 nautical miles (1,390 km) north west of Honolulu, Hawaii. All 30 crew were rescued by Maria and taken to Japan.[152][153]
  • Born: Mike Awesome, American professional wrestler who also appeared in Japanese pro wrestling as "The Gladiator"; as Michael Lee Alfonso, in Tampa (committed suicide, 2007).

January 25, 1965 (Monday)

January 26, 1965 (Tuesday)
  • Pursuant to Article 313 of the Indian Constitution, Hindi replaced English as the official language of India on Republic Day, with English to be used only for limited purposes. On the same day that Hindi-speakers were celebrating, however, Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK), a political party whose members were primarily speakers of the Tamil language, declared the event a day of mourning and called for protests that led to riots and suicides.[160] Other minority groups in south India would join in the protest, particularly students who had grown up speaking their own language and English. "Northerners and Southerners start from the same point in English", one observer would note, but those who had not grown up speaking Hindi would be at a disadvantage in their careers.[161] On February 11, Prime Minister Shastri would announce that the Hindi-only plans would halt until further notice.[162]
  • President Humberto de Alencar Castelo Branco of Brazil decided that the Brazilian Air Force henceforth would control all Brazilian fixed-wing military aircraft, including those aboard the aircraft carrier Minas Gerais, and that the Brazilian Navy would control all seagoing rotary-wing aircraft. Key Brazilian naval personnel resigned in protest.[163]
  • Waneta Hoyt committed the first of five murders of her infant children, as three month old Eric Hoyt was found dead of what appeared to be sudden infant death syndrome. Not until 1994, after the deaths of her four other infant children between 1968 and 1971, would Hoyt confess to the homicides. She would be sentenced to 75 years in prison in 1996, and pass away less than two years later.[164]
  • The European Economic Community adopted Directive 65/65/EEC as a directive that "aimed to establish and maintain a high level of protection for public health" by requiring prior approval by the EEC for the marketing of pharmaceuticals originating within the EEC member nations.[165]
  • The fossil of the skull of Zinjanthropus (Paranthropus boisei) was presented to the National Museum of Tanzania by the people who had discovered it on July 17, 1959, Mary Leakey and Louis Leakey, who turned it over to Tanzanian President Julius Nyerere at a ceremony in Dar es Salaam.[166]
  • Britain's Royal Air Force permanently retired all of the Vickers Valiant jet bombers in its fleet from further service. An aluminium alloy used in the aircraft's construction, "DTD683", proved to be prone to premature metal fatigue, leading to accidents, and parts had to be frequently replaced.[167]
  • Stephen Ailes, the United States Secretary of the Army, came under fire from both Democrats and Republicans in the U.S. Senate's appropriations subcommittee when he sought budgetary approval for a proposal that was quickly derided as the "Instant Veteran Program". As the Senators described the Ailes plan, up to "8,000 young men incapable of meeting the minimum physical and mental requirements for military service" would be inducted into the U.S. Army anyway, and "could serve one day and then be discharged as a veteran, eligible for veterans' benefits available to service men who had completed long periods in uniform."[168] Ailes noted that the plan (which the subcommittee declined to endorse) would cost $31,300,000 in its first year in 1965 dollars, the equivalent of $235 million fifty years later.[169]
  • Born: Kevin McCarthy, American politician, House Minority Leader, in Bakersfield, California; Natalia Yurchenko, Soviet gymnast and world champion, in Norilsk; the Yurchenko loop and a specific vaulting move known as the Yurchenko are both named for her
  • Died:

January 27, 1965 (Wednesday)
  • U.S. National Security Advisor McGeorge Bundy and Secretary of Defense Robert S. McNamara presented to President Johnson their report, "Re: Basic Policy in Vietnam". In what would become known as the "'Fork in the Road' memorandum", Bundy and McNamara recommended him to escalate the Vietnam War rather than to pursue a peaceful resolution. "What we want to say to you", Bundy wrote, "is that both of us are now pretty well convinced that our current policy can lead only to disastrous defeat... Bob and I are persuaded that there is no real hope of success in this area unless and until our own policy and priorities change." The "two alternatives" that they envisioned were presented as assertiveness or timidity: "The first is to use our military power in the Far East and to force a change of Communist policy", while the other was "to deploy all our resources along a track of negotiation, aimed at salvaging what little can be preserved". Of those choices, "Bob and I tend to favor the first course", Bundy wrote, "but we believe that both should be carefully studied and that alternative programs should be argued out before you." He closed by noting 'McNamara and I have reached the point where our obligations to you simply do not permit us to administer our present directives in silence and let you think we see real hope in them."[170] Johnson would choose the first alternative, and by the end of the year, more than 200,000 American troops would be in South Vietnam.[171]
  • South Vietnam's Lieutenant General Nguyễn Khánh led a coup d'état and removed the civilian government led by Prime Minister Trần Văn Hương.[172][173] The next day, Khanh appointed Nguyễn Xuân Oánh, who had once been a professor of economics at Trinity College in Connecticut, as the new premier.[174]
  • The National Science Foundation announced that it had selected a site 100 miles northeast of the Hawaiian island of Maui as the site for Project Mohole, an attempt to dig the world's deepest hole, in order to penetrate the Earth's crust and into the Earth's mantle. The word "mohole" was derived from the Mohorovicic discontinuity, a band of matter discovered by Yugoslavian seismologist Andrija Mohorovičić and lying between the crust and the mantle.[175]
  • Austen Albu was appointed Minister of State for Economic Affairs in the UK government by Prime Minister Harold Wilson.
  • Born:

January 28, 1965 (Thursday)
  • Queen Elizabeth II proclaimed the new Canadian flag, three months after the design by Jacques Saint-Cyr had been approved by Prime Minister Pearson. A filibuster by the Tory Party had delayed approval by Parliament.[176]
  • The government of Syria announced that it had the decreed the right to dismiss and appoint religious leaders, effectively giving itself control over the messages being delivered by Muslim and Christian clerics to its citizens.[177]
  • According to a 1967 internal memo of the Communist Viet Cong, a gas attack by the United States on the village of Phu Lac in the Phú Yên Province killed 100 civilians.[178]
  • Died:

January 29, 1965 (Friday)
  • Police in Kuala Lumpur arrested Burhanuddin al-Helmy, the leader of Malaysia's Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party; Aziz Ishak, a former Agricultural Minister and founder of the National Convention Party; and Ishak Haji Muhammad, the Chairman of the Labour Party of Malaya and of the Malayan Peoples' Socialist Front. All three were accused of attempting to establish a pro-Indonesian government-in-exile and planning to supersede the existing government.[180]
  • The U.S. Army Special Forces made an unsuccessful attempt to rescue Captain Nick Rowe, a Special Forces adviser who had been taken as a prisoner of war in South Vietnam on October 29, 1963. The plan called for American helicopters to descend upon the POW camp where he had been sighted, and to flood it with tear gas, then for an ambulance helicopter to land in the camp and rescue any Americans there. Unfortunately, Rowe had been moved a month earlier, and the rescuers found an empty camp. Rowe would finally escape his captors on December 31, 1968.[181]
  • Born: Dominik Hašek, Czech-born ice hockey goaltender who played 16 seasons in the NHL and is enshrined in the Hockey Hall of Fame; in Pardubice, Czechoslovakia
  • Died: Jack Hylton, 72, English dance band leader

January 30, 1965 (Saturday)
  • The state funeral of Sir Winston Churchill took place with the largest assembly of statesmen in the world until the 2005 funeral of Pope John Paul II.[182] Guests from 110 of the world's nations included "five presidents, plus one former president; four kings, two queens, [and] 11 prime ministers".[183] The ceremony was televised worldwide, with an estimated audience of 350,000,000 people watching (including 45,000,000 in the United States, where NBC, CBS and ABC televised it),[184] and one million gathered on the streets of London to watch the funeral procession, which included 7,000 marching soldiers and nine military bands.[185] Churchill's casket was then transported from St. Paul's Cathedral in London to his birthplace, the village of Bladon, where he was buried at the St. Martin's Church graveyard.
  • The Ministry of Culture of the People's Republic of China and its Language Reform Committee issued The Table of the Typeface of the Currently Used Chinese Characters, setting the 6,196 Chinese characters that would be used in printed documents. Two days earlier, the Department of State Affairs had issued The Plan for Chinese Character Simplification to outline the 569 simplified Chinese characters.[186]
  • Israel permitted American inspectors to make a ten-hour tour of its Negev nuclear research facility near Dimona. Though the Americans were "not given as comprehensive and intensive a tour as they wanted, they came to the conclusion that it was sufficient to allow them to determine the nature of the Dimona reactor", and that Israel had no intention of developing nuclear capability, although its production capacity was at a high enough level to make it possible in the future.[187] The New York Times would reveal the details two months later, on March 14.[188]
  • In one of the most famous high school basketball games in history, the 71-game winning streak of the Power Memorial Academy Panthers (from New York City) was brought to an end in a 46-43 upset by the DeMatha Catholic High School Stags (from Hyattsville, Maryland, a suburb of Washington, D.C.) at a game played in College Park, Maryland.[189] The Panthers' Lew Alcindor (who would change his name to Kareem Abdul-Jabbar) was held to only 16 points, less than half of his average.[190]
  • Died: Frol Kozlov, 56, former deputy prime minister of the Soviet Union who had once been viewed as a likely successor to Communist Party First Secretary Nikita Khrushchev.

January 31, 1965 (Sunday)
  • Twenty-five people, many of them children, were killed in Guadalajara, Mexico, when members of a crowd panicked at an entrance to a stage show. There were 50,000 available seats in at the El Progresso stadium, and the persons who were trampled had been caught when the crowd leaving the first show encountered another crowd trying to get into the second one.[191]
  • The Yugoslavian cargo ship SS Rascisce sank in the Ionian Sea, but all 30 crew were rescued.[192]

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  132. "Weather Report and Forecast Map", Chicago Tribune, January 21, 1965, p14
  133. Ebere Osieke, Constitutional Law and Practice in the International Labour Organisation (Martinus Nijhoff, 1985) p30
  134. Yearbook of the United Nations, 2006 (United Nations Publications, 2005) p1714
  135. Jeremy Simmonds, The Encyclopedia of Dead Rock Stars: Heroin, Handguns, and Ham Sandwiches (Chicago Review Press, 2012) p2
  136. "Iran Premier Shot Down; Youth Held", El Paso (TX) Herald-Post, January 21, 1965, p1
  137. Glenn E. Curtis and Eric Hooglund, Iran: A Country Study (Government Printing Office, 2008) p39
  138. "Voters Again Reject Laborite Minister", Chicago Tribune, January 21, 1965, p1
  139. Mark Pitchford, The Conservative Party and the Extreme Right 1945–1975 (Oxford University Press, 2011) p141
  140. British Parliamentary by-elections: Leyton
  141. Women in Congress, 1917–2006 (Government Printing Office, 2006) p171
  142. United States Space Science Program: Report to COSPAR: May 1966. (National Academy of Sciences —National Research Council, 1966) pp146-147
  143. Allan B. Cobb, Weather Observation Satellites (Rosen Publishing Group, 2003)
  144. "Pick Stewart to Be British Foreign Chief", Chicago Tribune, January 23, 1965, p2
  145. Andrew Faltum, The Supercarriers: The Forrestal and Kitty Hawk Classes (Naval Institute Press, 2014) p31
  146. "Carrier America Sunk Off Coast", Daily News (Newport News, Virginia), May 20, 2005, pA1
  147. Library "Mob Wrecks U.S. Library in Viet City", Chicago Tribune, January 24, 1965, p1
  148. General William C. Westmoreland, The Vietnam War: The History of America's Conflict in Southeast Asia (Pavilion Books, 2015)
  149. Advertiser, 25 January 1965. Accessed 16 December 2013
  150. Norman Rose, Churchill: The Unruly Giant (Simon and Schuster, 1994) p418
  151. Terry Reardon, Winston Churchill and Mackenzie King: So Similar, So Different (Dundurn, 2012) p377
  152. "Liberian Ship Sinks". The Times (56228). London. 25 January 1965. col G, p. 10.
  153. "Naval Vessel Fights to Save Ship in Pacific", Chicago Tribune, January 24, 1965, p1
  154. Lowell Dittmer, Liu Shao-chi and the Chinese Cultural Revolution: The Politics of Mass Criticism (University of California Press, Feb 1, 1982) p59
  155. "Council of Europe", in Historical Dictionary of Malta, by Uwe Jens Rudolf and Warren G. Berg (Scarecrow Press, 2010) p64
  156. "Queen Elizabeth Liner Aground". The Times (56229). London. 26 January 1965. col D, p. 12.
  157. Barbara Harris Combs, From Selma to Montgomery: The Long March to Freedom (Routledge, 2013) p105
  158. "Negro Woman Slugs Sheriff in Vote Drive", Chicago Tribune, January 26, 1965, p2-9
  159. "Johnson Orders Flags Flown at Half-Staff", Chicago Tribune, January 25, 1965, p1
  160. Marguerite Ross Barnett, The Politics of Cultural Nationalism in South India (Princeton University Press, 2015) p131
  161. Alfred Stepan, et al., Crafting State-Nations: India and Other Multinational Democracies (Johns Hopkins University Press, 2010)
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  163. Scheina, Robert L., Latin America: A Naval History 1810-1987, Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 1987, ISBN 978-0-87021-295-6, p. 197.
  164. "Waneta Hoyt (1946–1998)", in Crimes of the Centuries: Notorious Crimes, Criminals, and Criminal Trials in American History (ABC-CLIO, 2016) p393
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  166. Virginia Morell, Ancestral Passions: The Leakey Family and the Quest for Humankind's Beginnings (Simon and Schuster, 2011) p279
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  168. "Rap 'Instant Veteran' Plan— Senators Ask How Day Can Equal Years— Hit Ailes Idea as Social Scheme", Chicago Tribune, February 16, 1965, p1
  169. CPI Inflation Calculator, Bureau of Labor Statistics
  170. Memorandum From the President's Special Assistant for National Security Affairs (Bundy) to President Johnson, January 27th, 1965, UC-Santa Barbara Presidency Project
  171. William Conrad Gibbons, The U.S. Government and the Vietnam War: Executive and Legislative Roles and Relationships, Part III: 1965–1966 (Princeton University Press, 1984) p47
  172. "Nguyễn Khánh", in An Encyclopedic Dictionary of Conflict and Conflict Resolution, 1945–1996, by John E. Jessup (Greenwood Publishing, 1998, p391
  173. "ARMY SEIZES VIET POWER", Chicago Tribune, January 27, 1965, p1
  174. "Khanh Appoints Caretaker Premier", Chicago Tribune, January 28, 1965, p1
  175. "Pick Site Off Hawaii to Dig Deepest Hole", Chicago Tribune, January 28, 1965, p3-11
  176. Alan Elder, et al., Made in Canada: Craft and Design in the Sixties (McGill-Queen's University Press, 2005)
  177. Line Khatib, Islamic Revivalism in Syria: The Rise and Fall of Ba'thist Secularism (Routledge, 2012) p46
  178. John Cookson, Judith Nottingham, A Survey of Chemical and Biological Warfare (New York University Press, 1969) p23
  179. "Weygand Dies; Surrendered French in 1940, Chicago Tribune, January 29, 1965, p16
  180. Justus M. Kroef, Communism in Malaysia and Singapore: A Contemporary Survey (Springer, 2012)
  181. D. Hank Ellison, Chemical Warfare During the Vietnam War: Riot Control Agents in Combat (Routledge, 2011) p14
  182. "Holding history's largest funeral". BBC News. April 8, 2005. Retrieved March 29, 2010.
  183. "ENGLAND BURIES CHURCHILL", Chicago Tribune, January 31, 1965, p1
  184. Asa Briggs, The History of Broadcasting in the United Kingdom: Competition (Oxford University Press, 1995) p453
  185. A. Warren Dockter, Winston Churchill at the Telegraph (Aurum Press Limited, 2015)
  186. China: Five Thousand Years of History and Civilization (City University of Hong Kong Press, 2007) p152
  187. Zaki Shalom, Israel's Nuclear Option: Behind the Scenes Diplomacy Between Dimona and Washington (Sussex Academic Press, 2005) p106-107
  188. "Israel Permits U.S. to Inspect Atomic Reactor: Aim Is to Give Assurance of Peaceful Intentions—No Weapon-Making Found", by John W. Finney, New York Times, March 14, 1965
  189. Independent Press-Telegram (Long Beach CA), January 31, 1965, pC-2
  190. Richard J. Shmelter, The Los Angeles Lakers Encyclopedia (McFarland, 2012) p153
  191. "25 Mexicans Die in Panic; Scores Hurt", Chicago Tribune, February 1, 1965, p1
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