September 1961

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September 1, 1961: Eritrea (green) begins 29 year fight for independence from Ethiopia
September 18, 1961: UN Secretary-General Hammarskjöld killed in plane crash
September 9, 1961: USS Long Beach, world's first nuclear-powered surface ship, commissioned
September 17, 1961: Turkey's ex-premier Menderes revived from drug overdose, then hanged

The following events occurred in September 1961:

September 1, 1961 (Friday)

September 2, 1961 (Saturday)
  • Meeting in Brasília, Brazil's Chamber of Deputies voted 233-55 to amend that nation's constitution to create a parliamentary system of government, to provide for a Prime Minister of Brazil, and to weaken the powers of the President to no more than a figurehead. The vote took place after an all-night debate, in that the ruling military junta refused to allow Vice-President João Goulart, believed to be a leftist, to succeed recently resigned President Jânio Quadros.[8] The parliamentary system of Brazilian government, unique in South America, lasted for 16 months until abolished in a plebiscite in 1963.[9]
  • Bangladesh Agricultural University was formally created as East Pakistan Agricultural University, with a College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry at Mymensingh.[10]

September 3, 1961 (Sunday)
  • The minimum wage in the United States was raised to $1.15 an hour. All covered persons hired on or after that date would still receive the previous minimum of $1.00 an hour.[11] Minimum wage 50 years later would be $7.25 an hour.
  • United Kingdom Prime Minister Harold Macmillan and United States President John F. Kennedy issued a joint proposal to Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev, "that their three governments agree, effective immediately, not to conduct nuclear tests which take place in the atmosphere and produce radioactive fall-out", and dropping previous requests for inspection.[12] Khrushchev rejected the proposal, but the U.S.A., U.S.S.R. and the U.K. would later sign the Nuclear Test Ban Treaty in 1963.[13]
  • The Vencedor, a boat carrying more than 200 persons on a Sunday excursion to a festival in La Bocana, Colombia, sank off of the coast of Buenaventura, drowning an estimated 150 people.[14]
  • The 1961 Australian Touring Car Championship was held at the Lowood circuit in Queensland.
  • Died:
    • Robert Gross, 64, founder of Lockheed Corporation
    • Richard Mason, 26, a British explorer who had been leading the 10-man Iriri River Expedition in Central Brazil. While returning to the base camp in the Amazon jungle, 20 miles from Cachimbo, Mason was ambushed by a hunting party of at least 15 members of the Panará tribe, who had had no previous contact with the outside world. In accordance with their customs, the Panará laid their weapons next to Mason's body— 15 clubs, and 40 "seven foot long bamboo arrows".[15]

September 4, 1961 (Monday)

September 5, 1961 (Tuesday)
  • President Kennedy announced that the United States would end its own moratorium on nuclear testing after three years, stating "We have no other choice." The announcement followed the third atomic test in the Soviet Union in one week.[20]
  • Skyjacking, the act of hijacking an airplane, was made a federal crime by the United States, punishable by 20 years to life in prison, and, in some cases, execution. The law also provided a penalty of $1,000 for illegally carrying a concealed weapon onto an aircraft, and up to five years in prison for giving false information to investigators.[21]
Jagan

September 6, 1961 (Wednesday)
  • Afghanistan broke off diplomatic relations with Pakistan.[23] With the border closed at the time that the Afghans were preparing to ship their two major export crops (grapes and pomegranates) through Pakistan to India, the Soviet Union offered to ship the perishables by air. Relations were restored in May 1963, but Afghanistan had become dependent on the Soviets for aid.[24]
  • The National Reconnaissance Office began operations in Chantilly, Virginia as a secret U.S. intelligence agency, jointly operated by the CIA and the U.S. Air Force to coordinate satellite surveillance. The existence of the NRO was not publicly revealed until 1992, after the end of the Cold War.[25]
  • The Soviet Union began high-altitude nuclear tests, by launching two missiles from Kapustin Yar. A 10.5-kiloton weapon was exploded at an altitude of 14 miles, and a 40 kiloton weapon at 26 miles above the Earth. The United States had done similar testing in 1958.[26]
  • A secured telephone line between the White House in Washington DC, and the Admiralty House in London, was set up in order for the U.S. President and the British Prime Minister to communicate directly, in real time, with their conversations scrambled. President Kennedy and Prime Minister Macmillan used the line for the first time in October.[27]
  • Born: Simon Reeve, Australian television presenter

September 7, 1961 (Thursday)
  • American comedian Jack Paar, host of The Tonight Show on NBC television, taped part of his show in front of the Berlin Wall, bringing with him seven U.S. Army officers and another 50 soldiers, along with jeeps and guns. The incident outraged members of Congress and prompted an investigation by the U.S. Department of Defense. A lieutenant colonel was removed from command, and another colonel admonished, but both were cleared three weeks later after a later investigation "showed the two had done nothing wrong".[28] The Tonight show broadcast on September 12, using the footage, was called by one critic "as dreary and dull as the Berlin weather".[29]
  • Born: Lois-Ann Yamanaka, American poet who writes much of her poetry in Hawaiian Pidgin; in Ho'olehua, Hawaii
  • Died: Pieter Gerbrandy, 76, Prime Minister of the Netherlands 1940 to 1945

September 8, 1961 (Friday)
  • The first adventure of the space opera series Perry Rhodan was introduced, as German authors K.H. Scheer and Walter Ernstein published Perry Rhodan, der Erbe des Universums (Perry Rhodan, the Heir of the Universe). By the end of the 20th Century, Rhodan had appeared in more than 2000 novels.[30]
  • France's President Charles de Gaulle escaped an assassination attempt as his limousine took him from Paris to his country home at Colombey-les-Deux-Églises. A bomb with eight pounds of plastique had been placed on the President's route between the cities of Nogent-sur-Seine and Romilly-sur-Seine, and an inflammable mixture exploded in flames as the car passed over. The plastique failed to detonate.[31] There were as many as 30 attempts to kill de Gaulle, of which this attempt and an August 22, 1962, machine gunning of his limousine, came closest to success. After the 1962 attempt, de Gaulle pushed through major constitutional reforms to increase his power.[32]
  • Cutervo National Park was established as the first protected area in Peru, by Law #13964.

September 9, 1961 (Saturday)

September 10, 1961 (Sunday)
  • While driving a Ferrari during the F1 Italian Grand Prix at Monza, Germany's Wolfgang von Trips, 33, crashed into the infield, killing 18 spectators and himself. Eleven bystanders died at the scene, while 7 more of the 26 injured died later. The crash happened on the second lap, when Von Trips was struck from behind by Jimmy Clark's Lotus. The race continued for the next two hours, with the bodies of the dead covered with newspapers, not moved until after the race's end. Prior to the final race of the season, Von Trips had been in the lead for the World Driving Championship. The race win, and the title, went instead to Phil Hill.[38]
  • The crash of a chartered Presidential Airlines DC-6 killed all 83 persons on board, shortly after the plane took off from Shannon Airport in Ireland. The passengers were mostly women and children of U.S. Army personnel, on their way back to the United States.[39]
  • The Sainik School, Korukonda opened at the former Alak Appala Kondayamba Vijayaram Palace.
  • Born: Alberto Núñez Feijóo, Galician politician, in Ourense province, Spain
  • Died: Bob Hayward, considered at the time the world's foremost hydroplane racer, was killed at the age of 33 while racing at the Silver Cup Regatta on the Detroit River. Piloting the boat Miss Supertest II, Hayward was attempting to pass two other competitors as they approached a curve in the river, ran out of room, and turned hard right to avoid a collision. The hydroplane, going at 135 miles per hour, went out of control. Hayward, who had won the Harmsworth Cup for Canada the month before, died instantly of a broken neck.[40]

September 11, 1961 (Monday)
Destruction after America's largest evacuation

September 12, 1961 (Tuesday)
African and Malagasy Union.

September 13, 1961 (Wednesday)
  • SIOP-62, the American options for nuclear war, was presented to President Kennedy in a top secret briefing from General Lyman Lemnitzer, the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. The operational plan, drawn up on April 15, provided 14 options for responding to a nuclear attack, and the 14th option, recommended by General Lemnitzer, was to explode 3,267 nuclear bombs on targets in the Soviet Union, as well as the Warsaw Pact nations and Communist China. Kennedy was reportedly furious about the lack of flexibility in the plan, which contemplated obliteration of the enemy with the expectation that the United States and its allies would sustain massive destruction as well.[53]
  • The unmanned (but containing a "dummy astronaut") Mercury-Atlas 4 was launched from Cape Canaveral, Florida. During a mission of 01:49:40 in duration, it orbited the earth once. At the time, the United States had not yet put a man into orbit.[54]
  • Operation Morthor was launched at 4:00 am local time in the Congo, with United Nations troops attacking the secessionist province of Katanga.[55]
  • In the final of the DFB-Pokal 1960–61 soccer tournament, SV Werder Bremen defeated 1. FC Kaiserslautern 2–0.[56]
  • Born: Dave Mustaine, American heavy metal guitarist for Metallica, and later for Megadeth; in La Mesa, California
  • Died: Fritz Mühlenweg, 62, German artist and writer

September 14, 1961 (Thursday)
Ex-President Bayar, spared

September 15, 1961 (Friday)
  • Two weeks after the Soviet Union resumed nuclear testing, the United States carried out Operation Nougat and exploded a nuclear bomb for the first time since October 30, 1958. While the Soviet tests were atmospheric, the American tests were conducted underground at the Nevada Test Site.[58]
  • Citing U.S. Congressman Chet Holifield of California as their source, Miami News columnists Robert S. Allen and Paul Scott, broke the frightening story that the Soviet Union planned to explode a nuclear warhead on the Moon. Firing nuclear-tipped rockets at Earth's satellite in 1961 and 1962, according to the story, the Soviets planned to use the explosions on the lunar surface for scientific purposes, with the goal of landing a Soviet cosmonaut on the Moon by 1965.[59]
  • In Ireland, the Government of the 16th Dáil left office, as Ireland's parliament adjourned for the last time prior to the October 4 election.
  • Born: Dan Marino, American NFL quarterback, in Pittsburgh

September 16, 1961 (Saturday)
  • Typhoon Nancy struck Osaka and the island of Honshu in Japan (where it was referred to as the Muroto II Typhoon), with winds of 135 miles per hour. The typhoon killed 203 people and caused $500,000,000 in damage.[60]
  • A U.S. Navy aircraft attempted a weather control experiment by dropping eight canisters of silver iodide around the eyewall of Hurricane Esther, testing the hypothesis that a storm could be weakened by cloud seeding. The size of the hurricane's eye was observed to increase with an accompanying decrease in wind speed, and Project Stormfury was commenced the following year. Data was collected on four hurricanes between 1963 and 1971, ultimately showing that observed decreases in wind speed had been the result of natural changes rather than seeding.[61]
  • Born: Andrey Illarionov, Russian economist, in Saint Petersburg
  • Died:
    • Hasan Polatkan, 46, former Turkish Finance Minister, and Fatin Rüştü Zorlu, 51, former Turkish Foreign Minister, were executed by hanging. Former Premier Adnan Menderes was in a coma after swallowing an entire bottle of sleeping pills the night before.
    • Percy Chapman, 61, English cricketer

September 17, 1961 (Sunday)
  • In the West German federal election, the CDU/CSU coalition led by Chancellor Konrad Adenauer lost 28 seats and its absolute majority in the Bundestag, finishing with 242 of the 499 seats, while the Social Democratic Party and Free Democratic Party had 190 and 67 seats respectively. The Bundestag re-elected Adenauer as Chancellor on November 7 after he forged a deal with the FDP.[62]
  • Northwest Orient Airlines Flight 706 crashed shortly after taking off from Chicago's O'Hare International Airport, killing all 37 people on board.[63]
  • The Minnesota Vikings played their first regular season NFL game, and beat the Chicago Bears in an upset, 37-13. The Bears' coach George Halas would later describe losing to an expansion team as "the most embarrassing defeat of his life".[64]
  • Died: Adnan Menderes, 62, who had been the first Prime Minister of Turkey to be democratically elected, serving until his overthrow in 1960, was executed for treason. Menderes had attempted suicide by swallowing a bottle of sleeping pills at his prison cell on Yassiada Island. A team of physicians saved his life, then brought him back to consciousness long enough to be transported to the gallows on the island of İmralı.[65]

September 18, 1961 (Monday)
  • Dag Hammarskjöld, the Secretary-General of the United Nations was killed when his plane crashed while flying from Leopoldville in the Congo, to Ndola in Northern Rhodesia (now Zambia).[66] He was on his way to negotiate a cease-fire with Moise Tshombe in the Katanga Province, which had seceded from the Congo. At 12:12 am local time, the DC6-B, operated by Swedish Trans Air, was cleared for a landing at Ndola. Fifteen others died in the crash of the DC6-B, operated by Swedish Trans Air, which happened after the midnight. The wreckage was found 15 hours later on the Northern Rhodesia side of the border, ten miles south of Mufulira. The sole survivor, U.N. Sgt. Harold Julien, was able to tell investigators that Hammarskjold ordered the pilot not to land at Ndola, and that there had been a series of explosions.[67] Badly burned, Sgt. Julien, an American from Miami, died on September 23. Speculation that the crash was not accidental began almost immediately.[68]
  • Christopher Newport College began its first classes, opening in Newport News, Virginia, with 8 full-time professors and 170 students.[69] Now, Christopher Newport University, the college has 4,800 students.[70]
  • Georgia Tech integrated peacefully, as classes began with three African-American freshmen among the new students.[71]
  • For the first time, troops from North Vietnam seized control of a provincial capital in South Vietnam, capturing Phuoc Vinh in a predawn attack, only 55 miles from Saigon. The ARVN recaptured the city the next day, but not before the Governor of the Phuoc Thanh province was publicly beheaded, along with the top military officers, and the government buildings burned.[72]
  • Born:
  • Lori and George Schappell, American conjoined twins, in Reading, Pennsylvania
  • James Gandolfini, American actor The Sopranos, died June 19 2013.

September 19, 1961 (Tuesday)
West Indies Federation
Jamaica
  • Voters in Jamaica elected to withdraw from the West Indies Federation by a margin of 251,776 to 216,371.[73] With Jamaicans comprising more than half (56%) of population and a majority of its income, the result was the end of the Federation, and, eventually, 12 independent nations. Eric Williams of Trinidad and Tobago summed up the situation as "One from ten leaves nought."[74]
  • NASA Administrator James E. Webb announced that the new Manned Spacecraft Center would be built near Houston, Texas on 1,000 acres of land donated by Rice University. Later renamed the Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center, the site would serve the Apollo space program as Mission Control, with astronauts referring to it by its location (as in "Houston, we've had a problem" spoken during the Apollo 13 mission.[75]
  • Babi Yar, the controversial poem by Yevgeny Yevtushenko, was published in the official Soviet literary magazine Literaturnaya Gazeta, marking the first time that the Holocaust was officially acknowledged in the U.S.S.R.[76]
  • In one of the first reported cases of an "alien abduction", Betty Hill and Barney Hill were returning from a vacation in Canada, to their home in Portsmouth, New Hampshire. on U.S. Route 3. South of Lancaster, the Hills would later report, they encountered a U.F.O., and had no immediate memory of what happened later until the details were brought out with the aid of hypnotism. In 1966, author John Fuller would turn their story into a best selling book called The Interrupted Journey: Two Lost Hours "Aboard a Flying Saucer".[77] The Hill's story would become the first of many tales of abduction by extraterrestrials. In 1975, Estelle Parsons and James Earl Jones would portray the Hills in a TV movie. Barney would die in 1969, while Betty survived until 2004.[78]

September 20, 1961 (Wednesday)
  • Even as tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union were escalating, the two nations entered into the McCloy–Zorin Accords, titled "Joint Statement of Agreed Principles for Disarmament Negotiations," with eight points that would be followed in subsequent discussions. U.S. Presidential Adviser John J. McCloy and Deputy Soviet Foreign Minister Valerian Zorin led the delegations from the two countries, promising to the United Nations to work toward the eventual elimination of all weapons of mass destruction.[79]
  • Konstantinos Karamanlis resigned as Prime Minister of Greece as elections for parliament were scheduled for October 29. King Paul appointed retired General Konstantinos Dovas to serve as the new Premier until December 4.[80]
  • In the 154th game of the 1961 Major League Baseball season, Roger Maris hit his 59th home run of the year in the 3rd inning of the New York Yankees game at the Baltimore Orioles. Maris made two more hits into the stands in the 4th and 7th innings, but each was a foul ball. Maris failed to tie or break Babe Ruth's 1927 record of 60 home runs in 154 games, but had eight games remaining to play.[81]
Original sign with seal from the CIA's first building - 2430 E Street, Washington, DC

September 21, 1961 (Thursday)

September 22, 1961 (Friday)
  • The ICC ruled that, effective November 1, all interstate buses in the United States were required to display signs that provided "Seating aboard this vehicle is without regard to race, color, creed, or national origin, by order of the Interstate Commerce Commission." In the same order, the ICC prohibited interstate buses from using "any terminal facilities which are so operated, arranged, or maintained as to involve any separation of any portion thereof, or in the use thereof on the basis of race, color, creed, or national origin." The order was a victory for the Freedom Riders, who suspended further plans to challenge racial segregation on buses and bus terminals.[87]
  • President Kennedy signed legislation permanently funding the Peace Corps, one week after the House of Representatives had approved the bill 287-97. The Senate had previously approved the legislation by voice vote.[88]
  • At 3:45 am, Antonio Abertondo arrived in Dover and became the first person to swim across the English Channel and right back again, resting for only ten minutes between crossings. Abertondo had departed England on September 20 at 8:35 am, arriving nearly 19 hours later in Wissant on the coast of France. After his brief break, Abertondo began his swim back to England.[89]
  • Dominic Abata was elected leader of the breakaway cab drivers and mechanics' union in Chicago.[90]
  • Born: Scott Baio, American television actor, in Brooklyn
  • Died: Marion Davies, 64, American socialite and film actress

September 23, 1961 (Saturday)
  • NBC Saturday Night at the Movies broke the long-standing feud between the American movie and television industries, showing semi-recent hit films, after coming to an agreement with 20th Century Fox. Beginning in 1956, motion pictures made before 1948 had been shown on TV without the need to compensate the actors. The first offering was the 1953 comedy How to Marry a Millionaire. ABC introduced a Sunday night movie in 1962, NBC had movie nights Monday, Tuesday and Wednesday over the next four years, and CBS started a Thursday night film in 1965.[91]
Mantle
  • Mickey Mantle hit his 54th home run of the season, while Yankees teammate Roger Maris remained stuck at 59 homers, with six games left in the baseball season.[92] The homer would prove to be Mantle's last that year, as Mantle would suffer a hip infection and be hospitalized five days later.[93]
  • Stirling Moss wins the International Gold Cup motor race at Oulton Park.

September 24, 1961 (Sunday)

September 25, 1961 (Monday)
  • Department of the Army Message 578636 designated the green beret as the exclusive headgear of the U.S. Army Special Forces, giving the group their nickname of the "Green Berets".[96]
  • Wisconsin became the first state in the United States to require the installation of seat belts as standard equipment in motor vehicles, as Governor Gaylord Nelson signed into law a bill directing that all 1962 and later model cars and trucks were required to include the safety belts before they could be sold.[97] In the first six months that the law was in effect, all but one belt wearer had survived a car accident in the state.[98]
  • By a margin of almost 80%, voters in Rwanda said "no" to continuing the monarchy in a referendum conducted in advance of the African nation's scheduled independence. The Parmehutu (Parti du Mouvement de l' Emancipation Hutu) political party, composed of the majority Hutu tribe, won 35 of the 44 seats in the first Parliament.[99]
  • The Hustler, a film about pool players, starring Paul Newman and Jackie Gleason, was released by 20th Century Fox. "The movie transformed American culture in an instant," noted one historian. "Pool halls, pool playing, pool players— all of it, very suddenly, very unexpectedly— became hip."[100]
  • President Kennedy addressed the United Nations about the need for nuclear disarmament, declaring that "Today, every inhabitant of this planet must contemplate that day when this planet may no longer be inhabitable. Every man, woman and child lives under a nuclear sword of Damocles, hanging by the slenderest of threads, capable of being cut at any moment by accident or miscalculation or madness. The weapons of war must be abolished before they abolish us."[101]
  • In Tacoma, Washington, KBTC-TV went on the air for the first time, as KTPS-TV.
  • Born:

September 26, 1961 (Tuesday)
  • The Arms Control and Disarmament Agency was[102]
  • In London, at its annual conference, the Executive Committee of FIFA suspended the Football Association of South Africa from international soccer football competition. At the 1960 meeting in Rome, FIFA had given South Africa one year to adopt a non-discriminatory racial policy.[103]
  • Roger Maris hit his 60th home run in a 3-2 win for the Yankees over the Orioles, tying the record set by Babe Ruth in 1927 for most homers in a season. Maris's teammate, Mickey Mantle finished with 54 homers after two competed against each other all season.[104]
  • Born: Will Self, English writer and broadcaster, in London, son of Professor Peter Self
  • Died:

September 27, 1961 (Wednesday)

September 28, 1961 (Thursday)
UAR
President Kuzbari
Syria
  • The United Arab Republic, which had united Egypt and Syria under Egyptian rule in 1958, was brought to an end when Lt. Col. Abd al-Karim al-Nahlawi led a coup in Damascus and announced that Syria would leave the UAR. President Nasser sent a force of 2,000 Egyptian paratroopers to crush the revolt, but rescinded the order when Syrian commanders in Aleppo and Latakia supported the insurrection. Nasser's chief aide in Syria, Marshal Abd al-Hakim Amer, was put on a plane and sent back to Cairo.[108][109] The next day, Dr. Maamun al-Kuzbari was named to head the interim government as premier.[110]
  • The word "ain't" was accepted into the English language with the publication of the Third Edition of the Merriam-Webster, the first completely new edition since 1944. Merriam President Gordon J. Oallan had announced the controversial decision on September 6, noting that "ain't" was one of thousands of new words that had been added.[111]
  • Born: Quentin Kawānanakoa, pretender to the Hawaiian throne since 1997, and member of the Hawaiian state house of representatives 1995 to 1999; in Monterey, California

September 29, 1961 (Friday)
  • Operating in secrecy, Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev sent a 26-page long private letter to President Kennedy, expressing his regrets over the harsh treatment he had given to Kennedy their Vienna summit, and seeking a way to resolve the Berlin Crisis. Using the analogy of "Noah's Ark, where both the 'clean' and the 'unclean' found sanctuary" for the world, Khrushchev wrote that regardless of what each side thought of the other, both sides "are all equally interested in one thing, and that is that the Ark should successfully continue its cruise." Concealed in a newspaper, the letter was handed by KGB agent Georgi Bolshakov to presidential press secretary Pierre Salinger in a hotel room in New York City. Kennedy responded with an equally private letter on October 16.[112]
  • Forty-year-old Hawaiian Keo Nakama became the first person to swim from the island of Molokai to Oahu. It took him ​15 1⁄2 hours to cross the treacherous 27-mile Ka Iwa Channel.[113]
  • Minutes after Fidel Castro announced that he was going to "clean up" Havana, the last casinos in Cuba were closed. At the time of the revolution, there had been 25 gambling casinos. Five were left, all in government operated hotels, at the time of the order.[114]

September 30, 1961 (Saturday)

References
  1. "U.S. Bares Soviet A-Test", Milwaukee Sentinel, September 2, 1961, p1
  2. George Dyson, Project Orion: The True Story of the Atomic Spaceship (Macmillan, 2002) p232
  3. Alexander De Waal, Evil Days: Thirty Years of War and Famine in Ethiopia (Human Rights Watch, 1991) p40
  4. "CHICAGO PLANE CRASH KILLS 78", Miami News, September 1, 1961, p1; "DISASTERS: Four Minutes Out". TIME Magazine. September 8, 1961.
  5. "Aviation-Safety.net". Aviation-Safety.net. 1961-09-01. Retrieved 2014-08-26.
  6. "A-War, Colonialism Preoccupy Neutrals", Milwaukee Sentinel, September 2, 1961, p2; "Neutrals Close Parley, Beg Giants For Peace", Miami News, September 6, 1961, p1; Raja R. Mehrotra, Nehru: Man Among Men (Mittal Publications, 1990) p58
  7. "Foster, Yank Red, Dies", Miami News, September 1, 1961, p4A
  8. "GOULART GAINS STRENGTH" Miami News, September 2, 1961, p1
  9. John W. F. Dulles, Resisting Brazil's Military Regime: An Account of the Battles of Sobral Pinto (University of Texas Press, 2007) pp46-49
  10. "Bangladesh Agricultural University- "Vision and Mission"". Bau.edu.bd. 2014-07-17. Retrieved 2014-08-26.
  11. Willis J. Nordlund, The Quest for a Living Wage: The History of the Federal Minimum Wage Program (Greenwood Publishing Group, 1997) p108
  12. "U.S., Britain Seek A-Test Fallout Ban", Spokane Spokesman-Review, September 4, 1961, p1
  13. Matthew Evangelista, Unarmed Forces: The Transnational Movement to End the Cold War (Cornell University Press, 2002) p81
  14. "150 Drown As Fiesta Ship Sinks", Miami News, September 4, 1961, p6A
  15. Henry Hemming, Misadventure in the Middle East: Travels as Tramp, Artist and Spy (Nicholas Brealey Publishing, 2007) p236 "Out of Camp, British Explorer Was Indian Victim", Saskatoon Star-Phoenix, September 9, 1961, p28
  16. "President Signs Foreign Aid Bill", New York Times, September 5, 1961, p1
  17. USAID History Archived 2011-10-09 at the Wayback Machine usaid.gov
  18. "Nixon Shoots Hole-in-One", Eugene (OR) Register-Guard", September 5, 1961, p1 Chris Rodell, Hole in One!: The Complete Book of Fact, Legend, and Lore of Golf's Luckiest Shot (Andrews McMeel Publishing, 2003) p78
  19. Chris Rodell, Hole in One!: The Complete Book of Fact, Legend, and Lore of Golf's Luckiest Shot (Andrews McMeel Publishing, 2003) p78-79
  20. "U.S. TO RESUME A-TESTS", "Milwaukee Sentinel", September 5, 1961, p1
  21. "JFK Signs Skyjacking Death Law", Miami News, September 6, 1961, p7A
  22. "Cheddi Jagan Takes His Post", Miami News, September 6, 1961, p2
  23. "Nations to Cut Diplomatic Ties", Spokane Daily Chronicle, September 6, 1961, p7
  24. Anthony Arnold, Afghanistan, the Soviet Invasion in Perspective (Hoover Press, 1985) p41
  25. Glenn P. Hastedt and Steven W. Guerrier, Spies, Wiretaps, and Secret Operations: An Encyclopedia of American Espionage (ABC-CLIO, 2010) p228
  26. James Moltz, The Politics of Space Security: Strategic Restraint and the Pursuit of National Interests (2d.Ed.)(Stanford University Press, 2011) p117
  27. Nigel Ashton, Kennedy, Macmillan, and the Cold War: The Irony of Interdependence (Palgrave Macmillan, 2002) p86
  28. "Jack Paar Stirs up Storm in Berlin", Ottawa Citizen, September 8, 1961; "Pentagon Orders Investigation In Paar TV Incident in Berlin", New York Times, September 9, 1961; "'Paar's Colonel' Gets the Ax", Miami News, September 10, 1961, p6A; "Army Clears Two In Jack Paar Case", Toledo Blade, September 27, 1961, p6
  29. "Jack Paar Berlin Show Proves Dreary TV Flop", Ottawa Citizen, September 14, 1961, p23
  30. Franz Rottensteiner, The Black Mirror and Other Stories: An Anthology of Science Fiction from Germany & Austria (Wesleyan University Press, 2008) p xxx
  31. "De Gaulle Escapes Death Trap", Miami News, September 9, 1961, p1
  32. Julian Jackson, Charles de Gaulle (Haus Publishing, 2003) p90
  33. "18 Kids To See Mom, Dad Wed", Miami News, September 9, 1961, p1
  34. "The real 'Yours, Mine and Ours' family". Personal.morris.umn.edu. Retrieved 2014-08-26.
  35. Joseph A. Angelo, Nuclear Technology (Greenwood Publishing, 2004) p370
  36. Tareq Y. Ismael, The Rise and Fall of the Communist Party of Iraq (Cambridge University Press, 2008) p103
  37. Vladimir A. Kozlov, et al., Sedition: Everyday Resistance in the Soviet Union Under Khrushchev and Brezhnev (Yale University Press, 2011) p166
  38. "Grand Prix Car Roars Into Crowd, 12 Die", Milwaukee Sentinel, September 11, 1961, p1; "Public Calls for 'Monza End'", Milwaukee Sentinel, September 12, 1961, p2-3; "Race Driver Charged on 1961 Crash Deaths", The Age (Melbourne), September 11, 1963, p7
  39. "GI PLANE CRASHES, 80 ABOARD", Miami News, September 10, 1961, p1
  40. "Bob Hayward Dies in Silver Cup Heat", Windsor (ON) Star, September 11, 1961, p1
  41. "Who We Are: 50 Years of History", worldwildlife.org
  42. "MONSTER CARLA SMASHES TEXAS COAST", Miami News, September 11, 1961, p1
  43. David M. Roth. Texas Hurricane History: Late 20th Century. Retrieved on 2007-06-23.
  44. Despite the intensity of the storm, which caused the (2011) equivalent of 15 billion dollars, only 46 people were killed, compared to 416 when Hurricane Audrey struck Texas three years earlier. "The Deadliest, Costliest and Most Intense United States Tropical Cyclones from 1851 to 2006 (and Other Frequently Requested Hurricane Facts", by Eric S. Blake, et al., National Weather Service (April 2007)
  45. Miami News, September 10, 1961, p1
  46. "Anti-NATO Party Wins In Norway", Miami News, September 12, 1961, p3A
  47. Aviation-Safety.net; "AFRICAN CRASH KILLS 77", Miami News, September 12, 1961, p1
  48. Amos J. Peaslee and Dorothy Peaslee Xydis, eds., International Governmental Organizations: Constitutional Documents, Volume 1 (Brill Archive, 1974) p1162
  49. "What Hungarian Reshuffle Will Mean", Miami News, September 14, 1961, p1
  50. "New 4-Year Frederick College To Open on Sept. 12", Ledger-Dispatch and Star, August 4, 1961, p4
  51. "Frederick College still draws alumni after 40 years", HamptonRoads.com
  52. Diane Fanning, Out There: The In-Depth Story of the Astronaut Love Triangle Case That Shocked America (Macmillan, 2007) pp24-27
  53. David K. Stumpf, Titan II: A History of a Cold War Missile Program, (University of Arkansas Press, 2000) p150; Richard Reeves, President Kennedy: Profile of Power (Simon and Schuster, 1994) pp229-230; Lawrence Freedman, Kennedy's Wars: Berlin, Cuba, Laos, and Vietnam (Oxford University Press US, 2000) p99
  54. "DUMMY ORBIT SUCCESS", Miami News, September 12, 1961, p1
  55. Stanley Meisler, United Nations: The First Fifty Years (Atlantic Monthly Press, 1997) p124
  56. "DFB-Pokal 1960–61" (in German). fussballdaten.de. 2008. Retrieved 2008-09-29.
  57. "Menderes Gets Death Sentence", Miami News, September 15, 1961, p1
  58. "U.S. Fires First Nuclear Shot Since 1958", Sarasota (FL) Journal, September 15, 1961, p1; Barton C. Hacker, Elements of controversy: the Atomic Energy Commission and radiation safety in nuclear weapons testing, 1947-1974 (University of California Press, 1994) p206
  59. "Reds' Aim To Wallop Moon With Warhead", Miami News, September 15, 1961, p1
  60. David Longshore, Encyclopedia of Hurricanes, Typhoons, and Cyclones (Infobase Publishing, 2008) p313
  61. Kyle Kirkland, Weather and Climate: Notable Research and Discoveries (Infobase Publishing, 2010) pp158-159; "Weathermen Hope To Tame Hurricane With Silver Iodide", Toledo Blade, September 16, 1961, p1
  62. "Adenauer Loses Grip In W. German Vote", Miami News, September 18, 1961, p9A; Charles Williams, Adenauer: The Father of the New Germany (John Wiley and Sons, 2000) pp 493-494
  63. "AIR CRASH KILLS 37", Milwaukee Sentinel, September 18, 1961, p1
  64. Sid Hartman, with Patrick Reusse, Sid!: The Sports Legends, the Inside Scoops, and the Close Personal Friends (MVP Books, 2007) p114
  65. "Turks Hang Menderes Despite Allies' Pleas", Miami News, September 18, 1961, p6A
  66. "U.N.'s HAMMARSKJOLD DIES IN CONGO PLANE CRASH", Miami News, September 18, 1961, p1
  67. "EXPLOSIONS ON PLANE BEFORE DAG CRASHED", Vancouver Sunday Sun, September 18, 1961, p1
  68. United Nations General Assembly Session 17 Report of the Commission of investigation into the conditions and circumstances resulting in the tragic death of Mr. Dag Hammarskjold and members of the party accompanying him. A/5069) 24 April 1962. Retrieved 2008-11-21. (direct link Archived 2011-05-14 at the Wayback Machine)
  69. Sean M. Heuvel, Christopher Newport University (Arcadia Publishing, 2009) p8
  70. "CNU.edu". CNU.edu. 2012-01-01. Retrieved 2014-08-26.
  71. "Georgia Tech Is Integrated", Milwaukee Journal, September 19, 1961, p2
  72. Michael Brecher and Jonathan Wilkenfeld, A Study of Crisis (University of Michigan Press, 1997) p185
  73. "Jamaica Votes Against Federation Membership", Ottawa Citizen, September 20, 1961, p15
  74. Colin A. Palmer, Eric Williams and the Making of the Modern Caribbean (University of North Carolina Press, 2006) p179
  75. Roger E. Bilstein, Testing Aircraft, Exploring Space: An Illustrated History of NACA and NASA (Johns Hopkins University Press, 2003) p76' "Houston Is Selected By NASA as Space Laboratory's Site", Milwaukee Journal, September 19, 1961, p2
  76. Vladislav Zubok, Zhivago's Children: The Last Russian Intelligentsia (Harvard University Press, 2009) p199
  77. "The Interrupted Journey— Dream or Reality?", Toledo Blade - October 9, 1966, pE-1
  78. Christopher D. Bader, et al., Paranormal America: Ghost Encounters, UFO Sightings, Bigfoot Hunts, and Other Curiosities in Religion and Culture (NYU Press, 2010) pp60-62; "Betty Hill, 85, gained fame with alien-abduction tale" Archived 2009-07-08 at the Wayback Machine, Seattle Times, October 19, 2004
  79. Glenn T. Seaborg and Benjamin S. Loeb, Kennedy, Khrushchev, and the Test Ban (University of California Press, 1983) pp100-102; "U.S. and Soviet Endorse Ideals of Disarmament", New York Times, September 21, 1961, p1
  80. "Greece Ready For Elections", Miami News, September 21, 1961, p14-A
  81. "It's Roger, Over And Out"Miami News, September 18, 1961, p1D
  82. Ronald Kessler, The CIA at War: Inside the Secret Campaign Against Terror (Macmillan, 2004) p49
  83. Andrew Bickford, Fallen Elites: The Military Other in Post-Unification Germany (Stanford University Press, 2011) p46
  84. Michael Erlewine, All Music Guide to Country: The Experts' Guide to the Best Recordings in Country Music (Hal Leonard Corporation, 1997) p149; "Stricken on Stage, Singers Founder Dies", Los Angeles Times, September 21, 1961, pB1
  85. "Algerian Rebels Hit TV, Call For De Gaulle Flurry", Lawrence (KS) Journal-World, September 22, 1961, p1
  86. "Earle E. Dickson, Devised Band-Aid; Former Official of Johnson & Johnson Dies at 68", New York Times, September 22, 1961, p33
  87. "ICC Anti-Jim Crow Ruling", The Crisis (November 1961) p533
  88. "Peace Corps Bill Passed By House", New York Times, September 15, 1961, p1; P. David Searles, The Peace Corps Experience: Challenge and Change, 1969-1976 (University Press of Kentucky, 1997) p6
  89. Conrad Wennerberg, Wind, Waves, and Sunburn: A Brief History of Marathon Swimming (Breakaway Books, 1997) pp64-65; "HE SWIMS CHANNEL, AND SWIMS BACK!", Miami News, September 22, 1961, p1
  90. "Abata Is Elected Union Head; Maps Contract Talks." Chicago Daily Tribune September 23, 1961
  91. Gary R. Edgerton, The Columbia History of American Television (Columbia University Press, 2009) pp250-251
  92. "Mantle Hits 54th, Yanks Win, 8 to 3; Bosox Hold Maris Homerless Again", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, September 24, 1961, p4-3
  93. "No. 61 Is Target Tonight; Ailing Hip Benches Mantle", Spokane Daily Chronicle, September 29, 1961, p14
  94. Neal Gabler, Walt Disney: The Triumph of the American Imagination (Random House Digital, Inc., 2006) pp570-571
  95. Ruth Bereson, The Operatic State: Cultural Policy and the Opera House (Rougledge Press, 2002) p117
  96. Gordon L. Rottman, The U.S. Army Special Forces 1952-84 (Osprey Publishing, 1985) p30
  97. "State's Seat Belt Bill Signed as First in US", Milwaukee Journal, September 26, 1961, p1
  98. "Belts Cut Death Toll", Miami News, April 5, 1962, p6A
  99. "African Elections Database". Africanelections.tripod.com. Retrieved 2014-08-26.
  100. R. A. Dyer, Hustler Days: Minnesota Fats, Wimpy Lassiter, Jersey Red, and America's Great Age of Pool (Globe Pequot, 2005) p119
  101. George McGovern, The Essential America: Our Founders and the Liberal Tradition (Simon and Schuster, 2004) p40
  102. established by act of the United States Congress. Alexander DeConde, et al., Encyclopedia of American Foreign Policy (Volume 1) (Simon and Schuster, 2001) p86
  103. "Ban made in soccer", Regina Leader-Post, September 27, 1961, p32
  104. Anne M. Todd, Roger Maris (Infobase Publishing, 2008) p55; "Maris Gets 60th Homerun, Four Games Left to Get 61", Southeast Missourian (Cape Girardeau MO), September 26, 1961, p8
  105. "Sierra Leone Is 100th U.N. State By Unanimous Vote in Assembly", New York Times, September 28, 1961, p19
  106. "Nixon Is Candidate For Governor's Post", Sarasota Herald-Tribune, September 28, 1961, p1
  107. Conrad Black, Richard M. Nixon: A Life in Full (PublicAffairs, 2008) pp441-442
  108. Patrick Seale, Asad of Syria: The Struggle for the Middle East (University of California Press, 1990) pp67-68
  109. "Middle East: End of a Myth", TIME Magazine, October 6, 1961
  110. "'Victorious' Anti-Egypt Syrians Pick Junta", Miami News, September 29, 1961, p1
  111. "'Ain't' Now in Webster", Saskatoon Star-Phoenix, September 8, 1961, p8
  112. James W. Douglass, JFK and the Unspeakable: Why He Died and Why It Matters (Simon and Schuster, 2010) pp23-25
  113. "Honolulu Star sport archives". Archives.starbulletin.com. Retrieved 2014-08-26.
  114. "Last Cuban casino shut", Miami News, September 29, 1961, p1
  115. Edmund Jan Osmańczyk and Anthony Mango, Encyclopedia of the United Nations and International Agreements: A to F (Taylor & Francis, 2003) pp1699-1700
  116. Edward J. Rielly, Football: An Encyclopedia of Popular Culture (University of Nebraska Press, 2009) p283
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